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Logic and Rational Requirements

Author(s): Diego Tajer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

In this paper, I discuss the relation between logic and rationality. I develop (formally and conceptually) a rational requirement which can respond to the classic objections by Harman (1986). On the one hand, the requirement pays attention to the relevance of the premises and the conclusion, which is formally expressed by the notion of weak relative closure. The requirement also takes care of the complexity of the inferences. This notion of complexity is formally represented by a partially ordered scale of the difficulty of inferences, which is weaker than the notion of complexity as number of steps.

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Between the Actual and the Trivial World

Author(s): Maciej Sendłak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The subject of this paper is the notion of similarity between the actual and impossible worlds. Many believe that this notion is governed by two rules. According to the first rule, every non-trivial world is more similar to the actual world than the trivial world is. The second rule states that every possible world is more similar to the actual world than any impossible world is. The aim of this paper is to challenge both of these rules. We argue that acceptance of the first rule leads to the claim that the rule ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet is invalid in classical logic. The second rule does not recognize the fact that objects might be similar to one another due to various features.

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The Narrowness of Wide-Scope Principles

Author(s): David Botting / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In this paper I will propose that the unpalatable consequences of narrowscope principles are not avoided by altering the scope of the principle but by changing the kind of conditional. I argue that a counterfactual conditional should do the trick and that the rational requirement of modus ponens can be understood as something like a “Ramsey test” on this conditional.

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Logical Expressivist’s Logical Constants

Author(s): Pavel Arazim / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

I would like to show that the problem of logical constants can be helped by treating the problem of relationship between logic and human reasoning. Thus I will present some parallels between the respective dilemmas and show that choice of a proof-theoretic answer in one case induces an expressivist choice in the other and the other way round, as well. This does not mean that other options are closed, though the two selected ones are thus given a new plausibility. Furthermore, the prooftheoretical demarcations of logical constants can provide missing details into the expressivist story, as they say which constants and why can actually perform the expressivist job.

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Modal Fictionalism and Modal Instrumentalism

Author(s): Anthony Dardis / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Fictionalism is a strategy for retaining a theory without committing to its truth. This paper considers two kinds of fictionalism about possible worlds: modal fictionalism or “story operator” fictionalism, and modal instrumentalism. Difficulties for modal fictionalism are used to motivate endorsing modal instrumentalism.

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Did the Past Really Change in 2012?

Author(s): Terence Rajivan Edward / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

There is an intuition that the past does not ever change. In their paper ‘The puzzle of the changing past’, Luca Barlassina and Fabio Del Prete argue that in 2012 the past changed. I show that we are not in a position to accept their argument.

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Quantificational Accounts of Logical Consequence I: From Aristotle to Bolzano

Author(s): Ladislav Koreň / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

So-called quantificational accounts explicate logical consequence or validity as truth-preservation in all cases, cases being construed as admissible substitutional variants or as admissible interpretations with respect to non-logical terms. In the present study, which is the first from three successive studies devoted to quantification accounts, I focus on the beginning of systematic theorizing of consequence in Aristotle‘s work, which contains the rudiments of both modal and formal accounts of consequence. I argue, inter alia, that there is no evidence for the claim that Aristotle propounded a quantificational account, and that for a full-fledged quantificational approach in a modern style we need to turn to Bolzano’s substitutional approach, whose motivation, structure and problems are explained in the second part of this study.

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O existenci a povaze intencionálních individuí

Author(s): Stanislav Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2012

V úvodním odstavci svého předchozího příspěvku k problematice intencionálních individuí zveřejněném v časopisu Organon F (Sousedík 2012b) jsem načrtl plán výkladu, který jsem tam splnil jen z části, tj. v některých tam udaných bodech. Přislíbil jsem, že chybějící doplním při nejbližší příležitosti. Příležitost mi byla vlídně poskytnuta redakcí tohoto časopisu, a tak zde pokračuji ve svém výkladu. Co v následujícím uvedu, je do značné míry podníceno kritickými, dílem polemickými, mnou nicméně s vděčností přijímanými, připomínkami, které k mému předchozímu výkladu přičinil prof. P. Cmorej (Cmorej 2012a, 2012b).

