CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Nietzsche o wolności jednostki, czyli o niespełnionych i spełnionych marzeniach

Author(s): Marta Baranowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The subject of the article is an analysis of the idea of human liberty. Nietzsche denies the idea of freedom of will. Although he believes that it is possible to become free, that freedom is a realizable ideal. Human beings are able to improve. Nietzsche is creating the concept of superman as a more excellent kind of being. Nietzsche’s elitism was devoted towards the self-creation of an individuality of great strength. People demand freedom only when they have no power.Freedom means that the manly instincts dominate over other instincts. The free man is a warrior. Freedom is the will to be responsible to ourselves. In real life it is only a question of strong and weak wills.

More...

Wprowadzenie do filozofii twórczości. Uwagi pojęciowe – historia idei – perspektywa interdyscyplinarna

Author(s): Monika Chylińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

It has been a long time since the ability to create is not percieved only as the domain of poets and artists, and the eventuality of deliberating over its nature is not restricted only to aesthetics. In the present analyses I would like to show this modern and postmodern variety of the studies on the creatio phenomenon, which today is often to be comprehended as the universal human creativity (described mainly by psychologists and educators). By introducing the fundamental considerations over the traditional and non-traditional definitions and explanations of creativity, this article has to facilitate at the same time the task of raising more specific and detailed issues (which I partly describe in the article “On the main dilemmas of the philosophy of creativity: A synthetic view of the contemporary research” in this volume of Roczniki Filozoficzne).The present introduction to the philosophy of creativity field will be made in three main steps: (1) by evoking some previous philosophical analyses, (2) by describing the traditional and modern ways of defining the concept and (3) through showing the selected psychological theories of the process of creating the new, valuable and original artifact.

More...

Gustaw Szpet – próba portretu

Author(s): Bogusław Żyłko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2013

Gustaw Szpet was born on 7 April (25 March old style) 1879 in Kiev. His first book – The Phenomenonand Sense – with subtitle Phenomenology as a basic study and its problems, is dedicated to EdmundHusserl. The book is an introduction to phenomenology which refers to the program of work of thethinker from Göttingen. Szpet’s position is pluralist. His pluralism is based on social ontology. It isempirical, experimental pluralism. Multiplicity of realities demands different – as Husserl describesthem – “material or regional” ontologies. Szpet started his mature period of philosophical – scientificactivity by writing an astute record about the creator of phenomenology and developing his ownhypotheses. With a reliable research method which was particularly predestined to explore thehuman world, he studied different “regional ontologies”, or ontologies – as it was named at the time –a separate “series of cultures”. History turned out to be an important field of social – cultural realityfor Szpet. He treated history (historical science) as another “subject” demanding eidetic analysis. Inthe twenties, much more detailed studies were rooted in philosophical ideas, which were concentratedaround the problems associated with the traditional methods including the “first philosophy”(or, as some prefer to metaphilosophy). For Szpet they were focused (what is natural for phenomenologist)on consciousness and the subject. Szpet was tracing psychologism in humanistic studies.He decided to confront psychologism on its own territory by publishing in the second half of thetwenties a book dedicated to ethnic psychology. Before his life was brutally ended during the peakof his career in 1937 he made a significant contribution toward Russian philosophy and culture.

More...

Historia oczyma Guriewicza

Author(s): Stanisław Kandulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2013

In the text author tries to present conception of historical anthropology, which was included in Gurievitch’s works. The text contains two perspectives on his theory: scientific (the methodologicalapproach of soviet historian directly declared in his perspectives on recognizing the past) and nonscientific (which points at the ideological involvement of science, not necessarily conscious by thesoviet author).

More...

Dobro jako kategoria etyczna i ontologiczna w twórczości Fiodora Dostojewskiego

Author(s): Dorota Jewdokimow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2013

The question of the good and the evil in Dostoyevsky’s work has been repeatedly analysed andexamined from different research perspectives, often giving contrary results. Such rich and diversestudies of his writings is an interesting subject in itself. The academic work by Leo Zander and SergiuszHessen concentrates particularly on issues of the good from readings of Dostoyevsky. Bothscholars in their examination derived the concept of the good from the idea of God, according to theprinciple of “Good from God”, thereby establishing a direct dependence on religion and ethics.Ethics without religion, outside God, inside its own structure is becoming impossible and is morphinginto deadly ethics of willfulness. The emergence of the concept of the good from a divinebeing establishes a dependence on ethics from ontology, ontology precedes ethics. These studies arethe starting point for further reflections on the matter of independent ethics and even universalexplanations of Dostoyevsky’s creativeness which incorporates the possibility of exceeding moralrelativism.

