Pozornica kireaničke misli

Author(s): Željko Škuljević / Language(s): Bosnian

It is inherited attitude that the lack of needs attributed to the self-sufficiency of the Cynic’s doctrine is probably Socratic method, while Cyrenaic school mainly regarding the quantity of “physiological hedonism”, appears incredible. Although Antisthenes, during his life, underestimated Aristippus glorification of pleasure understood as the life primordial fact, their differences were not significant. Finally it is all about the common substance and the same ethical notion; the concept of self-restraint based on rational knowledge. Although Cynics accept Socrates idea that ratio is the foundation of virtue, they do not deny involuntary pleasure but only (pleasure) which is passionately sought. Cyrenaic was able to discipline pleasure (restrain himself as the one who enjoys), analyze attentively and choose rationally. He (Cyrenaic) could quit the utmost pleasure and found something good in the worst. He was capable of receiving pleasure in the best possible way but also to reject the same pleasure. The following anecdote describes that Cyrenaic position: Three hetaerae were offered to Aristipppus by Dionysus to choose the most beautifulone, he (Aristippus) selected all three (having in mind that even Paris was not lucky although he gave priority to Aphrodite) and later on release them all. Aristippus heard objections regarding his noble life and answered that it couldn’t be bad solution because “bonvinant” style is maintained and respected during religious ceremonies.Philosophical improvement of hedonistic principle is more attached to the subsequent followers; to Aristippus Junior (metrodidactos) and Theodore named atheos. Apart from them the following disciples should be mentioned; Ethiopian from Cirenaica, Parabates, Hegesias peisithanatos (who advocated suicide) and Anikerid who paid ransom and thus freed Plato of slavery. There are little available evidence which could determine the meaning of the link between Cyrenaic epistemology and Protagoras relativism. Both in antique and modern discussions this hypothesis is dispersive and non-conclusive. Zeller claims that Cicero, Eusebius and Aristocles of Messene emphasized discrepancy regarding the above mentioned link, but in spite of discordance their teachings are identical in the affirmation of subjectivity of all our impressions. George Grote shares the same philosophical insight into deep concordance of seemingly antagonist teachings. Protagoras concept is well known; “man is the measure of everything..” Bearing in mind tradition Guthrie considers Aristippus and Cyrenaics (epistemologically speaking) less skeptical because they will not ultimately deny the reality (the external world) out of personal (human) scope. In any case Mannebach point of view is largely accepted in philosophical circles; namely that “it’s neither proved nor even probable” that Cyrenaics followed Protagoras.The issue of non-possibility of rational pleasure (the idea inspired by Plato’s Fileb) does not provide simple answer. Reconsidering the idea of Goodness Platonized Socrates meditates: if that goodness is neither rationality (fronesis) nor pleasure (hedone), what’s the third possibility? Judging that Goodness must be complete and self sufficient than it can’t be the mixture of pleasure and rationality. Fileb insists that pleasure is not goodness according to its nature; it is not quantitatively or qualitatively unlimited. Socrates introduces the idea of Mind… Although it seems that blending pleasure and ratio (hedonea and nus) is desirable solution, the dominance of ration over pleasure is evident not without Socrates influence. Epicurus lauded ratio as supreme value which triggered resistance among Aristippus followers against his hedonism. Does it imply impossibility of rational pleasure? Is it feasible assumption to derive pleasure out of ratio or vice versa? (that possibility exists in Epicurus philosophy). His spiritual serenity eliminates the idea of pleasure and the idea of sage which is suggested in some modern discussions (Marcuse).Having in mind that Aristippus was familiar with philosophy of Plato his animosity towards carnal pleasures is understandable. Hedonists praise elevated character of senses (the very opposite disposition for those who scorn carnal pleasures), meaning that sensitivity is sensual and “skin of the reality deserves devotion”. Which kind of carnal pleasures are preferred by hedonistic philosophy? Possibly the carnal pleasures of hedonistic angel, as suggested by Michel Onfray, or; to put it in another words, “hedonism of the carnal matter, the very wisdom of organism”.If freedom is condition sine qua non of hedonistic life Aristippus choice makes angry (even today) puritans and fake moralists. During his life he was blamed that “he loved old wine and hetaerae”. It seems today a bit more understandable why Aristippus text “to those who hate old wine and hetaerae” doesn’t exist. Thanks to “gloomy Platonists”, above all…

