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Az összetartozáson innen és túl

Author(s): Dávid Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2019

In my paper, I investigate Heidegger’s Parmenides-interpretations. My question is: what is the relation between them and the Heideggerian interpretation of the so called Likeness Principle – like is understood only by like – which is known especially from hermeneutical texts. I analyse the interpretations of the 3rd fragment of Parmenides in a chronological way and I attempt to accompany the German thinker on his thinking path leading to the German terms Selbe and Zusammengehören that are probably untranslatable within the Heideggerian context. Meanwhile, I intend to reveal the turns and the junctions, which characterise Heidegger’s point of view relating to both Parmenides and the Likeness Principle, and also the differences that could be detected between their Heideggerian reading and an idealistic one. Moreover, the less explicit intention of this paper is the following: helping with the preparation of a future, deeper account regarding the Likeness Principle.

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Gastronomi Trendlerinden Biri Olarak Terapötik Beslenme ve Hıltlar Teorisi

Author(s): Duran Cankül,Hilal Ayvalı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

In this research, it is aimed to present the elements of the therapeutic nutrition according to the Hilts Theory which is one of the current Gastronomy trends in Anatolia and Ottoman Cuisine, the way of application for centuries intensely in 15th and 17th centuries, and the principles of prescriptions created by Muslim physicians to the academy and the sector. For this purpose, document analysis, one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the research. Ibn Sina (980 - 1037), who developed the Hilts Theory and made a lot of work on it, was examined and analyzed through document analysis, where manuscripts and other printed sources, whose ideas and practices were recorded, can be reached today. Since most of the data obtained was written in Arabic, Hebrew and Ottoman Turkish, it was translated by researchers into Turkish today. The results of the analysis suggest that the Hilts Theory, which proposes that it is possible to live a healthy life in all respects by keeping the temperament in balance and providing balance of mind, mind and body, is an important source in correcting the deteriorated balance and health of the people who consume many foods at the same time and editing and creating prescriptions.

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Treść, pojęcie, realizm. Heglowskie rozumienie poznania zmysłowego

Author(s): Paweł Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2018

The author reviews the Hegelian construction of sense knowledge: the empirical content of the object and its general character. He argues that Hegel’s standpoint has to be to some extent compatible with the basic thesis of epistemological realism on the sense consciousness level. Yet at the same time Hegel’s concept of experience denotes a conceptual character of perceptual contents. This is possible thanks to a gradual process of recognizing the non-empirical elements of consciousness, as well as to the pattern in which the reality of the experience is feasible only within the ideal reality of Geist thinking. However, in the process of experience such an understanding of the Hegelian standpoint requires distinguishing improper reality (I line) from proper reality (II line). The interpretation proposed in this article appears to be well tuned with Hegel’s conception of a synthesis combining respective types and levels of knowledge, including sense knowledge.

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William Faulkner as a Philosophical Writer

Author(s): Iwona Szydłowska / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2018

This article raises the problem of philosophical aspects of William Faulkner’s works. It is intended first of all to review in brief the place of philosophy in literature and to prove that William Faulkner deserves a special place among philosophical writers such as Kierkegaard, Marcel and Sartre. Although not sufficiently recognized as a philosophical writer, William Faulkner is among those who have successfully introduced philosophical ideas into their novels. This article intends to bear out that Faulkner’s novels do not only consider some fundamental philosophical concepts but also open the door to further philosophical debates. The first, shortest part of this work is a presentation of the philosophical discussion concerning the fusion of philosophy and literature. There, the focus is on the negative and positive approaches to the issue of combining philosophy and literature as represented by such prominent philosophers as Iris Murdoch, Jacquelyne Kegley, Martha Nussbaum and Philip Kitcher. In its second part, the article presents William Faulkner’s philosophical affiliations of interest, which are: metaphysics, linguistics, ethics, religion and existentialism. The conclusion stresses Faulkner’s input into philosophy but also indicates different fields his novels open for further philosophical investigation.

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Epifanijne doświadczenia krajobrazu w przedwojennej poezji jidyszowej Awroma Suckewera

Author(s): Karolina Koprowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article analyses the relationship between the subject and the landscape in Avrom Sutzkever’s early poetry (primarily focusing on compositions published in the volumes Lider [Poems], from 1937, and Valdiks [Forested], from 1940). The author explores the matter of epiphanic experience of landscape – wherein the stake is the search for metaphysical sense within nature – that is a dominant feature of Sutzkever’s pre-war poetry. The way these epiphanies are depicted reveals the romantic–modernist provenance of the early poetic compositions of this Yiddish writer.

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Über den Schmerz, die Transfiguration und die Fruchtbarkeit des Schöpferischen im Denken Nietzsches

Author(s): Marcel Hosu / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

The paper offers an overview of the development of the concept of pain in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche beginning with the musical conception of tragedy in his first major work The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music published 1872 up until the second edition of The Gay Science in 1886. It distinguishes between three periods in his thinking with regard to pain by taking into consideration both his published and unpublished works.