More...

Quinean Ontological Commitment Derailed

Author(s): Roxanne Marie Kurtz / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2013

What should we believe exists? The Quinean response is straightforward: We should believe in all and only those objects over which we must quantify in our best scientific theories. Let us call this view Ontological Commitment = Quantifier Commitment, or OC=QC. The author draws upon resources from Jody Azzouni and Stephen Yablo, who reject this criterion to disrupt a central argument for platonism in mathematics. The project has two parts. First, the negative project is to argue that OC=QC is misguided because we ought not read our ontological commitments off of our quantifier commitments. Second, the positive project is to suggest an alternative criterion to OC=QC that allows us to accept the idea that statements that quantify over mathematical objects that would be abstract if they existed are indispensable to our best scientific theories, but nevertheless reject the existence of numbers.

More...

The Civic Duty to Pay Taxes and the Fair-Share Calculation

Author(s): Donald Morris / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2013

In its 2009 Taxpayer Attitude Survey, the U.S. IRS Oversight Board asked taxpayers: “Is it every American’s civic duty to pay their fair share of taxes?” Respondents strongly believe it is, with 70 percent claiming they “completely agree” and 25 percent that they “mostly agree.” On very few public issues is it possible to obtain 95 percent agreement and any such broad consensus should be met with skepticism. The near-unanimous response may mean no more than that people recognize that the functions of government must be paid for and that each person should pay a certain part. But in light of the reported $450 billion annual U.S. tax gap and evidence of declining taxpayer compliance, this paper raises questions about what taxpayers understand by “fair share” and the duty to which it gives rise. In this paper, I argue that the key to understanding how there can be a growing problem of tax cheating and yet a preponderance of taxpayers acknowledging a civic duty to pay their fair share, lies in taxpayers’ calculation of their fair share.

More...

A nyughatatlan kísértet az 1989 utáni világrendben

4.50 €

Preview

A nyughatatlan kísértet az 1989 utáni világrendben

Author(s): Miklós Szalai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3-4/2015

G. M. Tamás: Kommunismus nach 1989. Beiträge zu Klassentheorie, Realsozialismus, Osteuropa Herausgegeben und übersetzt von Georg Wallner Mandelbaum, Wien, 2015. 252 oldal, 19.90 €(kritik & utopie)

More...

Hogyan írjunk (magyar) filozófiatörténetet?

4.50 €

Preview

Hogyan írjunk (magyar) filozófiatörténetet?

Author(s): Péter Andras Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1-2/2016

Mészáros András: Széttartó párhuzamok Esettanulmányok a magyar filozófia történetéből Kalligram, Dunaszerdahely–Pozsony, 2014.220 oldal, 2900 Ft/9,60 €

More...

Konisskii and Peripatetic Orthodox

Author(s): Adam Drozdek / Language(s): English,Polish,German Issue: 51/2014

Georgii Konisskii, an Orthodox bishop of Belarus canonized by the Synod of the Belorussian Orthodox church, was at first a lecturer in the Kiev Academy and his philosophy lectures have been preserved. As a philosopher, he was a peripatetic through and through accepting all the major tenets of the Aristotelian system: he accepted matter and form; the four types of causes; rejection of atomism; the idea of the soul being a form; three types of the soul: vegetative (nutritive), sensory (animal), and rational; rejection of actual infinity; rejection of the void in nature. He made modifications only when forced by the Christian theology: the world was created and will have its end; God is the major efficient cause, not only the final cause. His theology remained traditional with no attempts to modify anything or to explain if there were areas not clearly delineated by Orthodoxy. Konisskii stressed very strongly the spiritual aspect of theology and the necessity of manifesting this theology through one’s spiritual life. Orthodox theology was for him an inviolable foundation that should be accepted without questioning and his role as a pastor was to imbue people with reverence of this theology and urge them to make it the way of their temporary spiritual journey through this world heading to the eternity in the afterlife.