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The non-Italian pope

Author(s): Bjørn Jespersen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

A Vatican watcher utters assertorically the molecular sentence (*) “He is usually an Italian, but this time he is not.” The reporter does so on 16 October 1979. On that day Karol Wojtyła was sworn in as John Paul II. He was the first Pole ever to become pope. He was also the first non-Italian pope since 1523. This explains the reporter’s ‘but’ to highlight a surprising exception to a long-standing practice.

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Je formální logika vědou o rozumných argumentech?

Author(s): Svatopluk Nevrkla / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2011

The goal of this article is to explore the ways in which logic can contribute to study of rational argumentation. Basic concepts of valid, sound and rational argument are introduced. The concept of logical entailment is presented and its fundamental properties, i.e., necessity and formality, are explained. It is argued that these are essential properties of the entailment relation in all modern logical systems. It is mentioned that conclusions of most everyday’s arguments are not entailed by their premises. This objection against identifying rational arguments with sound ones is even strengthened by presenting defeasible arguments, which cannot even be turned into valid ones with true premises by adding additional premises. Systems for describing defeasible argumentation are mentioned, but it is argued that they are neither formal logical systems in the discussed sense, nor they can provide exhaustive description of rational argumentation. Such an exhaustive account is impossible and defeasible logics merely present a partial tool for bridging formal and informal logic and theirs accounts of argumentation.

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Jak pojmenovat reálné číslo?

Author(s): Vojtěch Kolman / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2011

The article deals with Cantor’s diagonal argument and its alleged philosophical consequences such as that (1) there are more reals than integers and, hence, (2) that some of the reals must be independent of language because the totality of words and sentences is always countable. My claim is that the main flaw of the argument for the existence of non-nameable (hence unrecognizable) objects or truths lies in a very superficial understanding of what a name or representation actually is. The article concludes by offering solutions to some famous semantic paradoxes based on the diagonal construction as corroboration for this claim.

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Znovu o existenci

Author(s): Pavel Materna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2010

Primarni důvod, proč existenci nemůžeme předikovat o jednotlivinach, je dan tim, že by to vedlo k nesmyslne činnosti ověřovani, zda dana jednotlivina existuje (proto Frege, jehož logicka intuice v souvislosti s jazykem byla vynikajici, tento způsob explikace odmitl).

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A Note on Plural Logic

Author(s): Gustavo Fernández Díez / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

A distinction is introduced between itemized and non-itemized plural predication. It is argued that a full-fledged system of plural logic is not necessary in order to account for the validity of inferences concerning itemized collective predication. Instead, it is shown how this type of inferences can be adequately dealt with in a first-order logic system, after small modifications on the standard treatment. The proposed system, unlike plural logic, has the advantage of preserving completeness. And as a result, inferences such as ‘Dick and Tony emptied the bottle, hence Tony and Dick emptied the bottle’ are shown to be first-order.

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Carnapova modální logika C

Author(s): Vít Puncochar / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2010

In this paper, we present Carnap’s modal logic C, which is one of the first attempts to use the concept of possible world (that of state description in the Carnapian original terminology) in shaping the semantics for modalities. Some older technical results, which concern the logic C, are summarized, namely two different kinds of axiomatization of C, one unusual characterization of C as the only set of formulae having one special property, and semantical and syntactical relations of C to S5. The fact that C is not closed under the universal substitution is shortly discussed. Finally, the predicate version of C, which is not axiomatizable, is defined.

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Poznámka k příspěvku prof. Materny o existenci

Author(s): Stanislav Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2010

K me uvaze nazvane „Ještě k problematice existence“ (Organon F XVII, 2010, 81 – 84) se kriticky vyjadřil autor nad jine povolany, prof. P. Materna. Přes kompetenci oponenta nepovažuji nicmeně jeho kritiku za opravněnou a vyložim stručně proč. Omezim se vylučně na jadro sporu. Nejprve připomenu „status quaestionis“.

