Adam Olech, Semantyczna teoria poznania
Review of: Adam Olech, "Semantyczna teoria poznania"; Częstochowa: Wydawnictwo AJD, 2014, 292 s., plus errata by: Grzegorz Trela
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Adam Olech, "Semantyczna teoria poznania"; Częstochowa: Wydawnictwo AJD, 2014, 292 s., plus errata by: Grzegorz Trela
More...
The main objective of this article is to present the friendship between Jerzy Stempowski — Polish writer, essayist and Lev Shestov — Russian writer and philosopher. The article consist of three parts an and short conclusion. In the first part I focus on Stempowski’s predilections for Eastern Europe, and I also explore Stempowski’s complicated, though clearly evident, relation with existentialism. It is in this context that I show both Stempowski’s close affinity with Shestov philosophy, and his evident antipathy to French existentialism. In the second part I attempt to answer the following question: why did Stempowski have such a strong aversion to Albert Camus’ work. In this part of my essay I briefly refer to a Serbian writer and dissident — Mihajlo Mihajlov. In the third part I explore Stempowski’s friendship with Shestov and I also sketch the ideological horizon they both shared. Moreover, I mention Shestov’s presentations at the philosophical conferences in Kraków and Berlin as well as his meeting with Edmund Husserl in Amsterdam. In the short conclusion to my article I suggest that Stempowski’s existentialism is an individual, original project even if his existentialism draws upon most of the major themes in philosophical treatises and literature of existentialism. His “existential project” is based on: 1. reason which rationally orders reality, 2. sympathy towards antirational and prophetic philosophy of Russian thinkers which he analyses from the positions of a professed atheist and 3. deeply-rooted humanistic values.
More...
W dobrym tonie jest dziś obwinianie racjonalności, którą uznaje się za przyczynę wszelkiego zła przytłaczającego współczesne społeczeństwa, przemocy ze strony państwa wobec szerzenia się braku kultury, świata koncentrującego się na niszczeniu zasobów naturalnych, indywidualnej alienacji względem zbiorowej rezygnacji. Nie chodzi tu o odrzucenie takiego poglądu, o odrzucenie, które na tych kilku stronach sprowadziłoby się do przeciwstawienia zbytnim uproszczeniom innych uproszczeń, nie mniej nadmiernych. Nie chodzi też o opowiedzenie się za rozumem oraz o wychwalanie cnót tego odwiecznego boga, ponieważ formułuje się wobec niego zarzuty i przybiera na sile wrzawa, która zewsząd domaga się uzupełnienia duszy. Chodzi tu o pewną spekulację, to znaczy działanie dziennikarskie, ponieważ okazuje się, że dziennikarstwo idei stało się głównym miejscem rozkwitu słowotoku metafizycznego.
More...
The basic interpretation claim presented in Marek J. Siemek’s book is that Kant created a completely new level of philosophical reflection, for which the epistemological question remains characteristic. This question — in contrast to the epistemic questions posed before Kant — neither solely focuses on the problem of the ontic structure of the reality nor it does on the cognitive conditions which enable a subject to get to know the latter. The epistemological question deals with the very relationship that occurs between the cognition (subject) and the reality (object) and constitutes both the ontological and cognitive conditions of knowledge. According to Siemek, Kant developed a transcendental perspective, but only Fichte was able to fully develop it, while Kant dealt with interweaving epistemic and epistemological threads. However, one can defend the thesis that Kantian solutions, on the one hand, are much more strongly situated on the epistemological level of reflection than Siemek was ready to admit, and on the other hand, they offer a weaker (static) model of transcendentalism which — in contrast to the stronger (genetic) Fichte’s model — explores only the impassable limits of transcendental reflection.
More...
Jeżeli filozofia jest szeregiem przypisów do Platona, to warto dogłębnie zbadać tekst, do którego owe przypisy się odnoszą. Ta myśl przyświeca powołanej w 2017 roku „Akademii Platońskiej”, której celem jest propagowanie platonizmu, a zarazem próba jego rekonstrukcji. Nie sposób bowiem uznać zespołu doktryn utożsamianych przez podręczniki historii filozofii z platonizmem za treść nauczania Platona.
More...