More...

Obecność nieobecnego

Author(s): Juliusz Domański / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

This is the speech, that was addressed to the participants of XI All-Polish Scientific Conference: The Philosophy of XVII century – its Sources and Continuations (Białystok, 16–17 June 2015), of which Professor Juliusz Domański was the guest of honour.

More...

Nisi ipse intellectus. Nie-redukcjonistyczna filozofia umysłu w Leibniza Nowych rozważaniach dotyczących rozumu ludzkiego

Author(s): Artur Banaszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

Developed in his polemics with Locke, Leibniz’s conception of the mind based on the so called ‘system commune’ is an example of what the non-reductionist and non-naturalistic view has to offer in the philosophy of the mind. In this paper I discuss the following issues: the status of New essays in Leibniz’s works, the consciousness- mind relation as understood by both philosophers, conception of the innate and innate-acquired relation in the so called ‘system commune’. I have divided this work into four parts. In the first one I present the status of New essays in Leibniz’s works and I explain his conception of the ‘system commune’. In the second one I investigate Locke’s arguments on the nativism and his conception of the innate. Next, I discuss the conception of the innateness, as proposed by Leibniz, and the mind-consciousness relation. Finally, I present the conclusions drawn from the above analyses.

More...

Natura i struktura tożsamości osoby. Analiza problemu na przykładzie wybranych prac G.W. Leibniza

Author(s): Adrianna Senczyszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

The main aim of this paper is to reconstruct G. W. Leibniz’s view on nature and structure of human identity. For this purpose selected writings of the author and of several other philosophers whose impact on his conclusion was the most noticeable are exploited. Analysis of these sources in relation to Leibniz’s whole monadological system provides us with the explication of human identity in his anthropology. In the first part the author concentrates on the historical background of a reflection on the notion of nature, which in Leibniz’s philosophy constitutes the basis of human identity. The Hanoverian philosopher, as the author claims, continues Aristotle’s thought on this issue. Afterwards a basic individual being – monad – is presented. Through the monad the German philosopher managed to unite two – seemingly opposing – perspectives: substancial (aristotelism) with “consciously-reflective”, which is synonymous with Descartes’ cogito. In the second part the author introduces the concept of the human person, which indicates such features as rationality, substantiality and individuality. From the latter flows such characteristics of personhood as uniqueness, distinctiveness and incommunicability. Even though this classical interpretation of the person was deconstructed by Descartes, the author shows that the monadic subject did not lose the attributes Leibniz’s processors wrote about. In the third part the author presents John Locke’s interpretation of the human identity described in his opus magnum – An essay concerning human understanding, in opposition to which Leibniz developed his own theory. In the fourth part the structure of human identity in the interpretation of the German is presented. The author of this paper particularly focuses on the characteristics of its two dimensions: real identity and moral identity. At the end, in the fifth part, the epistemological foundation of Leibniz’s anthropology: perception, apperception and reflection, its specifics and the relation to two levels of human identity presented in Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain are explored.

More...

Relacja między nauką o logicznych możliwościach a zasadą zachowania energii. Rola badań Huygensa i Leibniza dla nowożytnej refleksji nad wolnością woli

Author(s): Anna Szyrwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

The article investigates the relationship between Leibniz’s and Huygens’ theory of possibility and the principle of conservation of energy. It assumes that their criticisms of Cartesian views concerning those questions as well as their own achievements contributed to the formation of a new metaphysical ground for the modern discussions on the freedom of the will. There are especially two problems whose role is crucial in this context, namely the question of God’s knowledge of the future conditionals (contingentia futura) and the mind-body distinction.

More...

