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Literary translation, although under different titles, is included in the curricula of most of the education institutions that have Translation studies departments. Assessing the competence of the students in literary translation classes is generally done through codes of practice since most of the rubrics on translation focus on issues such as grasp of information, ease of translation, use of language, grammar rules etc. Apart from this, literary evaluation requires a deeper assessment for each genre depending on its specific properties of form and content. This paper aims to discuss the use of translation assessment rubrics for literary translation courses and investigate whether a more improved style for each genre of literature can be proposed for this purpose. To this end, general approaches to assessment of translation competence and rubrics offered by different institutions are surveyed and their applicability to literary translation courses discussed. In the end, a comprehensive rubric for literary translation courses will be presented.
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Ilirizam je u prvom redu ideologija, panslavizam u malome, koji je zahvatio Hrvatsku 30-ih godina 19. st. i koji je bio pokretač općega narodnoga preporoda. On se nadograđuje na ideju o slavenskoj uzajamnosti koja se na hrvatskim prostorima javlja još od protureformacije, a koja je u 19. st. dosta proširena u slavenskom svijetu. Dok su se njome u prošlosti zanosili pojedinci, sada je ona ugrađena u kulturni program hrvatskih mladih intelektualaca koji su se školovali u europskim gradovima i koji su bili nadahnuti romantičarskim pokretom koji je zahvatio Europu. Zašto se preporod javlja pod ilirskim, a ne pod hrvatskim imenom?
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Adamova glava - one of the most famous plant in Russian mythological herbarium. Plant name Adamova glava (and similar variants) is fixed in the Russian manuscripted herbals from the beginning of the XVIII century. The text analysis shows that it is not a single plant, but several different ones. The purpose of this report - to show what kinds of articles in herbals related to plant name Adamova glava and what folkloric motifs correspond with it. We identified five types of articles and the following groups of motives: a) the Rituals of Herb-Gathering: on the eve of Midsummer Day at dawn, to tear through silver and gold / with cross, with prayers; b) Nomination: plant is the king of all herbs; c) The functions of the plant: from porcha smertnaia, infertility, for favor heads; to cause water and air demons; assistance in the construction of dams, tall buildings; rapid healing of wounds; g) etiological legend: the plant appeared on the Jordan River under the holy tree cypress.
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This article discusses the meanings, origin, synonymy and variations of EU cyber security terms with compound kibernetinis, (-ė) (cyber). The analysis shows that cyber security terms in most cases denote harmful actions and harmful activities or defence actions or defence measures: kibernetinė vagystė (cybertheft), kibernetinis terorizmas(cyberterrorism), kibernetinė gynyba (cyber defence), kibernetinių incidentų pratybos(cyber incident exercises), kibernetinis išteklius (cyber assets). Relatively rarely terms are used to denote persons and their characteristics: kibernetikos ekspertas (cyber expert), kibernetinis šnipas (cyberspy), kibernetinio saugumo įgūdžiai (cybersecurity skills).From the point of view of its origin, cybersecurity terminology is heterogenous. It can be concluded that the majority of cyber security terms are borrowed from warfare and forensics: kibernetinis karas (cyber war), kibernetinė kriminalistika (cyber forensics).Fewer terms are taken from ecology, health, physics, politics, economics, technology,computer science, geography, pedagogy and law: kibernetinė ekosistema (cyber ecosystem),kibernetinė higiena (cyber hygiene), kibernetinio saugumo atsparumas (cyber securityresilience), kibernetinė diplomatija (cyber diplomacy), kibernetinis išteklius (cyber assets),kibernetinio saugumo subjektas (cybersecurity entity), kibernetiniai gebėjimai (cyber skills).The majority of Lithuanian cyber security terms can be considered as calques – qualitative characteristics of more than a half of the Lithuanian terms analyzed completely match with the characteristics of English terms: kibernetinė politika – cyber policy,kibernetinė rizika – cyber risk, kibernetinio saugumo sistema – cyber security systems. Not matching terms have differences in number and meaning of components: dialogaskibernetikos klausimais – cyber dialogue, atkūrimas po kibernetinio incidento – cyber recovery,kibernetinis išteklius – cyber assets.In Lithuanian cybersecurity terminology clarity is the principal consideration therefore longer and non-metaphorical equivalents compared to English terms are used: atkūrimaspo kibernetinio incidento – cyber