Arystoteles na nowo odczytany

Author(s): Elżbieta Jung / Language(s): Polish

Prezentowana książka jest efektem wieloletnich badań dotyczących wyjątkowego okresu w historii nauki średniowiecznej, mianowicie początków fizyki matematycznej. Składaj się na nią dwie części: monografia, w której autorka odpowiada na pytanie, czy czternastowieczna fizyka matematyczna, inspirowana nominalistyczną. filozofią Wilhelma Ockhama, doprowadziła do zerwania z jakościową fizyką Arystotelesa już w wieku czternastym, oraz tłumaczenie Kwestii o ruchu Ryszarda Kilvingtona – jednego z twórców szkoły Oksfordzkich Kalkulatorów. W swoich kwestiach Kilvington podejmuje analizę zagadnienia zmian, rozumianych, zgodnie z definicją. Arystotelesa, jako ruch przestrzenny, zmiany jakościowe oraz ilościowe w ujęciu nominalistycznym, czyniąc matematykę właściwym językiem opisu przyrody. Jakiego rodzaju są te „obliczenia” i jakie dzięki nim osiągamy rezultaty, Czytelnik dowie się z lektury obydwu części tej książki.

Antická filosofie v obrázcích

Author(s): Josef Petrželka,Michal Peichl / Language(s): Czech

The book illustrates selected motives from the history of ancient philosophy. The explanations are written to the pictures from the philosophical point of view as well as from the drawing point of view.

Wolność człowieka i jej granice. Antologia pojęcia w doktrynach polityczno-prawnych. Od Starożytności do Monteskiusza

Author(s): Michał Bizoń,Olgierd Górecki,Janina Gajda-Krynicka,Romuald Piekarski,Jacek Salij,Marek Tracz-Tryniecki,Tomasz Szczech,Bogdan Szlachta,Jakub Skomiał,Andrzej Sylwestrzak,Zbigniew Rau,Dorota Pietrzyk-Reeves,Dawid Nowakowski,Jacek Malczewski,Iwona Barwicka-Tylek,Artur Andrzejuk / Language(s): Polish

The three-volume monograph offers a comprehensive study of the category of freedom which was used in the legal and political doctrines by representatives of the western civilization since antiquity up to the present. The publication reviews concepts put forward by ancient thinkers (Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Cicero, St. Augustine), propositions of philosophers active in the Middle Ages (St. Thomas, William of Ockham) and the most prominent theories of the Renaissance (Machiavelli, the Renaissance utopias, Reformation, the School of Salamanca). The Polish Renaissance thought has also been presented. It ushered in an antiquity tradition revival which manifested itself in treatises in 16th-century republican discourse and, in a developed form, in the works of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro. The monograph also includes interpretations of Thomas Hobbes’s, Algernon Sidney’s and John Locke’s propositions as well as a study of the thought of Montesquieu together with a discussion of the theory of the separation of powers, especially with regard to the trias politica model from the perspective of constitutionalism. The review of numerous philosophical positions reveals a range of discrepancies in the perception of the concept of freedom not only in different historical periods but also among the representatives of the main political doctrines. The plethora of cited approaches unequivocally points to the interdisciplinary character of research on freedom as a philosophical category. Therefore, a presentation of the spectrum of differences through the application of scientific analysis seems a fundamental prerequisite for any attempt at arriving at a comprehensive and multilevel understanding of the idea of freedom.

John Rawls. Uzasadnienie, sprawiedliwość i rozum publiczny

Author(s): Krzysztof Kędziora / Language(s): Polish

John Rawls's theory of justice, like his philosophy of politics, is not easy to grasp intellectually. Although he was an American philosopher and he was apparently close to the Anglo-Saxon analytical tradition in philosophy which is characterized by the pursuit of style perspicuity and general intellectual clarity, the reader of his Theory of Justice and, to a lesser extent, other works certainly does not have an easy task. Following the meanders of Rawls's thoughts seems rather difficult and requires a considerable measure of focus and attention. In this sense, an introduction to his theory of justice and political philosophy is certainly necessary, so Krzysztof Kędziora's project should be welcomed with joy. Its implementation also invites respect and commendation. From the review by prof. Andrzej Szahaj

