Mesjanizm w filozofii Augusta Cieszkowskiego

Author(s): Wiesława Sajdek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

The article discusses succinctly the main characteristics of messianism in the philosophy of August Cieszkowski (1814–1894). At first, an adequate definition of the phenomenon called ‘messianism’ is accepted, since the term is understood in different, sometimes contradictory ways, e.g. by J.M. Hoene-Wroński and by A. Mickiewicz. Next Cieszkowski’s conception of ‘social messianism’, ultimately pertaining to the whole world community, is presented. Finally, the ‘social messianism’ is compared to the ‘national messianism’, according to the colloquial understanding of the term, as well as it was understood by Cieszkowski himself.

Berkeley and McDowell on Perceptual Experience

Author(s): Anna Tomaszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 63/2018

Th e aim of this article is to show that Berkeley’s account of perception canbe read as sharing important features with a contemporary account developed by John H.McDowell, in particular with conceptualism and disjunctivism – two key components of McDowell’s theory of perceptual experience. Conceptualism is a view that perception isstructured by concepts (possessed by the subject of experience). Disjunctivism states that theacts of perception are directed at objects without any mediation of an idea or representation,the so-called “highest common factor”, in both veridical and non-veridical perceptions. Thus, all perceptual acts are either veridical, or come down to illusions or hallucinations. I take these two components of McDowell’s position to confront them with Berkeley’s doctrines of abstraction and perceptual illusion. Since it can be shown that the Berkeleyan general ideas (notions) are ways of structuring the content of experience, or “contributions” by “our interpreting minds”, and since perceptual errors can be attributed to the interpreting activity of the mind, rather than to the misleading contents of experience itself (ideas), there is more in common between Berkeley and the philosophical tradition that tries to defythe “Myth of the Given” than one may think prima facie to be the case.

Zapomniana hermeneutyka pytania a ontologia hermeneutyczna

Author(s): Małgorzata Przanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Hans-Georg Gadamer described his own philosophical style as the one that awakes in the other a question(ing). He mentioned as well „the forgotten hermeneutics of question(ing)” which demands – as one can assume – our close attention. In this article, the author outlines a possible reading of the hermeneutics of question(ing) putting into a question by asking what does the hermeneutics of question(ing) intrinsically mean? How are we to understand the very project of such hermeneutics? The author claims that the latter strongly relates to the hermeneutical ontology which consists in a participation in an interrogative movement of being. The conclusion is preceded by the typology of the hermeneutic of question(ing).

Soumission et liberté dans la philosophie de Rousseau

Author(s): Luc Vincenti / Language(s): French Issue: 63/2018

To clarify the paradoxical relationship of submission and liberty requires the mediation of necessity. Necessity defines submission by contrast with obedience, which Rousseau condemns, placing it in the category of interpersonal relationships. Thus, it is obedience, and not submission that stands in opposition to liberty. One does not submit to men, but to a positive or natural law, where one remains independent of another’s will. Natural law is as fairly good a model for the laws of republics as it is for the morality of the wise person who knows to keep his place in the order of the world.

Dowodzenie / wyjaśnianie naukowe według Arystotelesa

Author(s): Marian Andrzej Wesoły / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Recognizing the problem of scientific explanation in Aristotle began only in the second half of the twentieth century with the discussion of the so-called deductivenomological model of explanation. Aristotle’s approach to explanation was interpreted mainly in connection with his theory of four “causes” (aitiai). We try to indicate a somewhat wider theoretical context of explanation in the light of Aristotle’s theory of demonstration (apodeixis) or epistemic syllogism. What has traditionally been labelled as Aristotle’s theory of demonstration would be more intelligible if conceived as his theory of explanation. For Aristotle scientific cognition consists in the causal explanation in a specific domain of knowledge. In his view demonstration, explanation and causation cannot be understood separately. His theory of the four causes (formal, material, efficient, final) was a search for answers to the why-question, i.e., a request for an explanation. For this reason investigating “causes” is constructing demonstration / explanation.