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Theoretical Sources of Theological Interpretation of Contemporary Cosmology by Alexei Nesteruk

Author(s): Hennadii Khrystokin,Svetlana Oleksandrivna Shkil / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

The article proves that the widespread use of philosophical ideas is characteristic of liberal Orthodox theological comprehension of modern cosmology, carried out by Alexei Nesteruk. Among these ideas, the most influential was Kant’s doctrine of things in themselves and his teleology, the metaphysical doctrine of analogies, the doctrine of contemplation of the mind, borrowed from Schelling teaching and Russian religious philosophy. The theological understanding of these philosophical concepts allows formulating a new interpretation of the anthropic principle, the initial conditions for the existence of the Universe, and its eschatological future. The form of ideas of Alexei Nesteruk was influenced by the phenomenology of Jean-Luc Marion, the post-metaphysical theology of Sergiy Khoruzhy and Christos Yannaras. As postmodern ideas do not define the content of theology of Alexei Nesteruk, the theory of Volodimir Hritsyshyn about the postmodern nature of Nesteruk’s speculation about cosmology is under discussion. Specifically, these speculations have only a postmodern form of expression but are a controversial combination of theologically redefined metaphysical and Kantian concepts by themselves.

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The Basics of Neo-Realist Cosmology: Bertrand Russell against Alfred North Whitehead

Author(s): Andrii Synytsia / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

The article presents a comparative analysis of neo-realist views of Russell and Whitehead on cosmology in the first decades of the 20th century. It is noted that despite the similarity of the basic theoretical and methodological principles of their philosophizing, these thinkers formulated philosophical-cosmological conceptions that differed significantly from each other. The reason for this was that Russell, at the epistemological level, used the theory of degrees of certainty, and on the logical one he developed the theory of descriptions, but Whitehead, in contrast, was a supporter of the theory of critical realism in epistemology and the method of extensive abstraction in logic. All this influenced the former to pay more attention to the questions of analysis and, accordingly, to use the basic concepts of facts, logical atoms, and propositions, and the latter to focus on the question of synthesis and to consider the structure of being through the prism of concepts of actual entities, eternal objects and prehension. Hence the world for Russell is a static formation (set of events), and we only need to define its laws, and for the Whitehead world is a dynamic formation (set of processes), the laws of which still need to be understood. It is emphasized that as a result, Russell’s cosmology rejected the previous metaphysics, but Whitehead’s cosmology aimed at finding the origins of modern cosmology in the writings of early thinkers. Nevertheless, it is argued that the cosmological teachings of both had a significant influence on the development of analytic philosophy.

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On Power and Time. Reflections on The Fortress by Meša Selimović

Author(s): Filip Kovačević / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

In this article, the author examines the relationship between power, time, and human reality. Using a novel by the Bosnian writer Meša Selimović as a case study, the author tests two metaphysical claims: power submits to power only, and the passage of time empties the significance of each and every human activity. The author finds that Selimović’s novel confirms both. The conclusion is profoundly pessimistic. The lives of human beings are doubly unhappy: they are spent in protracted struggles for resources and recognition that yield power, and also even the accomplishments of the victorious in these struggles will be erased by the passage of time. However, the understanding of the second claim might retroactively ameliorate the conditions of human life. Yet as evidenced by Selimović’s novel, in the world dominated by power, this does not happen. The case of Šehaga Sočo shows that even the one whose personal experience convinced him of the meaninglessness of it all is unable to break out of the cycle of rivalry and revenge. At his deathbed, he orders the death of his rivals, though he knows that to him dying, it makes no difference whether they live or die. Why not opt for forgiveness? Because, as Selimović emphasizes, power’s insistence on self-perpetuation is illogical, and it is logic that tells us not to engage in meaningless tasks. In other words, human reason is powerless to provide us with a more tolerant world.

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Za obrat nikad nije kasno

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2020

Postavku da živimo u »katastrofičnim vremenima«, kako glasi naslov knjige Isabelle Stengers, ne bi trebalo smatrati na prvi pogled ničim drugim negoli svođenjem kraja metafizike na ono štoje mišljenju u suočenju s tzv. zbiljskim stanjem već unaprijed postavljeno kao vanjska granica. Posrijedi je, naime, problem koji iziskuje promišljanje razloga zašto između biti i pojave onoga »katastrofičnoga« više ne postoji razlika. Ako svjedočimo ozbiljenju svih negativnih potencijala destruktivnoga sklopa suvremene tehnosfere i antropocena, nije li onda to što se »događa« u svijetu samo nastavak apokaliptičkoga načina razumijevanja mišljenja? Ono više nema pred sobom tajnu nadolazeće budućnosti, već samo i jedino ispunjenja onoga štoje, hajdegerovski iskazano, sudbina zapadnjačke metafizike kao nihilizma.