W obronie tradycji. Znaczenie tradycji w filozofii Erazma z Rotterdamu i jej obrona przed krytyką Reformacji

Author(s): Dawid Nowakowski / Language(s): Polish

According to Erasmus, philosophizing begins with listening to the flowing message of tradition, with meditative reading of soul-stirring content or with gazing at the ideal of a master and allowing ourselves to internalize what we have received. This was the aim of Erasmus’s “new reading,” through which he wanted to transform the individual; this was the goal of the bonae litterae, for which he had so passionately sought; this was also the purpose of the Christian Gospel. This stage, built by teaching alone, can be called “internalization of tradition” – a change of mind that is necessary for anyone who wants to change their lives. The publication is primarily devoted to Erasmus – an underestimated thinker unjustly pushed by reflection to an area outside of philosophy. Meanwhile, his vision turns out not only to be a coherent philosophy, but also one that is more aware of itself and its limitations than the philosophical concepts of scholasticism and modern rationalism. Tradition is the key concept that permeates and conditions the thinking and attitude of Erasmus. Whether his vision of tradition can still be seen as fully valid is debatable, and certainly requires further analysis. However, there is no doubt that it remains attractive and inspiring. It is the author’s wish that the present book could be a kind of “user guide to tradition”, but also to ourselves and to cultivating humanity. “This is not a colourless, erudite dissertation on a chosen topic. This is an interesting, even fascinating read, which in my opinion – thanks to its scope, poetics and style – has a chance to become the subject of interest for a great many readers.” From the review by prof. Juliusz Domański

Dzieła. Tom 1. Idea transcendentalizmu u Fichtego i Kanta. Studium z dziejów filozoficznej problematyki wiedzy

Author(s): Marek J. Siemek / Language(s): Polish

The most important Polish publication devoted to the philosophy of Kant and Fichte. The fundamental aim of the Author was to describe a way of thinking called transcendentalism, as the works of the two philosophers have played a crucial role in its birth and development. The idea of transcendentalism has been extracted by Siemek from various historical entanglements, presented using a language independent of the old philosophy, but most importantly – the ground-breaking character of transcendentalism and its timeliness from the point of view of modern thought has been argued in a fascinating way.

Désiré Mercier (1851—1926). Wokół kantyzmu i apologii wiary

Author(s): Aleksander R. Bańka / Language(s): Polish

The figure of Désiré Mercier (1851—1926) — Belgian philosopher, theologian, cardinal and later the Primate of Belgium, the founding father of the neo-scholastical Leuven School and a great restorer of Thomism — has long inscribed itself into the history of contemporary philosophy. He is remembered in particular among those representatives of classical philosophy who saw in the rebirth of scholasticism, which occurred at the turn of the 20th century, a chance to establish modern, realistically-oriented philosophy that could withstand the challenges of contemporary idealism in its varied versions — particularly those connected with broadly-understood legacy of Kant’s philosophy. What, then, are the philosophical foundations of Mercier’s polemic with Kant? What alternative does Mercier propose for the subjective, in his view, concept of synthetic a priori judgments?The present monograph constitutes an attempt at answering these questions, among others. The first chapter contains a synthetic reconstruction of the main theses of Mercier’s criteriology, while the second chapter discusses the fundamental lines of Mercier’s disagreement with Kant’s ideas. Chapter three comprises a polemic analysis of the issue of the apologetic engagement of neo-scholasticism, with particular attention being paid to the stance espoused by Mercier as well as the Polish alumni of the Higher Institute of Philosophy in Leuven. As such, the present work constitutes a complementary look at the issues discussed in Désiré Mercier’s General Theory of Certitude, published by the University of Silesia Press in 2008. The monograph is addressed to those who, on the one hand would like to familiarize themselves with a synthetic and systematized approach to Mercier’s theory of certitude as well as the main axis of his disagreement with Kantianism, and on the other hand — receive an in-depth study of the apology of faith in neo-scholasticism.

Od schematyzmu transcendentalnego do montażu. Pojetyczny i krytyczny model wyobraźni

Author(s): Katarzyna Weichert / Language(s): Polish

The book closes a significant gap in Polish philosophical thought on imagination. It expands the current reflections on it (in such areas as hermeneutics, phenomenology, the theory of the image), strengthening contemporary solutions in Kant’s philosophy and showing its uses and conceptual transformations.