Dlaczego potrzebne, skoro niepotrzebne?

Author(s): Joanna Sowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Since, according to the well-known Aristotelian theory, in the process of sexual reproduction the male contributes form, and the female matter, in Generation of Animals Aristotle tries to prove 1) that there is no necessity for any material substance to pass from the male, and 2) that the male does not emit any part such as will remain situated within the fetus; as the strongest proof of this opinion he demonstrates 3) that some males do not emit semen. However, the example of insects he quotes to support the last thesis convinces us of the opposite: even if it is not necessary for the male to emit semen, it is better for him to produce it.

O proairesis u Arystotelesa w interpretacji Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

The subject of this article is the attempt to lighten the sense of Aristotle's proairesis on the basis of selected fragments of translation and commentary by Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno. Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno covers proairesis by “choice or undertaking”. The author shows that the expression is not used accidentally and demonstrates that proairesis in the full sense of the word creates: 1] undertaking in the sense of designating the goal to be achieved; 2]a own choice in the sense of a preferential choice, that is, choice of one course of action rather than another; 2]b own choice in the sense of the decisionabout proceeding with accepted course of action; 3] undertaking in the sense of starting (and continuing) the action leading to the achieving of the designated goal. Thus, the author proves that Aristotle's proairesis according to interpretation of Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno is constituted by “choice” and “undertaking” which are its features or elements. Furthermore, he shows that the activity of proairesis does not end before the action because it does overlap with action, at least in the sense that she starts the action.

O przyjemności – rozdziały jedenaście do czternaście, siódmej księgi Etyki nikomachejskiej (EN VII.11–14 1152a36–1154b34). Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

In the EN VII.11–14 Aristotle examines the question of pleasure criticizing three views regarding it. According to the first, no pleasure is good, either in itself or incidentally; according to the second, some pleasures are good, but most are bad; according to the third, it is not possible for the chief good to be pleasure. As the result of the study Aristotle concludes that pleasure is primarily the unimpeded activity of the natural state. In the introduction Author presents the analysis of the argument “from the restore of natural state” and shows that the argument undermines main assumptions which lie at the base of the three mentioned views, i.e. the assumption that every pleasure is a perceived process of coming to be in the natural state, and the assumption that pleasure is a process.

O przyjemności – rozdziały jedenaście do czternaście siódmej księgi Etyki nikomachejskiej (EN VII.11–14 1152a36–1154b34)

Author(s): Arystoteles Stagiryta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

In the EN VII.11–14 Aristotle examines the question of pleasure criticizing three views regarding it. According to the first, no pleasure is good, either in itself or incidentally; according to the second, some pleasures are good, but most are bad; according to the third, it is not possible for the chief good to be pleasure. As the result of the study Aristotle concludes that pleasure is primarily the unimpeded activity of the natural state. In the introduction Author presents the analysis of the argument “from the restore of natural state” and shows that the argument undermines main assumptions which lie at the base of the three mentioned views, i.e. the assumption that every pleasure is a perceived process of coming to be in the natural state, and the assumption that pleasure is a process.

A Foray Into the System of Anthropological Sciences

Author(s): Cristian Bocancea / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2018

In philosophy, theology or modern social sciences, we can always identify an anthropological axiom, that refers to the genesis, the evolution of the human species as well as the ”human nature”. Starting with the modern period, this type of thinking found itself organized as part of some positive sciences, that can be seen as an actual ”system of anthropological sciences”, put together by British, American, French and German scientists. The English have developed what we call ”social anthropology”. In the United States, several academic disciplines have thrived as part of the ”general anthropology”: archeology, physical anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology and applied anthropology. The French are mostly known for their work in the field of ethnography and ethnology. As for the Germans, they focused on studying popular culture (Volkskunde).