This Manifesto was prepared for the performance that took place in Brussels on the 25th of October, 2015. The manifesto was an accompaniment to Małgorzata Dawidek’s performance, entitled: Aporia & Epiphany. In her description of the performance Małgorzata writes: “The performance takes the form of a hypertextual story, which breaks up with a traditional and conventional linearly structured writing and reading. With the consent of the audience, the artist shares the story with them giving the thread which is unravelling from the sleeve which she wears. The thread will mark the trajectory of the artist movement, the pattern of her contact with others, and the order of the story. It reorganized the given situation by stressing the relation between the artist and Others and between Others themselves. A mesh emerges.
More...
In modern science the theory of probability is one of the basic tools. Scientists using probability often refer to its objective interpretation. They emphasize that their probabilistic hypotheses concern objective facts, not degrees of belief. Accordingly, the following questions arise: What is the meaning of this type of probabilistic hypothesis? Is the assumption of objectivity necessary? The paper addresses these questions by analyzing objective probability in the context of the scientific debate on determinism. Two types of arguments will be presented. On the one hand, there is the assertion that objective probability can exist only in an indeterministic world. Then, on the other hand — I analyze the assertions of those who believe in the coexistence of objective probability and determinism. As a result I show that the acceptance of deterministic and indeterministic fields as possible areas where objective probability can occur is extremely problematic. Depending on the chosen area we encounter different types of problems. Therefore, I show that a significant number of these problems are associated with the acceptance of incorrect metaphysical assumptions. And finally, I postulate that the objectivity of probability (and assumptions pertaining to it) can be reduced (without any losses) to the epistemic variant.
More...
The review of: Piotr Bartula, Dzieła zebrane; Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2019, 128 s. ISBN 978–83‑8138–108–6, okładka miękka
More...
This study falls on the border between the ontological axis and the epistemological axis of the consolidated science of communication. It is an x-ray of how the message is perceived at the beginning of the third millennium. The method of investigation is meta-analytical of comparative type. In essence, the alternative is to face the interpretation of the message either in a metaphysical key or in a dialectical key. It is concluded that after the year 2000 from the area of epistemology the interpretation of the message passes to the area of ontology.
More...
Both decolonization and curriculum democratisation have emerged as major talking points in discourses about higher education. The premise of this article is that curriculum change in higher education should be fueled by social context responsiveness, epistemic diversity, pedagogical innovation, classroom practises renewal, and an institutional culture of candour and critical reflection. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and post-COVID-19 pose problems for the existence of epistemic diversity and diversity management in the discourse of curriculum transformation in higher education, according to this conceptual article (4IR). Epistemic diversity and diversity management are concepts that, in our opinion, have the characteristics of an Althusserian Ideological State Apparatus that can advance the political objectives of the post-COVID-19 and 4IR spaces.
More...
This article discusses an investigation into the English modal predicate with can and the perfect infinitive form of the main verb. The study uses language samples excerpted from The Corpus of Contemporary American English, as well as selected data from The Corpus of Historical American English and The British National Corpus. English grammars tend not to discuss can with the perfect infinitive, which can give an impression that it does not exist. Nevertheless, the reported study confirms that can with the perfect infinitive is present in both American and British Englishes, mainly in formal, written communication. In the US, it was used already at the beginning of the 19th century. Furthermore, can with the perfect infinitive expresses either the speaker’s reasoning about a hypothetical past situation or speaker’s certainty that a situation did not take place in the past. Thus, can interacts with the perfect and yields epistemic readings. Additionally, subject negation extends its scope over the proposition. The propositional negation interacts with can, thus producing the meaning of speaker’s certainty. Finally, the findings of the study are used to determine the norms which may underlie the modal predicate with can and the perfect infinitive.
More...