Horyzonty estetyki. Studia dedykowane Iwonie Lorenc

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The authors of the texts collected in this volume refer to various aspects of sensuality, treating it as a key to reflections on creativity and imagery, acting and feeling, and ultimately on time, space and matter.

Refugia

(Prze)trwanie transgatunkowych wspólnot miejskich

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Refugia: The Survival of Urban Transspecies Communities encourages to us recognize the unexpected relations among species and to speculate about the possibility of their existence and development. It shows the need for care and support for multi-species urban communities by answering questions about the following: Which humans and non-humans may find refuge in the city? Under what conditions and to what extent? Are cities also becoming spaces of refuge for rare, endangered or endangered species and disappearing ecosystems? Can unwanted and underestimated life forms find refuge in the city, and how much compassion and hospitality do we have for them? Is it possible to be safe in the city without a place–home–shelter of one’s own? The book is the result of transdisciplinary research, including knowledge-producing artistic projects, whose research and communication methodology enable us to go beyond specialist circles. The book consists of two parts, the first of which, Refugia: The Transdisciplinary Practice of Curiosity, includes scientific texts focusing on various cases of interspecies relationships created in cities by human and non-human animals, plants, fungi, soil, architecture, etc. The second part of the book includes artistic statements in the form of visual documentation of projects created for the exhibition Refugia: Keep (Out of) These Places. The art presented here makes it possible to construct perspectives different from those generated in the field of humanities or sciences, but remaining in close contact with these fields.

Hefajstion: „O metrach”

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

On metres, as we have it today, is an abridged version (one book) of the work writtenoriginally in forty-eight books by an Alexandrian grammarian Hephaestion (2nd century AD).Though so significantly reduced, it was over centuries, and remains until now, a primer ofancient doctrine on Greek metre. For many generations of students and scholars it was the mostimportant handbook of versification and the principal source of the technical vocabulary stillused nowadays in metrical studies. The text is also a treasury of many ancient poetic fragmentswhich otherwise would be utterly lost to us.The book presents the first Polish translation of the treatise On metres with a detailedcommentary explaining the metrical terms, analyses and views held by Hephaestion. The textof the treatise is also supplemented and compared with other ancient sources.

Practica et Speculativa

Studies Offered to Professor Andrzej M. Kaniowski

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish,German

The Jubilee of Professor Andrzej M. Kaniowski’s seventieth birthday, in July 2021, was an opportunity to offer him this volume. Its authors are representatives of human and social studies, two closely related disci¬plines that are also His areas of interest.The interdisciplinary group of researchers have contributed their texts, which together make up a mosaic of problems and perspectives. The dominant topics are the philosophy of Kant and modern social, political and cultural issues. Many ideas and concepts reappear in several texts. In order to facilitate tracking them, the volume has been provided with a uniform system of citing Kant’s works and the index of authors. The papers of the international group of authors have been arranged, first of all, according to the language of composition (Polish, German, English), then according to the content in historical order. The whole volume presents an image of academic openness and com-mitment, for which the editors thank the authors. To Professor Kaniowski, they give thanks for such a lofty inspiration.

