Сократические школы как актуальная проблема современного философского антиковедения

Author(s): Elena Alymova,Svetlana Karavaeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

This article deals with a problem of relevance of the investigation of such a philosophical and cultural phenomenon of the Antiquity as the Socratic Schools. In this connection we treat as a problem the concept of Philosophical School in the Ancient world, analyze the phenomena of σχολή, διατριβή and αἵρεσις, distinguish these phenomena from the phenomenon of school as a specially organized society. We go into details of the Introduction of the famous doxographic work of Diogenes Laertius and on the basis of scrutiny of the terminology used by him we elucidate his interpretation of the phenomenon of Philosophical School.

СОФИСТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЛЯТИВИЗМ: МИФ ИЛИ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ?

Author(s): Marina Volf / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

In traditional interpretations, ancient Sophistic is labeled as relativism. According to them, Plato and Aristotle refer Protagoras' doctrine to philosophically inconsistent perceptual relativism. Plato offers two interpretations of relativism, and one of them, so called "secret doctrine" of Protagoras, is often marked as Plato’s own theory of perceptions. Despite the fact that the exoteric and esoteric versions of Protagorean doctrine contains fully valid epistemic and ontological ideas, they are attributed philosophical failure to them because of the self-refutation thesis contained in them, and, according to Aristotle's version, its subjectivism. Subjectivism can also be attributed to Gorgias with regard to his categorial distinction of abilities and objects of perception. However, criticizing subjectivism, Aristotle himself uses a similar categorial argument. Both interpretations undermined the reliance of the Sophistic, having made relativism one of the negative markers of it. Modern rehabilitating interpretations of the Sophistic either seek ways to eliminate subjectivism and skepticism from the sophistic doctrines, or avoid using modern terminology, also they should take into account that fact that in the contemporary philosophy there is no such concept as «simply relativism », but there are various, sometimes contradictory, interpretations of it, and in this case, they have to make an adjustment to the current context in which negative interpretations of relativism have long been not popular.

Социално-властовата функция на езика в контекста на социологическите идеи на Пиер Бурдийо

Author(s): Angel Tsvetkov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2018

The here presented is a typical theoretical development, to which anyone can apply typical examples of everyday life. Things we are accustomed to and take for granted more as an unconscious sense of rules and norms in specific social universes, including the one we work in. We are in a particular position, namely to stop doing what we do everyday and ask ourselves why we really do it. We are engrossed in specific relationships that are rooted in the very social fabric of society. We have to try to get out of everyday routine to answer questions that are really important to us for our self-knowledge. These are questions of the kind of social field we have, what are the roles that have been imputed to us and eventually would be fulfilled, placed in another situation of power positions where knowledge - power and language are mixed to give us a response about what produces the specific social actions of individuals? On these questions, we will try to find possible answers here.

Социальная гетерология в контексте принципа неопределенности социального познания

Author(s): Bakhyt Zharmukhamedovna Zhussupova,Baizhol Iskakovich Karipbayev,Pavel Petrovich Soloshchenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2018

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of substantiating the necessity of a heterological model of post-non-classical socio-philosophical discourse within the framework of “turbulent” modernity. The purpose of the article is to reveal the epistemological potential of social heterology in the context of the principle of uncertainty of social cognition. Materials and Methods. The study is based on critical analysis of the works of European and Russian philosophers, and methods of social synergy and social heterology in the study of modern social processes. Results. The authors have revealed the heterogeneous nature of modern society, which has a complex ontological organization, nonlinear structure, openness, and disequilibrium. The authors have distinguished two main models, two main approaches to explaining social being: ontological and heterologous. The views of Russian and European philosophers on the necessity and essence of postnon-classical methods and paradigms of social cognition, which have a heterological character, have been analyzed and summarized. It is noted that the world of society, with people as carriers, is moved not only by objective laws of being, but also by free human wills, including irrational, which sometimes makes it unexpected, sudden and unpredictable. The authors' position is that social heterology constitutes the principle of uncertainty of social cognition as its inevitable attribute, which testifies to the complex dynamics of self-development of social processes, the carriers of which are the plurality of singularities. The authors justified the position that the heterological paradigm brings us closer to understanding of contradictory modern social processes, not only from cognitive interest, but mainly from the practical one, to develop human-scale tactics and development strategies in order to avoid social tension and social cataclysms. Conclusions. The authors conclude that social heterology as a new methodology of social cognition has sufficient grounds to become a new paradigm necessary for the study of society in conditions of a decentered, fractal modernity. Social heterology adequately correlates with the principle of uncertainty of social cognition and possessing a positive potential in the study of modern social processes.