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Współczesna czeska duchowość

Author(s): Irena Bogoczová / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Artykuł przedstawi najbardziej typowe cechy religijności (oraz sekularyzacji) czeskiego społeczeństwa, wskaże na historyczno-polityczne źródła tej odmienności oraz tendencje jej rozwoju. Na podstawie odpowiedniej literatury fachowej, popularnonaukowej i zdecydowanie popularyzującej (a nawet rozrywkowej) opublikowanej w ciągu ostatnich 20–30 lat przez czeskich autorów (socjologów, teologów, psychologów, księży, katechetów, dziennikarzy itp.) artykuł przybliży (polskiemu) odbiorcy typ narracji używanej podczas omawiania tematów związanych z Bogiem, Biblią, Kościołem, wiarą, duchowością… W artykule zostaną przytoczone konkretne przykłady takiej narracji. Do przygotowania artykułu posłużyły prace takich badaczy, jak np. D. Červenková, P. Fiala, H. Hamplová, P. Hošek, Z. R. Nešpor, P. Říčan, O. I. Štampach, D. Václavík, R. Vido. Szczególna uwaga zostanie poświęcona publikacjom Tomáša Halíka (Ptal jsem se cest), Zbigniewa Czendlika (Postel, hospoda, kostel) oraz Alexandra Fleka (Parabible). Przedmiotem analizy jest sposób wyrażania się o Bogu (świętości), wierze, wierzących, księżach, Kościele. The present paper introduces the most typical features of religiosity (and secularization) in Czech society, pointing out their historical-political origins and the tendencies in their development. Based on relevant professional, scientific-popular and unambiguously popular (entertaining) literature produced by Czech authors (sociologists, theologians, psychologists, priests, journalists, etc.) over the last 20-30 years, the contribution will familiarize Polish readers with the type of narrative used in works on God, the Bible, the Church, faith, mysticism, etc., providing concrete examples of such discourse. Writings by researchers such as Červenková, P. Fiala, H. Hamplová, P. Hošek, Z. R. Nešpor, P. Říčan, O. I. Štampach, D. Václavík, R. Vido were used for the paper. Special attention is devoted to works by Tomáš Halík (Ptal jsem se cest), Zbigniew Czendlik (Postel, hospoda, kostel) and Alexander Flek (Parabible). The subject of the analysis is the way of Czech and Polish authors express themselves when writing on the themes of God (holiness/sacrum), faith, believers, priests, and the Church.

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“Fragments of a Broken Mirror": Bruno Schulz's Retextualization of the Kabbalah

Author(s): Bożena Shallcross / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

As contradictory as it may seem, for such towering twentieth-century figures as Franz Kafka, Marc Chagall, and Walter Benjamin the explorations of their Judaic heritage was instrumental in shaping their visions of modernity. The mythical and the present, that is, Judaism and modernism, became for them two sides of the same coin. The fusion of the "old semantics" with the experimental, avantgarde tendencies of the day was also a prominent feature in the works of the Polish modernist writer Bruno Schulz. In fact, Schulz articulated this tendency in his oft-quoted essay "The Mythologizing of Reality," in which he discussed the ontological status of the word in the modern world: "Not one scrap of an idea of ours does not originate in myth, isn't transformed, mutilated, denatured mythology. [...]

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“Stumps Folded Into a Fist": Extra Time, Chance, and Virtual Reality in Bruno Schulz

Author(s): Sven Spieker / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

It is often said that two of the defining notions of European modernism are its favoring of time over space and its proneness to represent spatial relationships as if they were temporal ones, rather than vice versa. If this is an accurate assessment, Bruno Schulz is a modernist par excellence. Within modernism, we may distinguish between an "abolitionist" attitude toward time (the avant-garde and its effort to outpace history) and a relativistic attitude (Thomas Mann, T. S. Eliot). This second group of modernists does not (or not necessarily ) share the antihistorical iconoclasm of the avant-garde. Instead, it relativizes human history by placing it in the broader context of universal myths; the historical fact is not liquidated in the sty le of the avant-garde, even though it loses a good deal of its erstwhile autonomy. [...]