Metinlerarasılık, Hegel ve Matrix

Author(s): Eren Rızvanoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss/2019

Intertextuality is a concept that takes its origin from Bakhtin’s dialogicsm. According to Bakhtin, every meaning is full of answers, and the person who speaks is never the first person to talk about the subject. This approach asserts that every judgment that have been put forward about the world is open-ended and every claim is dialogic in its nature. Kristeva used Bakhtin’s concept of intertextuality, by adhering to his text-centered approach but ignoring the emphasis on historicity. In terms of Kristeva every text is a mosaic of citations. As a result of, the meaning of the text itself is an open-ended meaning that is conveyed from other texts to it. In terms of cinema, this concept is very convenient in terms of theoretical reading. Indeed, each film is full of references to other films, and perhaps it derives its own value from legacy of cinema. As a movie that influences the course of cinema, the Matrix has many such references like Baudrillard’s idea of supremacy, Plato’s Cave Allegory, Cartesian thinking and contemporary neuroscience.

Cud grecki

Author(s): Jacek Breczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

The author to considers what circumstances contributed to the emergence of philosophy. Why was philosophy created only in the Greek world? What were the components of this cultural soil? He puts them in order from the most general to the most specific ones. The most general features were: the type of religion (without the holy books), the national character, agonality, merchandising and geographical conditions. The political system was a less general feature (polis, agora, “discussion culture”); and the specific feature was the cosmopolitan and multicultural character of Miletus – a rich port city. As a result appears the culture, which generates science and technology, changing our world. The author also indicates the opportunities and threats related to technical and civilization progress. Автор рассматривает, какие обстоятельства способствовали возникновению философии. Почему философия – в отличие от религии – была создана только в греческом мире? Каковы были составляющие этой культурной почвы? Автор упорядочивает их от самых общих до самых конкретных. До самых общих автор включает тип религии (непрофетический), национальный характер, агоничность, купечество и географические условия; средне – политическая система (полис, агора, «дискуссионная культура»); до самых конкретных – космополитический и мультикультурный характер Милета – богатого портового города. В результате является культура, которая порождает науку и технику, изменила наш мир. Автор также указывает на возможности и угрозы связанные с техническим и цивилизационным прогрессом.

Spór o rozumienie pojęcia dziejów efektywnych w filozofii hermeneutycznej i postmodernizmie

Author(s): Paweł Sznajder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

The article is a result of a research on the relations between the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer and the postmodernism represented by Gianni Vattimo and Richard Rorty. The author analyses the notion of history (Geschichte) and its effective influence on an author, a text, an interpretator and a tradition in the hermeneutical dialogue (the fusion of horizons). The article opposes the postmodern, constructivistic approach, in which the truth of a text is made known to the universalistic conception in which an interpretation is understood as the process of searching for logos in a dialogue. Статья является результатом исследования отношений между герменевтической фило-софией Ханса-Георга Гадамера и постмодернизмом, представленным Джанним Ваттимо и Ричардом Рорти. В тексте анализируется понятие истории (Geschichte), особое внимание уделяется ее эффективному влиянию на автора, текст, интерпретатора и традицию, происходящее в гер-меневтическом диалоге (слияние горизонтов). Постмодернистской, конструктивистской интерпретации этого процесса, в которой опущена истина текста, противопоставляется универ-салистская концепция, в которой интерпретация понимается как процесс поиска логоса в диалоге.

Топологическая модель философии Жиля Делёза в соотношении с исторической моделью

Author(s): Anastasija Chejz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 18/2018

In the article the author demonstrates what topological model of philosophy is an in what relation it is to the traditional historical model, that leans against principle of historical and logical unity. Accor-ding to this principle, philosophy is realized exceptionally in history of philosophy. In addition, the author answers the questions: how the history of philosophy and geophilosophy linked, what concepts do it enter and what consequences it has for understanding of the process of philosophizing and activity of the historians of philosophy.