СОЦИОЛОШКО ИСТРАЖИВАЊЕ ПОРОДИЦА – ИЗМЕЂУ ИНДИВИДУАЛНИХ ПРЕГНУЋА И ДРУШТВЕНИХ (НЕ)ПРИЛИКА: ТРИ ПИОНИРА У СВОМ ВРЕМЕНУ

Author(s): Anđelka Milić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: Sp. Iss/2012

I wish here to follow the development of family sociology in Serbia through creative works of the three pioneers of the investigation into familes in the ex-Yugoslav region: Valtazar Bogišić, Vera St. Erlich and Olivera Burić. In the first part I point to the four moments of discontinuity in their research work onto families: historical, territorial, state national and socio-ideological and professional. All these differences produce discontinuity in the development of family sociology with the effects on its epistemological and theoretical level. In the second part I am pointing that in spite of these differences their investigations has shown the historical continuity of existence and change of patriarchal form of the family, from „zadruga“ through patriarchal marriage dyad to the socialist working women family.

Спектър на логиките на задаване на въпроси

Author(s): Jaakko Hintikka / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

The leading idea in this essay concerns knowledge-seeking through questioning. Asking a question and receiving an answer (an interrogative move) is radically different from a logical deduction (a logical inference move). However, from a strategic viewpoint, the two steps are parallel, in the sense that the principles guiding the choice of the best questions to ask are analogous with the strategic principles guiding the choice of the best logical inferences that can be drawn from given premises. Another main insight that the interrogative approach yields is the possibility of a rational, and even logical, theory of discovery. In that case, the problem of justification becomes redundant; nevertheless, we can develop an interesting and rich theory of discovery, of which the centerpiece is the problem of optimal question selection.

Српско-хрватски ривалитет у геополитичкој концепцији Иве Пилара

Author(s): Nebojša Vuković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 5/2013

The paper describes and explains the perception of the antagonism between the Serbian and the Croatian nations in the work written by famous Croatian (geo)political scientist Ivo Pilar (1874-1933). Apart from this, the paper analyzes the historical circumstances in which Pilar’s work of a publicist and scientist was being developed, assesses the influence his publications had on the shaping of the ideology of the Ustasha movement and the topicality of his theses in the 21st century and the current (geo)political circumstances in the Balkans. While researching Pilar’s work, a special emphasis is put on the geopolitical dimension of the antagonism between the Serbs and the Croats.

Структури на възможното и тяхната метафорика

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2-3/2017

The possible has become a distinct construction in philosophical theories, but this would imply that it should be amenable to structuring in certain ways and figures, which could be used as instruments in theoretical construction. The article offers several models of the possible, built with their original and leading metaphoricity. Starting from Aristotle’s model of the possible, it is interesting to see how this view of “the possibility of a thing” leads to “the concept of force” in Hobbes and Leibniz. The construction of the possible is especially interesting in that it is like a field, an area, where multiple things have their positions. Here, of course, the leading viewpoint is the construction of space proposed by Hobbes, but no less interesting is Leibniz’s critique of absolute empty space as a “sensorium”, Newton’s amazing metaphor. Introduced as a field, a universum, the possible requires to be filled up, requires its own “spectrum”, “degrees” (in Kant’s term), with steps taken and inner construction works done to intensify and organize it, and attains Leibniz’s famous concept of “the best of all possible words”. Finally, the article structures the unchained connections and correlatives in the triad of “possibility-actuality-necessity”, with its models and metaphoricity in Hobbes, Leibniz and Kant, and offers a description of the three modal areas in one common and absolute relation.

Субективно оправдаване в етиката и епистемологията

Author(s): Radostina Minina / Language(s): English,Belarussian / Issue: 2/2019

This article deals with the externalist approach to subjective justification, which grounds the latter upon cognitive integration of our faculties or virtues. The crucial assumption in this theory is that cognitive integration must be motivated by our aiming at the truth. By analogy, the approach is applicable to subjective justification in the moral domain. One would be subjectively justified in making a moral decision, if that decision resulted from an integrated moral character, and if the integration was motivated by our aiming at the good. I claim that this approach has the same kind of drawback in both domains. My claim is that adding the motivation component of achieving the truth or the good is possible only by introducing the requirement of reflection, and therefore externalism with regard to subjective justification is not sustainable. My argument is based on Kahneman (2011) who shows that our belief formation and decision-making is affected by cognitive biases, such as those related to ease, speed and conformist thinking. These biases are subjectively indistinguishable from reliable processes that aim at the truth. Thus, motivation to achieve the truth cannot be controlled without reflection upon the relevant processes.