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RELIGIJA U TEORIJAMA KLASIČNIH SOCIOLOGA

Author(s): Armin Jašarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2020

As the science about society, from its very beginning, sociology has dealt with religion and its importance and function in a society. Social events and changes that have taken place in the area of Europe have contributed to bringing religion in the focus of many scholars, which shows that in the overall history of humankind it has been one of the unavoidable research topics. This research aimed at showing how classical sociologists (Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber) approached the phenomenon of religion. The stances of the aforementioned scholars are presented by the means of a method of theoretical analysis. The findings indicate that all scholars approach the phenomenon of religion differently. Thus, for instance Comte, as a founder of sociology, embodies a positivist discourse through which he promotes the universal theory of religion. Unlike his contemporaries, Durkheim, claims that religion is an unavoidable society factor and that it presents an essential condition for social integration. Contrary to Durkheim, Marx argues that religion is the alienation and opium of the ruling masses who use it to establish balance. Weber, adopting a systematic sociology approach to religion, analyses comparatively religious and social behavior, and claims that religion is a radical response to specific life situations.

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Quantum geometry, logic and probability

Author(s): Shahn Majid / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

Quantum geometry on a discrete set means a directed graph with a weight associated to each arrow defining the quantum metric. However, these ‘lattice spacing’ weights do not have to be independent of the direction of the arrow. We use this greater freedom to give a quantum geometric interpretation of discrete Markov processes with transition probabilities as arrow weights, namely taking the diffusion form ∂+f = (−Δθ + q − p)f for the graph Laplacian Δθ, potential functions q, p built from the probabilities, and finite difference ∂+ in the time direction. Motivated by this new point of view, we introduce a ‘discrete Schrödinger process’ as ∂+ψ = ı(−Δ + V )ψ for the Laplacian associated to a bimodule connection such that the discrete evolution is unitary. We solve this explicitly for the 2-state graph, finding a 1-parameter family of such connections and an induced ‘generalised Markov process’ for f = |ψ|2 in which there is an additional source current built from ψ. We also mention our recent work on the quantum geometry of logic in ‘digital’ form over the field F2 = {0, 1}, including de Morgan duality and its possible generalisations.

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Information and physics

Author(s): Radosław Kycia,Agnieszka Niemczynowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

This is an overview article that contains the discussion of the connection between information and physics at the elementary level. We present a derivation of Lindauer’s bound for heat emission during irreversible logical operation. In this computation the Szilard’s version of Maxwell’s demon paradox is used as a model to design thermodynamic implementation of a single bit of computer memory. Lindauer’s principle also motivates the discussion on the practical and emergent nature of the information. Apart from physics, the principle has implications in philosophy.

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The homunculus brain and categorical logic

Author(s): Steve Awodey,Michał Heller / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

The interaction between syntax (formal language) and its semantics (meanings of language) is one which has been well studied in categorical logic. The results of this particular study are employed to understand how the brain is able to create meanings. To emphasize the toy character of the proposed model, we prefer to speak of the homunculus brain rather than the brain per se. The homunculus brain consists of neurons, each of which is modeled by a category, and axons between neurons, which are modeled by functors between the corresponding neuron-categories. Each neuron (category) has its own program enabling its working, i.e. a theory of this neuron. In analogy to what is known from categorical logic, we postulate the existence of a pair of adjoint functors, called Lang and Syn, from a category, now called BRAIN, of categories, to a category, now called MIND, of theories. Our homunculus is a kind of “mathematical robot”, the neuronal architecture of which is not important. Its only aim is to provide us with the opportunity to study how such a simple brain-like structure could “create meanings” and perform abstraction operations out of its purely syntactic program. The pair of adjoint functors Lang and Syn model the mutual dependencies between the syntactical structure of a given theory of MIND and the internal logic of its semantics given by a category of BRAIN. In this way, a formal language (syntax) and its meanings (semantics) are interwoven with each other in a manner corresponding to the adjointness of the functors Lang and Syn. Higher cognitive functions of abstraction and realization of concepts are also modelled by a corresponding pair of adjoint functors. The categories BRAIN and MIND interact with each other with their entire structures and, at the same time, these very structures are shaped by this interaction.

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Измеренията на понятието „философия“ във византийската мисловна култура

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2020

The paper answers in a systematic way the question of the existence and specificity of the concepts of philosophy in the culture of thought of the Eastern Roman Empire. It discusses the ambiguity of the term, the faces of theoretical philosophy, the competencies of philosophy, the philosophical-theological discourse, the relationship between philosophy and wisdom, as well as the definitions of philosophy.

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За свободата на волята. Отново. (Парадоксът на Августин)

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2020

The present text outlines one possible interpretation of the Augustinian concepts of freedom and free will. What at first glance seems paradoxically incompatible within Augustine’s position, could be viewed as a result of his attempt to bring into line in the most consistent way the teachings of Scripture, especially of the New Testament, with the inherited powerful substantial-naturalist philosophical tradition of the Ancient thought. It is this specific hybridity of Augustine’s context that allows him to create a solid bridge between the classical Platonic-Aristotelian onto-realist philosophy of man and the Late Medieval philosophy of man as an ens morale.

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За възможността-битие

Author(s): Nicolaus Cusanus / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2020

Translation from the original Latin of the treatise by Nikolaus von Kues, Trialogus de possest.

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