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Nevyřešené slabiny extenzionalismu

Author(s): Marta Vlasáková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

The nominalist attitude in medieval logic supported a fully extensional conception of the sense of expressions. Many arguments against this approach were raised at that time. I would like to show in this article (1) that there is a (hidden) extensional conception of notions in current logic, namely in the interpretation of formal theories and the creation models of them and (2) that, and how, traditional arguments against the extensional conception are relevant also for logic today.

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Points of View from a Logical Perspective ( I )

Author(s): Marie Duží,Bjørn Jespersen,Pavel Materna / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2006

In the paper we offer a logical explication of the frequently used, but rather vague, notion of point of view. We show that the concept of point of view prevents certain paradoxes from arising. A point of view is a means of partial characterisation of something. Thus nothing is a P and at the same time a non-P (simpliciter), because it is a P only relative to some point of view and a non-P from another point of view. But there is a major, complicating factor involved in applying a logical method that is supposed to provide a formal and rigorous counterpart of the intuitively understood notion: ‘point of view’ is a homony-mous expression, and so there is not just one meaning that would explain points of view. Yet we propose a common scheme of the logical type of the entities denoted by the term ‘point of view’. It is an empirical function: when applied to the viewed object in question, it results in a (set of) evaluating proposition(s) about the object. If there is an agent applying the criterion, the result is the agent’s attitude to the respective object. The paper is organised into two parts. In Part I we first adduce and analyse various examples of typical cases of applying a point of view to prevent paradox. These cases are examined according to the type of the viewed object: a) the viewed object is an individual and b) the viewed object is a property or an office. In Part II we then show that the method described in Part I can be applied also to the analyses of agents’ attitudes. We thus explain how an agent can believe of something that it is a P and at the same time a non-P: the agent applies different viewpoint criteria to the viewed object. The inversion of perspective consisting in the perspective shifting from the believer on to the reporter in the case of attitudes de re, and from the reporter to the believer in the case of attitudes de dicto, is also analyzed. We show that there is no smooth logical traffic back and forth between such attitudes and prove that they are not equivalent. By way of conclusion, we explicate the notion of conceptual point of view and analyze cases of viewpoints given by conceptual distinction. We show, finally, that the proposed scheme of the type of point of view can be preserved, this time, however, in its extensional version.

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Co to je "traktátovská teorie jazyka"?

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2004

Musím říci, že z reakce Ladislava Kvasze na můj článek Proč Wittgenstein opustil traktátovskou teorii jazyka a proč bychom ho měli následovat (Na obranu osamelých bežcov, Organon F 11, 198-201) jsem poněkud na rozpacích

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Filozofické otázky logiky (X)

Author(s): Ján Szomolányi / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2004

Od Fregeho pochádza myolienka, že vyznam vety môže byu dany stanovenIm podmienok, pri ktorych je pravdivá. Tento názor zastávali po Fregem okrem inych Wittgenstein, Carnap, Quine a v súčasnosti je jeho hlavnym obhajcom D. Davidson.

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Wittgenstein a životní formy

Author(s): Radim Šíp / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2004

The author tries to examine an opus of late Wittgenstein in some aspects. 1) The text tries to show that common critics of a meaning „as an use" have not met with the intentions of Wittgenstein's work. There are two conceptions of a meaning in his Philosophical Investigations. The second conception is superior to the first one - a meaning „as an use" - and the first one loses its sense if we tear it off i t s ' social-language background. 2) From this point of view the text tries to defend a late Wittgenstein's method that is connected with his not traditional way of philosophizing. This way is often wrongly accounted as „a formless heaping up of ambiguouse suggetions". 3) One may understand the late Wittgenstein's philosophy as „epistemological" critic. The author reveales a potention of this critic as he exposes confusing presuppositions of TIL. 4) In the final part of the article author tries to introduce Wittgenstein as a philosopher of a man's liberation from structures of thinking and habits which form people apart their counsciousness.

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Ještě jednou (a naposled): o co jde Brandomovi

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2004

V Organonu č. 4/2003 pokračuje Tomáš Marvan v polemice s Brandomovými a mými názory na povahu jazyka. Mám z jeho textu pocit, že ač jsem se v reakci na jeho recenzi pokoušel pointu brandomovského přístupu vysvětlit, asi se mi to tak docela nepodařilo, protože Marvanovi tato pointa, zdá se mi, stále uniká. A protože s podobnou dezinterpretací brandomovského inferencialismu se často setkávám i u jiných lidí, využívám této příležitosti, abych se celou věc ještě jednou pokusil osvětlit.

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Vznikla analytická filozofia?

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2004

Predkladaná stať j e reakciou na článok J. Peregrina Proč Wittgenstein opustil traktátovskou teorii jazyka, a proč bychom jej měli následovat [3]. Keďže už niekoľko rokov pracujem na rozvíjaní epistemologickej koncepcie inšpirovanej traktátovskou teóriou jazyka ([1] a [2]), so zvedavosťou som siahol po Peregrinovom článku.