Сучасна рецепція скептицизму Рене Декарта

Author(s): Volodymyr Khmil,Anatolyj Malivskij / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 19/2017

The article aim is to turn the spotlight on the main thesis of reflection of Descartes’ scepticism doctrine as well one’s argumentation estimation in the context of thinker’s creativeness. These steps will promote the overcoming of one-dimensional comprehension of his attitude on scepticism as an essential part of his doctrine. That is why it has the sense to concentrate an attention on some interpretations of key motives of Cartesian anti-sceptic approach at research literature as well as define the place of the anthropological project at these motives firstly. Secondly, make an accent on the key role of anthropological dimension of one’s doctrine in the context of philosophical polemics with scepticism. The analysis of interpretations of Descartes’ heritage, as well as one’s original texts, demonstrates the absence of adequate interpretation of one’s place in the history of scepticism. The specific place of Descartes’ anti-scepticism is also demonstrated. Most of the researchers pay ones’ attention to the tight vision of Modern Age in the form of development of a scientific worldview. This position does not take into account the contemporary level of Descartes’ studies. First of all, authors make an accent on the need to overcome the fragmentary vision of thinker’s heritage. Secondly, the valuable role of anthropological dimension of Descartes’ texts is underlined. This position lets perform more authentic perception of one’s anti-sceptic approach. In the course of finding the roots of a researched situation, the authors’ attention was consistently concentrated on the features of the contemporary interpretation of Modern Age request which is reduced to development of scientific worldview by the scepticism researchers. Such position marginalizes the anthropological component of one’s doctrine.

Сучасні тенденції взаємовпливу наукової та релігійної картини світу

Author(s): Nataliya Mykolayivna Golovach / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2011

Co-operation of scientific and religious picture of the world is examined in the article, interference of science and religion, and also their synthesis opens up on the modern stage of development of informative society.

Съгласия и опозиции в дискусията интернализъм – екстернализъм

Author(s): Anna Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

The article offers arguments for the compatibility of specific types of internalism and externalism in epistemology through a comparative analysis of the approaches based on their aims of investigation. Such compatibility is viewed as possible after the oppositional differences that are related to the elements of justification, are overcome. In this regard, the question about the agents of knowledge is answered, with reference to the thesis about the irreducibility of the internalist condition of reflexive access. Considerations of conceptual clarity and succession are raised with regard to the externalist condition that removes the epistemic arbitrariness in the founding of beliefs.

Сънищата на философа

Тезиси по повод на Декарт

Author(s): Andrey Leshkov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2020

The main objective of this paper is to provide a hermeneutical reading of dreams as these are presented by René Descartes. The choice of the mnemocentric approach plays a crucial role when analyzing the way in which Descartes presents three of his dreams. The three are examined from the perspective of three main corresponding propositions put forward for consideration. The analysis of Descartes’ dreams shows that reaching the path of truth, which concerns both the process of dreaming and what is dreamt, is closely tied not with the return to Paradise, but with the fulfilled prophecy of the Revelation. The author raises the issue whether or not the basic dream that marks the philosophically tinged unconscious, as is displayed by Descartes’ dreams, embodies the hope that one day, when language, with its polysemy, will have disappeared, people will finally succeed in contemplating truth surrounded by unspeakable silence.

Тезата на Хамлет, или за научната познаваемост на света

Author(s): Anguel S. Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The aim of the paper is epistemological resemblances and differences to be outlined between the views of the Bulgarian philosopher in the near past Ivan Sarailiev, and the specialist in quantum physics and popularizer of science, the Italian Carlo Rovelli. Both thinkers are interested in the principal knowability of the “ocean of the unknown”, in front of which human knowledge is standing. Both of them start from the premise that I call “Hamlet’s thesis”: “There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy”.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ МОДЕРНУ

Author(s): Mykola Fedorenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 4/2015