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K ryzím individuátorům

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2009

S Pavlem Cmorejem autora tohoto příspěvku dlouhodobě spojuje zájem o problémy a koncepty analytické metafyziky modelované prostředky intenzionální logiky, přičemž jsme oba diskutovali názory Pavla Tichého na holá individua, vlastnosti a též ryzí individuátory. Cmorej dospěl k pojetí ryzích individuátorů, které prezentoval v Cmorej (2006). Já jsem však dospěl k pojetí jinému (Raclavský 2008a) a v zájmu poznání jsem diskutoval i pojetí Cmorejovo. Cmorej ve své obšírné reakci Cmorej (2009) považuje toto moje srovnání za kritiku a v zásadě říká, že jsem jeho textu značně neporozuměl, takže ji považuje za dosti neadekvátní. Navíc celkově zpochybňuje moji rekonstrukci Tichého názoru. Dle mého soudu jde do značné míry o nedorozumění, takže se vzdávám reakcí na rozmanité detaily a omezím se na co nejpřehlednější stručné vyložení nejzákladnějších záležitostí. Rád bych ovšem připomněl, že v analytické metafyzice číhá nedorozumění doslova na každém kroku, takže ujasňování věcem vždy prospívá.

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Individuátor – indivíduum alebo vlastnosť?

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2009

V tomto článku by som chcel stručne reagovať na posledný Raclavského (2009) príspevok do našej diskusie o pojme individuátora, uverejnený v tomto čísle Organonu F. Vynechám detaily týkajúce sa vzájomných výčitiek o tom, kto komu a v akom bode neporozumel, kto komu čo podsunul alebo kto koho a v čom dezinterpretoval a pod. Odznelo ich už dosť na obidvoch stranách a všetko nasvedčuje tomu, že pokračovanie v tomto duchu by viedlo skôr k ďalším nedorozumeniam než k vzájomnej zhode názorov. Tým nechcem povedať, že s Raclavského výhradami tohto druhu súhlasím, ale diskusiu o nich nepokladám za nevyhnutnú ani dôležitú (môžeme ju presunúť do korešpondencie). Mali by sme brať väčší ohľad na čitateľov, pre ktorých je taká diskusia stále menej zrozumiteľná a pre väčšinu z nich nezaujímavá.

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Matematika a skúsenosť

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2009

Mathematics is traditionally considered being an apriori discipline consisting of purely analytic propositions. The aim of the present paper is to offer arguments against this entrenched view and to draw attention to the experiential dimension of mathematical knowledge. Following Husserl’s interpretation of physical knowledge as knowledge constituted by the use of instruments, I am trying to inter- pret mathematical knowledge also as acknowledge based on instrumental experience. This interpretation opens a new view on the role of the logicist program, both in philosophy of mathematics and in philosophy of science.

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Raclavský vs. “Notorious, Chameleonic Deceivers”

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

It is quite understandable that many Czech & Slovak logicians seek inspiration in the writings of Pavel Tichý. After all, he was a philosophical logician of international stature, and developed a logical system with some remarkable features. However, since Tichý’s death, TIL has become, due to the unceasing activity of its partisans, so labyrinthine that it can be easily misused to generate problems (or better „problems“), which are wholly internal to the framework, or, when applied to real problems, to obscure rather than clarify them.

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Majú Tichého indivíduá časti?

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2008

V tomto príspevku by som chcel reagovať na jeden bod Šebelovej (2008) odpovede na moju kritiku Cmorej (2007) jeho knižky Šebela (2006). Ak odhliadneme od nepodstatných detailov, výmenu názorov k ostatným bodom môžeme uzavrieť. Rád by som sa však pristavil pri zaujímavom probléme, ktorý sa týka Tichého chápania indivíduí. Jeho koncepcia indivíduí je významnou zložkou filozofie transparentnej intenzionálnej logiky.

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