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Łukasiewicz on Causation

Author(s): Augustín Riška / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2004

In 1906, Łukasiewicz published a challenging proposal for the logical treatment of causal relations by means of the concepts of necessity and simple dependence. For this purpose he applied the law of transposition, well known in the propositional logic, combining it with modal considerations (necessity and non-necessity). In my historically motivated analysis of Łukasiewicz’s proposal, I suggest that he failed to separate the cause and effect relation from the relation between reasons and consequences, as well as to specify the modalities involved. Nevertheless, Łukasiewicz deserves credit for his pioneering attempt to treat the traditional philosophical problem of causation by the nontraditional means of the logic of relations.

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Transparentní intenzionální logika a problém determinismu

Author(s): Pavel Materna,Vladimír Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2002

Conversation between Pavel Materna and Vladimir Svoboda

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Príklad logického vývinu pojmu

Author(s): Vladimír Manda / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2001

Predložený príspevok nadväzuje na rozsiahlu diskusiu venovanú problematike vývoja pojmov.

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De re vs. de dicto

Author(s): Marie Duží / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2000

The paper solves the problems connected with the occurrences of expressions (or the respective constructions) in the de re or de dicto supposition. It is shown that some expressions, e.g. definite descriptions, that are seemingly ambiguous are in no way ambiguous, they denote in all the contexts one and the same “thing” and have a precise definite meaning which is best explicated by the TIL (Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic) logical construction. What differs is only the supposition (de dicto / de re) in which they occur. The precise definition of the distinction between de re, de dicto occurrence is provided, and using this definition four kinds of problems are analysed, namely de re / de dicto using definite descriptions (‘offices’), sentences (propositions), definite descriptions in notional attitudes, and embedded sentences in propositional attitudes. The paper provides a certain adjustment and correction of Tichý’s approach to the problem.

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Filozofia logického atomizmu (IV)

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2000

Prv než sa budem venovať hlavnej téme dnešnej prednášky, chcel by som sa stručne vrátiť k problematike existencie z predchádzajúcich dvoch prednášok.

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Lambekovy kalkuly a 'logiky kategorií'

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2000

Fregovým geniálním nápadem, z e kterého vyšel při svém pokusu o vytvoření rigorózní, ne-psychologické teorie významu, bylo rekonstruovat význam složeného výrazu principiálně jako výsledek funkční aplikace významu jedné z jeho částí na význam části nebo částí zbývajících.

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Filozofia logického atomizmu (III)

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2000

Dnes budem hovoriť o všeobecných výrokoch [propositions] a existencii.

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Dynamická logika

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

Teorie tvořená tčmito dvěma výroky je , mčfeno běžnými logickými standardy, zjevně konzistentní. Znázorněno prostředky modálni či intenzionální logiky výrok ( I ) říká, že existuje nějaký možný svět (dosažitelný z toho našeho, pokud pracujeme s kripkovskou relací dosažitelnosti), ve kterém prší; zatímco ( 2 ) říká, že tímto světem není přímo ten náš.

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Filozofia logického atomizmu (I)

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2000

Sériu prednášok, ktorú práve začíname, som nazval filozofia logického atomizmu. Niekoľkými poznámkami by som mal zrejme priblížiť, čo rozumiem pod týmto názvom.

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Hintikkova "logika podporující nezávislost"

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2000

V 1. a 2. ročníku ORGANONu Pavel Cmorej v e svých Kapitolách z logické syntaxe předváděl, jak je přirozený jazyk možné nahlížet prismatem 'standardní' logiky.

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Porębska, M. - Suchoń, V.: Elementarny wykład logiki formalnej z ćwiczeniami komputerowymi

Author(s): Eugen Andreansky / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/1998

Review of: Porębska, M. - Suchoń, V.: Elementarny wykład logiki formalnej z ćwiczeniami komputerowymi, Universitas, Kraków 1996

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Bolzanovo pojetí pravdy a korespondenční teorie

Author(s): Marta Vlasáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/1997

When building and elaborating new philosophical theories and concepts, it is useful to take sometimes into account historical development of understanding a particular problem. In my opinion, Bolzano's very thoroughly interpreted classical concept of truth could help to clarify many problems related to the phenomenon of truth, which still being discussed.

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K procesovému chápaniu pojmov

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/1997

"Nerád", ale statočne, pohotovo a veľmi obšírne odpovedal L. Kvasz na otázky, ktoré som položil prívržencom vývinovej teórie pojmov (VTP) a jemu osobne v stati [2]. Žiaľ, nepresvedčil ma o tom, že jeho článkom [3] môžeme "polemiku o vývine pojmov ... ukončil' a prejsť k iným problémom", nepodarilo sa mu to ani pokusom podplatiť ma cenou útechy, že moje "chyby nie sú o nič menšie, než boli Zenónove" ([31, 401), preto nevidím inú možnosť, ako pokračovať v diskusii.

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