recovery, kibernetinio saugumo priemonės irtechnologijos – cybersecurity capabilities, grėsmių kibernetiniam saugumui kitimas – cybersecuritythreat landscape. Half of the analyzed terms have synonyms: elektroninė diplomatija– kibernetinė diplomatija – skaitmeninė diplomatija (cyber diplomacy, e-diplomacy,digital diplomacy), kibernetinis nusikaltėlis – kibernetinis užpuolikas (cyber attacker).Synonymy of cyber security terminology is characterized by variety and synonyms could have been caused different time of usage or by aim for the intention to createan appropriate form of expression. Cyber security terminology is a new terminology and is characterized by variety ofexpression. Quite a lot other cyber security terms are used in on-line publications. Inon-line publications instead of borrowed or mixed terms Lithuanian terms are used:kibernetinis puolimas, kibernetinis žvalgas, kibernetinis įvykis. Some cyber security terms have non-typical structure and are used with component kiber(-): kiberginklas,kiberveiksmas, kiber ataka.
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The study aims to investigate the processing of four simultaneously activated languages, that is, Polish as L1, German as L2, English as L3 and Swedish as L4, in written L4 production. Errors which can be attributed to negative transfer and interference, as well as the participants’ ability to exploit the similarities between the languages, which reflects their language awareness, are analysed here. As the results show, all the four languages are indeed activated and participate in the processing, but at the same time a lot of intralingual interaction between Swedish words and structures can be observed, and despite the language distance, the native language also remains an important source of transfer and interference.
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This paper discusses the influence of English on the Serbian language in sports newspaper discourse, starting from theoretical assumptions of contact linguistics, sociolinguistics theory of stratification of language, changing of codes and linguistic borrowing, which raises the question of the existence of the Angloserbian language as a variety of the Serbian language, formed under the influence of English. As can be observed, the use of foreign words of English origin – Anglicisms will be the subject of our paper. In this regard, this paper should answer two questions: whether those Anglicisms are justified or not, what is their status in the language and the level of their semantic adaptation. Starting from the fact that Anglicisms can be classified into several groups: quite justified, through to justified and unjustified and totally unjustified, the paper looks into the justifiability of recent Anglicisms in the Serbian language and its semantic extension. The corpus will be limited to the electronic version of the news magazine, two Serbian dailies (Novosti and Blic) from 2017/18. As an auxiliary corpus in the survey we used dictionaries of new words. Adaptation of anglicisms at the semantic level comprises various changes of meaning that occur at the process of borrowing. Three types of semantic changes have been analysed in this paper, changes in semantic extension: zero extension, expansion of meaning and narrowing of meaning. A considerable number of loanwords undergo zero semantic extension; they preserve their original meaning. Expansion of meaning is a secondary change since loanwords in the borrowing language acquire new meanings unknown in the source language. The narrowing of meaning is a frequent semantic change. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in the Serbian language is, given the high levels of exposure of Serbian speakers to English, an inevitable and expected phenomenon. Some Serbian linguists fear that Anglicisms are slowly supplanting Serbian words, which might eventually lead to forgetting who we are. The cause of this is frequently seen in the lack of adequate and institutionalised care of the Serbian language, marked by a lack of a centrally controlled language policy and consistent language planning, and by an easily observable disregard for Serbian in public communication. Furthermore, they regret the lack of an active relationship with English loanwords, that is, the activation of the Serbian language’s own linguistic potential also allowing the creation of native equivalents to Anglicisms. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in Serbian is rarely seen as the wealth, or conversely, the detriment of the Serbian language. It is rather perceived to imply or indicate: that first, Serbia(n) is ensuing the globalisation of the modern world and the influence of English as a global language; and second the subsequent missing role of the media in the popularisation of Serbian equivalents to Anglicisms. To sum up, the parallel use of Anglicisms and their native equivalents creates space for the semantic and stylistic diversification of language and for a freedom of linguistic choice.