The article notes that at the turn of 19-20 centuries formed a new vision of the human self which was different from the previous one. It is built not on the basis of self-reflexive and involves oneself, which is mediated by the presence of "significant other." However, attention is focused on the common moment of reflexivity thinking about both periods. That is what is the basis for a vision of modernity or as "radical modernism" or as "communicative rationality," or as the manifestation of modernism. The study examines the social and philosophical concepts contemporary / modern. A comparative analysis of this concept in the representatives of modern Western philosophy from the point of view of their involvement in the educational process of rethinking the epistemological paradigm is made. Based on a brief historical and cultural retrospectives we propose typology of approaches to the definition of "Contemporary / Modern".For philosophical, especially for social and humanitarian thinking of the 20-21 centuries the reception of the historical experience is a characteristic feature and the basis of the constitution in the modern world. The studying of history is not limited only itself; it is the mean of better understanding of the reality in which we live, according to M. Foucault a manifestation of "concern for the present". In this context, the question arises the definition of the concept of "modern / contemporary" in a number of the concepts of "past" and "postmodernity / postmodernism". So this distinction serves as a methodological basis for a deeper understanding of the historicity of human experience, including the teaching of philosophy, social and human sciences in the classroom.After analysis of recent researches and publications, it is obvious that criticism of "modern", initiated by postmodernists, has been a significant incentive to expand the discussion about the essence of modernism / modernity in philosophical and social sciences. Analyzing the theoretical foundations of ideas about modernity, represented by such iconic figures as European philosophy J. Habermas and J. Lyotard, whose views on the essence of modernism vary, we tried to supplement their abstract positions by sociological calculations. In particular, the article examines the creative achievements of A. Giddens, a British sociologist who has considered the present as radical form of modern and the U. Beck, a German social researcher with his concept of modern as a society of risk.Our goal is to attempt the typology of the approaches of modern and determine their essence by analyzing views on modernity, represented by the following contemporary philosophical and sociological traditions as J. Habermas, J. Lyotard, A. Giddens, U. Beck.The concept of "modernity" or "modern" has several meanings. Firstly, the word "modern" appeared in the 5 century B.C. and described the present situation – the Christian modernity fought against the Roman pagan past. Since that period, "modern" called themselves any present, aware its difference from the previous past. People considered themselves "modern" in the era of Charlemagne, in the 12 century and in the period of the Enlightenment. Until the 17th century, classical ancient samples of the "right" were considered to be a standard.Secondly, the understanding of "modernity" deteriorated during the Enlightenment, when the ancient ideal of "perfection" was problematic. Associated with the development of science progressivist vision of the learning process and the associated idea of better social future became the basis of an abstract opposition of "modernity" against tradition, "getting free from all historical links". The vivid embodiment of the new opposition became famous controversy "ancient" and "new" in French aesthetics of 17-18 centuries. The idea of "perfection" found its incompatibility with the idea of "new" in art. "New", based on the philosophy of R. Descartes, insisted on the freedom of judgment not only in the study of nature, but also in the field of aesthetic taste. Criticizing opponents by uncritical and dogmatic adherence to ancient authors, they insisted on the idea of progress. "We must recognize – Auguste Conte wrote – that the idea of progress as something necessary and began to take definite philosophical content and actually attracted public attention only after the famous". The controversy between ancient and new, " brilliantly came to the forefront of a new time. This controversy’s value still remains without a proper assessment, in my point of view, a real event prepared universal history of the human mind."Modernity" in philosophy and cultural studies of the 20th century often means "New Era" (17-20 centuries). First of all it is the Enlightenment, with its humanist idealization, or meta-narrative. The term "meta-narrative", J. Lyotard used and considered the modern is completed, than A. Giddens or J. Habermas. Modernity appeared in 16-17 centuries and created at the same time a new type of personality. Its first manifestation was the autonomy of the believer that has been reached and justified by Protestantism. Although at the turn of 19-20 centuries the new modernity formed and differed from the previous view of human self. It isn’t built on the basis of self-reflexive and involves oneself which is mediated by the presence of "significant other". This is the basis for the vision of modernity as "radical modern" (A.Giddens) or as a "communicative rationality" (J.Habermas), or as a manifestation of modernism (D.Bell).

Топика на априорното

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

By introducing the a priori-investigation of the reason, Kant poses the possibility of one separate area, or method, or thematic in the transcendental analysis of the pure forms of reason. Do the a priori then have its own field which could distinct the derivation of those pure forms and so the a priori alone to differentiate itself among the three, delineated inside the boundaries of reason, areas of the basic faculties of pure reason – sensibility, understanding and reason. We raise the question – whether the a priori is connected with a meta-posing of the transcendental procedure as a reflection upon the activity and possibilities of the reason itself. And from this point on to differentiate the a priori with its own elements and progress of realization and so the a priori could find its own topics in the hole constitution of pure consciousness.