There can occur a specific quandary when trying to evaluate the achievements of great thinkers who were ahead of their time in their scientific creative output, and who were forced to develop their investigations within the paradigmatic status quo, which specifically concerns the issue of terminology. In a historiographic perspective, terminology usually results from the current lexical resources that reflect the thought horizons of researchers in a given period of time (a paradigm). Therefore, it might be of merit to explore beyond the terms themselves and to relate them to a whole theory under inspection through a different metatheory. In this paper, we focus on the relation between concept, phenomenological quality and name in the theory of the eminent Polish linguist Ludwik Zabrocki (1907‒1977). We discuss aspects of spatiality in selected facets of Zabrocki’s structural phonetics, focusing on issues such as: the substantiality of sonic primes, the polarity of processes, the field of processes, the space of codal systems and the summation of cognate elements. The analysis highlights the enormous and crucial role that the experience of space plays in Zabrocki’s theory. The physical aspect of experiencing phenomena points to the metalevel of embodiment on the one hand, and phenomenology on the other. Accordingly, juxtaposing the two perspectives as analytical dimensions, we attempt to present Zabrocki’s theory as a type of embodiment, adducing for this purpose some of the tenets of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology.
More...
Style and genre are categories within musical science that are linked to the philosophical concepts of quality and function. They share essential characteristics, manifested uniquely in each. Genre typifies by establishing specific parameters that “sift” stylistic features, while style individualizes the typological parameters of genre. In an interpretive aspect, situations related to genres with emphasized practical function should prioritize the genre factor in the performer's vision. In situations linked to a more general genre interpretation, the stylistic factor takes precedence, especially when discussing works composed after the 17th century. The execution of pieces from earlier epochs follows the logic of the genre. Teaching genre or style without considering their mutual dependence leads to a one-sided approach and a lack of understanding of their organic connection. An indispensable element in education should be their historical study through synchronous comparison.
More...
The article addresses the issue of the constitution of the subject and the formation of identity in a world that is rapidly changing along with threats it cannot control. The discussion will span between the epistemic interpretive perspectives of Rene Girard and Jacques Lacan, involving aspects of the understanding of the subject, the meaning of language, the perception of the image, and the action of the Real. In the cognitive approach, the goal is to show the space of violence, crisis, trauma and finally language as a representative of culture. In the interpretive perspective, two (signifiant) mechanisms of human behavior are presented: mimicry and petrification, the action of which is revealed in the subject, or for the subject. The critical perspective will refer to the contemporary condition of the subject and its position in relation to nature, culture and social conditions. As for pedagogical discourse, the question is formulated: how do we understand the reality in which the subject exists, and what is the dimension of violence that organizes culture or emerges from this culture? The text uses concepts borrowed from Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis.
More...
Report on Conference "Homo viator. Podróże po „wiedzę bezcenną” w perspektywie historycznej i w ujęciu współczesnym" held at Zamojska Academy, from 6th-8th of April 2022.
More...
The Neoplatonic philosophers developed a complicated and quite ingenious concept of the grades of virtue, starting with such common human virtues, as the natural, ethical and political, and finishing which those attainable only by the real seekers of the highest truth, such as the purificatory, contemplative, paradigmatic, and hieratic. In the paper I trace the evolution of the Neoplatonic grades of virtue by means of the select passages from Damascius’ “Philosophical History,” which deal specifically with the character of Damascius’ revered teacher. The life of Isidore is presented by his student as an ascent along the path of Neoplatonic perfection, moreover, by chance or not, but in the surviving fragments of this work, which tells about many remarkable philosophers and theurgists, it is Isidore who ultimately attains the last seventh degree of virtue. Possessing outstanding personal qualities and even the gift of the seer, he was a teacher of the Socratic type, most eager to help students achieve the purificatory virtues that alone determine the further path of philosophical perfection. The position of Damascius and his attitude to the philosophical way of life is further illustrated by a series of lively portraits of Athenian and Alexandrian philosophers of his time.
More...