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Scientific papers in the field of theology have some common features but also distinctive ones with the works of other sciences. The specificity of the methodology and theological nature of knowledge leaves its traces in the sphere of morphology, and is reflected in the specific use of pronouns. In this paper we have analysed the use of pronouns in the selected corpus of scientific theological works of all the three substyles in Serbian and English languages.
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Romanian linguistic policies from former times (19th century). The case of ideas promoted by Ion Ghica. In our study, we aim to discuss educational linguistic policies as they were perceived in the 19th century, when the Romanian society and implicitly the Romanian educational system suffered major transformations, noticeable especially when the school curricula (which had a structure that was not entirely different from the present one) were developed or reorganized. The thorough examination of these school documents helps us better understand the way in which linguistic policy evolved in Romania at a time when the connections with Western Europe were increasingly strong. Thereby, the beginnings of systematic learning of native and foreign languages were established. In our approach we will rely on a limited but dense corpus selected from writings by Ion Ghica, one of the personalities who were actively involved in the cultural progress of the Romanians.
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From French for Specific Purposes to French for Academic Purposes Through the New Scales of the CEFR (2018). For the last fifteen years or so French specialists in education have analysed and sometimes deepened the gap between specialization and academic interests operating within the university framework. We aim at showing that through the new descriptors of the CEFR the conceptual barriers between the two areas tend to melt together into a less restrictive integrated field – French for University.
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Language policies in Norway and the development of the multilingual competence. Norway, an increasingly multicultural society, has acknowledged through its language policies the importance of communicating effectively across diverse cultural and linguistic contexts. This paper intends to provide a broader picture of the Norwegian education system and the changes it has undergone in order to accommodate to technological advancements and the internationalization of education. In addition, the development of the intercultural communicative competence has become a prerequisite in Norway’s multicultural and multilingual society characterized by increased mobility. Therefore, Norway’s educational landscape and educational policies needed to accommodate these changes and transfer the acquired knowledge into clear pedagogical aims.
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This study focuses on metaphors in the mysticism of Meister Eckhart (1260-1328). The role of the building – related metaphors was proved on his Latin works, vernacular treatises and sermons using the method of the conceptual theory of metaphor. In the research the connections in relation to these metaphors were established and from elements of the target domain the system was constructed and thus the hidden structure of Eckhart’s thought analyzed. Findings of this study demonstrate metaphors’ work in the understanding and in the translation, furthermore enable modern readers to enter into a discussion with mysticism through the Eckhartian language.
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Imperative in Imprecatives. This study follows those imprecatives (invective structures) in Romanian language that contain in their structure verbs in the imperative. On the one hand, we had in view the organisation of these stuctures and on the other hand we highlighted some pragmatic-semantic aspects, starting from one corpus and extracting patterns from different areas of the language.
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Cinema as a Cultural and Educational Medium in Teaching / Learning Foreign Languages. Cinema is one of the most effective and authentic materials that can convey language, culture and art at the same time. The teaching-learning of film language is part of a media education that has become neccessary today. Our everyday environment constantly exposes the individual to media messages, and modern dissemination techniques increase their impact remarkably. Thus, we must try to set up a contextualized learning of languages and cultures, aiming at increased awareness of the different media languages. First, our study tries to evaluate the level of media education in the European context, especially in France, then to provide teachers and language learners with useful websites and a resource directory offering them a starting point to using cinema in school and academic contexts.
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