Традиція І Традиціоналізм У Методологічному Контексті Теорії Практик

Author(s): Valentyn Dolgochub / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 28/2017

This article is an attempt to use practice theory methodological apparatus for tradition and traditionalism analysis. It is an actual research approach, demanded by post-Soviet scholars that are interested in modern methodological “turns” and particularly in “pragmatic” one. Apparently, on the post-Soviet space “Practice theory”, written by V.Volkov and O.Harhordin, is the most complex work, devoted to this approach. The authors name M.Heidegger and L.Wittgenstein as its founders. N.Elias, P.Bourdieu, M.Focault, J.Scott, A.MacIntyre and all thinkers, who studied everyday and formalized activity of people as socialized members of certain soceity, are called as adherents of this approach. The author defines the practice as any activity that characterizes its performers as member of certain group or some social role carrier. Practice theory is concentrated usually on traditional actions that were formed by continued habit. Unitary practice in this case is understood as “routinized behaviour”, consisted of bodily movement, mental actions, things and their using, background knowledge, emotions and motivations. The main concept, given by the practice theory to ethnology, is the habitus, which can be defined as “collective unproblematic procreation of successful action strategy” (O.Harhordyn) or internalized, embodied schemes of perception, evaluation and action. Pierre Burdieu formulated the most famous conceptualization of the habitus. Actually the habitus is useful to match in which way an actor can carry traditional culture of certain society or ethnos. Practice theory agitates for actual practices studying, without abruption from their original conditions (not only social and economical, but conditions of body culture and “equipment totality” too). Also the author considers the habitus internalizing process, its structures recreation as the basis of tradition mechanism, “practice logic” in traditional culture and “pragmatical” critique of structuralism. Some attention is paid to the authentic tradition and traditionalists’ practices comparison. Difference between their habitus can pass for good explanation of the distance between their practices.

Третичният мисловен процес на кръстопътя между метапсихологията, когнитивната наука и невронауката

Author(s): Petar Radoev Dimkov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

The strict differentiation between the abstract-verbal-logical thought (the Freudian secondary thought process) and the primitive, fantastic thought (primary thought process) is conditional and the border between the two is not clear-cut. This fact allows one to postulate the existence of a third thought process, which would fill the empty space. The third process, essentially, can be defined as concrete, imaginative representation of abstract notions, which is subjected to modifications of volition or as a regress in the name of the ego. Due to this position, the question about the third process touches upon some ancient philosophical questions, e. g. the origin of notions, in particular, the so-called conceptual empiricism, and the transcendental schematism of Kant. Also involved are the contemporary psychological research on representations as concrete and nonetheless generalizing image as well as fantastic imagination and reproductive imagination. The third process reveals itself as invaluable means to creative thought, which, in comparison with the secondary process, is elastic and plastic, and exactly due to this fact it can be subjected to modification (constructivism). Subjectivism and constructivism allow one to view this thought process from a philosophico-practical point of view.

Тридцатая меметовская. 30-я Международная научно-теоретическая конференция «Интеллигенция и интеллигентоведение в начале XXI века: результаты и перспективы»

Author(s): Vladimir Aleksandrovich Porozov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2020

The course of the Thirtieth international scientific and theoretical conference “Intelligentsia and intelligentsia studies at the beginning of the XXI century: results and prospects”, held in the city of Ivanovo on September 26—27, 2019, is described and analyzed. The annual conferences are an important event in the very functioning of the Scientific Research Institute of Intelligentsia Studies at Ivanovo State University , inter-university council “Intelligentsia. The culture. Power”, the entire Ivanovo scientific school of intellectual scientists. These essentially innovative phenomena of scientific life are the brainchild of a doctor of historical sciences, professor Valery Sergeyevich Memetov (1939—2019). The conference was dedicated to the memory of an outstanding scientist. In accordance with the conference topics, topical problems of the past, present and future of Russian intelligentsia studies are considered.

Федор Степун: русский философ о духовном кризисе Европы

Author(s): Ekaterina Mikhaylovna Veselova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2017

The article investigates views on the problem of religious devastation of Europe of one of interesting and appreciable authors of the Russian Abroad — Feodor Avgustovich Stepun, the Russian philosopher, the historian, the literary critic. Based on pre-war and post-war texts of Stepun and his dialogues with representatives of the German public, the author shows symptoms of spiritual crisis of the Western European life: on the one hand, the relation to Christianity — misunderstanding of the Christian fundamentals of history by Europeans, an incorrect ratio of Christianity and culture, distortion of the essence of Christianity and, as a result, spiritual degeneration of Europe; on the other hand, the West attitude towards the Soviet Russia, the USSR — from Soviet adherers in 1920 — the beginning of the 1930-s to anti-Sovietism after World War II. Presented are the exit options from the European crisis offered by F.A. Stepun the sense of which is uniform: return to Christian roots, search of mutual understanding between Russia and Europe. Analyzed is the latest work of Feodor Stepun as the last will of the Russian emigration to Europeans, drawn is the corresponding conclusion.