This paper makes four arguments to challenge attributing to Plato a theory of Forms. I begin by closely studying Aristotle’s critique of the Forms to show that Aristotle was more focused on the epistemological implications of the Forms as opposed to their existence. Additionally, it remains unclear as to whether Aristotle was targeting Plato or the Platonists in his critiques. I then turn to the inconsistencies inherent in Plato’s discussion of the Forms. Essentially, this is incumbent upon Plato’s commitment to the belief that writing and language fail to capture the Forms holistically. As such, Plato’s variegated discussions of the Forms in the dialogues reflect his commitment to the mutability of the world concurrently with language. This carries over to the reception of Plato and Aristotle in Antiquity and beyond. I show that starting from Antiochus of Ascalon onwards, Plato and Aristotle were accepted to be representatives of a consistent philosophy. This historical ‘harmonization’ of Plato and Aristotle shows that opposition between both thinkers concerning the Forms was not a commonly held view. I then turn to Plotinus who syncretised Plato’s Forms with Aristotelian Intellect which was appropriated by al-Fārābī who rejected the idea that there had been any distinction in the first place. Al-Fārābī composed a treatise on the harmony of Plato and Aristotle, whereas Plotinus based his entire philosophical enterprise on the synthesis of Platonic-Aristotelian philosophy that proved historically influential. The resulting thesis of this paper is that any close historical study of Aristotle’s interpretation of Plato’s Forms would show that one cannot attribute to Plato a theory of Forms without facing serious contradictions.
More...
The article attempts to identify the specifics of the ways in which the Qumran authors “know” God, based on an analysis of a number of their key works. The Qumranites’ acquisition of “theological” Knowledge was mainly of direct intuitive “spiritual” comprehension, including elements of “noethics”. This cognitive phenomenon has sometimes been described directly as insight (cf., e. g., 1QHa 12:5-6, 27-29; 15:24-25). On the other hand, the Qumran teaching that God “formed understanding (bynh) for all who seek knowledge (d‘t)” and that “all reason (śkl) is from eternity” (4Q299, fr. 8, 7–8) suggests that human mind is initially a partaker of the eternal Mind of God. As one consequence of this, one has the potential gift of directly accessing the elements of Knowledge contained within the Divine Mind (śkl, bynh). There was also a mystical-“gnostic” way of knowing. Thus, the Qumranites probably practised some kind of mystical heavenly “voyages” in a kind of ecstatic state — in fact, probably implying mystical “death” and subsequent “rebirth”, involving the acquisition of heavenly Knowledge. The author has also tried to reconstruct elements of the Qumranite theological system and identify some features of the Qumran creationist doctrine and the closely related doctrine of predestination; views of history, eschatology and the creation of a new world; dualistic concepts in correlation with soteriology; the Qumran theology of Light and Darkness in ethical, gnoseological and soteriological aspects.
More...
In his work De Insomniis, Aristotle pointed out that after observing motion, objects at rest appeared to move. In modern literature, this effect, called the "waterfall illusion" or "the motion aftereffect", is widely researched and explained both scientifically and philosophically. Most researchers consider in the first place why this happens and what it means. This allows us to put forward new hypotheses and argue in favor of existing theories, in particular, thanks to the waterfall illusion, a hypothesis about multi-threaded data processing by neurons was proposed and some features of the work of adaptive perception mechanisms were demonstrated. At the same time, the implicit and unreasoned choice of a specific method of explanation to assert the advantages of a certain model while neglecting other empirical experience may be a methodological error, which can be seen in the example of S. Prosser's concept of dynamic frames.
More...
The article deals with Aristotle's doctrine of syllogism as an elementary form of proof. According to Aristotle, of all fourteen valid syllogism forms, the first form of the first figure is best suited for this task, since its conclusion is "general and affirmative." But Aristotle also considers a special case of this syllogism form, when both terms of the first premise are equal, and its converse goes without restriction. Aristotle shows that in this case, on purely logical grounds, it is impossible to distinguish middle term from major, since they are interchangeable. Therefore, such syllogisms turn out to be ambiguous and do not prove anything. What is to be done? Aristotle turns to epistemological grounds to make the definition converse impossible and thus to get the ability to state it as the major syllogism premise. He claims that knowledge of the formal cause of a thing leads to the knowledge of a thing itself, but not vice versa. A determinable requires clarification with the help of the determinant, and not on the contrary. Therefore, the formal cause of a thing by Aristotle is always the cause, and not the thing itself, or the action. Therefore, if the definition serves as a major premise of the syllogism, then the formal cause of a thing always turns out to be a middle term, while for the major premise stands the thing itself. Thus, the interchangeability of terms is disestablished, since, as Aristotle says, the cause has the first place in comparison with its effect. As a result, a syllogism becomes complete, unambiguous, and quite “usable”.
More...