ŚMIERĆ I (WIECZNY) POWRÓT ZARATUSTRY

Author(s): Michał Kruszelnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2018

The paper argues that F. Nietzsche’s magnum opus Thus Spoke Zarathustra can be looked upon as a narrative about the protagonist’s maturation to understand, articulate and accept the thought of the eternal return which is tantamount to accepting the prospect of his own imminent death and the enigma of afterlife. I seek to prove that Zarathustra purposely defers systematic and coherent explanation of his deepest thought, as well as he dismisses its interpretations proposed by his animals, disciples, and by his main enemy – the dwarf. The thought of the eternal return can only be revealed, enacted. For this purpose, Zarathustra must actually die and return and by so doing bestow on the next generations the gift of his secret intuition. It can be argued convincingly that the last two chapters of part IV of Thus Spoke Zarathustra are conceived as a powerful performative reenactment of the thought of the eternal return as a selective force. The force, however, which does not bring a different (resp. “better”, “stronger”...) existence, as Gilles Deleuze would want it, but the very same, identical life.

UMIŁOWANIE SAMEGO SIEBIE W MYŚLI FRYDERYKA NIETZSCHEGO

Author(s): Marcin Dżugaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2018

The article focuses on the conception of human in Nietzsche’s thought, especially on his category of self-affirmation. Nietzsche believes that after destruction of traditional values it is possibile to love oneself fully and unconditionally. He is trying to reinstate joy of existence to humans and connect individual will with earthly life (wholeness). The figures of free spirit, Overman and child are the ground to achieve this goal.

POŚMIERTNE INTERESY OSOBY

Author(s): Stanisław Jędrczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2018

Does the interest of a person go beyond the limits of her life? In the article we advocate the realistic view, proclaiming that interests of a person continues even after her death. In contemporary philosophy the realistic view of the post-mortem interests, already outlined by Aristotle, had been delivered by Joel Feinberg. The paper associates an ontological thread with a moral philosophy and general reflection on the notion of a person. Developing the Timothy Chappell’s idea, we introduce the term of personal stance, which is an aspect of the proleptic nature of the concept of a person. Since personal stance includes also a dead person, she belongs to the primary moral constituency. This fact clarifies our concern for the posthumous fate. Lastly, we argue that in the light of private law posthumous interests are to be understood as personal rights.

W OBRONIE POJMOWANIA PRZYJEMNOŚCI JAKO UCZUCIA

Author(s): Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2018

Gilbert Ryle and Fred Feldman regard pleasure as, respectively, a disposition and a propositional attitude. I consider whether their accounts can seriously threaten the traditional understanding of pleasure in terms of feeling or sensation. I argue that their reluctance to treat pleasure as a mental state results from misunderstanding the difference between sensation and feeling. These concepts relate to different psychological phenomena and should not be used interchangeably. Understanding the difference between them makes it possible to defend the concept of pleasure in terms of feeling, though not sensation.

NEUROKOGNITYWISTYKA A WYJAŚNIANIE UMYSŁU

Author(s): Wojciech Sak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2018

ŻYCIE PĘKNIĘTE W NOTATKACH Z PODZIEMIA DOSTOJEWSKIEGO

Author(s): Paweł Pieniążek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2019

This article is dedicated to a philosophical interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground. In contrast to the existential interpretation proposed by Shestov (in Philosophy of tragedy) the author defends the thesis that Dostoevsky’s novel has to be interpreted from the perspective of modernity, and the tragedy of his hero, the underground man, has to be interpreted in categories of alienation and inauthentic existence. From that perspective the divide between normal life and underground life expresses the fundamental contradiction of the modern world. The author indicates the proximity between Dostoevsky’s and Kierkegaard’s and Nietzsche’s analyses of modernity. He then shows that Dostoevsky contrasts the arbitrariness of the underground man to a deterministic, scientistic vision of the world and makes it an important premise of his understanding of an authentic existence based on freedom and faith.