Stefana Pawlickiego (1839–1916) pierwsze polskie przekłady Medytacji o pierwszej filozofii oraz Rozprawy o metodzie

Author(s): Stefan Konstańczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

This paper is based on the materials found in the Jagiellonian Library – unpublished manuscripts of Pawlicki’s translations of two works by Descartes. The starting point for the analyses is a short outline of the history of the reception of the French philosopher’s works in Poland. The author also draws comparisons between Pawlicki’s translations and translations of Discourse on the method which are well embedded in the Polish philosophical tradition by Wojciech Dobrzycki (1878) and Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński (1918), as well as Pawlicki’s translation of Meditations with translations of Ignacy Karol Dworzaczek (1885) and Maria Ajdukiewiczowa (1948). Pawlicki worked on his translations between Romanticism and Positivism, when Descartes’ works were in general negatively received. The comparison of these translations and comments on them found in later translations done by Wiktor Wąsik in so called “critical” period will allow one to grasp some developing tendencies in Polish philosophy of the 19th century. This paper will also fill in the gap in the history of Polish philosophy concerning the reception of Descartes’ philosophy in 19th-century Poland.

More...

Czym jest a czym nie jest psychologia pozytywna? Poszukiwanie paradygmatu

Author(s): Piotr Kwiatek,Krystyna Wilczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

This article identifies relevant criteria indicating the identity of positive psychology founded in the late 1990s in the USA. Since a variety of interpretations often makes it difficult to understand the character and mission of positive psychology, it is important to consider the founders, the elements shaping positive psychology, as well as its internal processes of change. While it is open to interdisciplinary cooperation, positive psychology maintains its specific profile, objectives, and methods. It has its own paradigm indicating what can be considered to be positive psychology, and where its limits can be found.

More...

O mocy Bożej. Luis de Molina i Domingo Banez

Author(s): Agnieszka Biegalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

“The era of progress” turned thinkers’ attention to the spheres in which a new idea began to emerge – the idea of freedom. It determined new human activity in the domains which could start to be practiced autonomously. The changes also influenced the study of the ideas of free will and freedom. The category of the individual’s free will confronted with God’s omnipotence became to dominate the discussion. The new way of thinking about human freedom resulted in the disputes continued within the Christian philosophical trend. The first serious conflict arose in the 16th century between Erasmus of Rotterdam – the Humanist and Martin Luther – the Reformer, and the other – in the 17th century between Luis de Molina – the Jesuit and Domingo Bañez – the Dominican. The paper is an attempt to illustrate the latter dispute, of Molina and Bañez.

More...

Moja krótka historia filozofii starożytnej (IV)

Author(s): Dobrochna Dembinska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

In this study of the Hellenistic period philosophy the author stresses the importance of the substantial change in the Greek thought that was caused, inter alia, by the political events: a loss of independence by the Greek poleis and also by the fact that they were absorbed by the Alexander the Great’s multicultural monarchy. The author stresses the fact that although the old schools were still in existence philosophical thought characteristic for this period developed in new schools which appeared at that time: scepticism, epicurism and stoicism. Thought of the philosophers belonging to the above trends focuses on the problem of a happy life (eudaimonia) and the ways to achieve it: these thinkers rejected findings of their great metaphysical predecessors and, above all, taught how to live happily.

More...

Eros y ágape a la luz del dolor

Author(s): Juan Pablo Martinez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 14/2016

Thinking about love is always difficult, because it is trying to reduce something what is immediately live in the experience of being loved. This work shows the tensions and difficulties inherent in any way of thinking love, a love that is not only understood as a desire of possession but also as a gift of one-self. The pain of love itself because the fact of not be shown in his essence will lead to a reflexion of the necessity of human suffering and its nuclear character as transition between the two types of love, that is, their mutual acceptance and integration.

More...

Arystotelesowskie ujęcie homonimii

Author(s): Mikołaj Domaradzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

The purpose of the paper is to discuss Aristotle’s account of homonymy. The major thesis advocated here is that Aristotle considers both entities and words to be homonymous, depending on the object of his criticism. Thus, when he takes issue with Plato, he tends to view homonymy more ontologically, upon which it is entities that become homonymous. When, on the other hand, he gainsays the exegetes or the sophists, he is inclined to perceive homonymy more semantically, upon which it is words that become homonymous. Subsequently, this article shows that Aristotle values homonymy negatively in dialectical discussions, but positively in rhetorical and poetic arts. Finally, the present paper demonstrates that Aristotle regards systematic homonymy as a very useful theoretical tool that makes it possible to critically examine the basic terminological assumptions of any philosophical inquiry.

More...