Fenomenologia jako możliwość filozofii dramatu Józefa Tischnera

Author(s): Agnieszka Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish

The work constitutes a result of a thought of a historio-philosophical nature,a thought on the project of Husserl’s phenomenology (classic phenomenology)on the one hand, and on the development of Tischner’sphilosophical output from phenomenology to philosophy of drama on theother. The main aim, realized in the work in the form of three steps (leadingfrom phenomenology to the philosophy of drama) subject to a tripartitestructure of the work, was to prove the main hypothesis claiming thatphonomenology treated as Husserl’s philosophical project, dealt with andcreatively developed by Tischner as an initial inspiration, constitutes thepossibility of the final effect of Tischner’s output, that is the philosophy ofdrama. An initial inspiration, that is phenomenology, remains for the philosophyof drama only an inspiration that is not exhaustive the scope ofpossible philosophical references of this philosophy. The realization of themain hypothesis enables a linear and three-stage (corresponding at thesame time to the architectonics of the development of Tischner’s thought)course of the argument: three parts of work of the following sequence:Husserl’s phenomenology as a project (part one), Tischner’s understandingof phenomenology (part two), and From phenomenology to philosophy ofdrama (part three).In the first part (Husserl’s phenomenology as a project) phenomenologyis presented as a project, initiated and realized by Husserl, but never fullyrealized, a project indicating research scope, and outlining a horizon ofclassic philosophical problems: epistemologic, metaphysical, ethical andaesthetic ones. Such a broad spectrum of problems directs a thought onphenomenology understood as a possibility, as an indefinite flow of problems.Tischner’s understanding of phenomenology also inscribes into sucha perspective. That is why it is extremely important from the perspectiveof the issues raised in the work to show phenomenology as a possibility ofthe philosophy of drama at the end of part one. In this very part, to justifythe subject-matter the author does not present Tischner’s thought, but herown understanding of phenomenological philosophy, in which she also inscribesTischner’s concept as late as in the last subchapter. A creative useof openness that characterizes Husserl’s philosophy according to Tischner,makes a Polish thinker go beyond the frames of the classic phenomenology,that is, where new areas, researched so far by other than phenomenologicalmethods, reveal.The second part (Tischner’s understanding of phenomenology) is fullydevoted to Tischner’s understanding of phenomenology. As the thought ofthe author of Thinking According to Values changes in the womb of phenomenologydeveloped by him, one can notice a shift from a transcendentalto an axiological accent. The very part is an attempt to prove the hypothesisthat an axiological interpretation of “I”, and thus, a complement toHusserl’s thought, is not a consequence of its external criticism, but a symbolof its internal potential recognized by phenomenology itself.The main aim of the third part From phenomenology to philosophy ofdrama is a reconstruction of the process of transition from phenomenologyto the philosophy of drama, an outline of the path of development (evolution)of Tischner’s thought. In the light of the results of analyses conductedit turns out that within his own philosophical thought, Tischner characterizestranscendental mindset of “I” and, in consequence, drama, a discordbetween natural and transcendental attitude perceived as a discord betweennatural and axiological-agatological attitude.The perspective of the philosophy of drama presented in the book, beinga result of revealing Tischner’s original thought in statu nascendi, in itsbeginning, Husserl’s phenomenology constitutes is certainly one of the possibilities.The aim of the work was to show the aspects of philosophy ofdrama that prove its phenomenological provenance. We hope that lookingat philosophy of drama from the angle of its beginning, and taking into accountits primary relations to phenomenology, will make a reliable pictureof Tischner’s philosophical works.

Od epistemologii do krytycznej analizy dziejów Studium filozofii Léona Brunschvicga

Author(s): Marta Ples-Bęben / Language(s): Polish

The subject-matter of the very work is Léon Brunschvicg’s (1869—1944)philosophy of critical idealism. The analyses presented are centred aroundthe main theme of Brunschvicg’s considerations, that is a theory-cognitivereflection, based on the history of the progress of human awareness. Themain aim is to show the relationship between particular elements constitutingLéon Brunschvicg’s philosophical conception. Works coming from differentperiods of his writings, seemingly concerning problem areas distantfrom one another (theory of cognition, forms of spiritual life, history of particularspirit forms) are subsequent realization stages of one project, thestarting point of which was determined by Brunschvicg at the beginning ofhis philosophical path. The very project, founded on theory-cognitive assumptions,worked out in a dissertation La modalité du jugement, is a criticalreflection on the history of human thought, enabling a thought oncognition and reason manifesting in the history of knowledge. This way,transcendentalism in Brunschvicg’s philosophy, understood as a critical reflectionon cognition, combines with studies on the history of reason manifestingin human activity of any kind.Considerations presented in the book are above all analyses based onsource texts: Léon Brunschvicg’s dissertations and articles. Apart from themain aim of the work, presented before, additional aims are realized suchas considering the very conception in the context of neo-Kantian or positivistphilosophy, treating it as transcendentalism and showing visiblereferences to the trend of French epistemology, being in favour of the continuingconception of knowledge development or relating it to ImmanuelKant’s and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s philosophy.

Schizofrenia a funkcjonowanie poznawcze

Zaburzenia elementarnych czynności poznawczych z perspektywy psychologicznej

Author(s): Rafał Styła / Language(s): Polish

Dzieło Autora uważam za dojrzałą prezentację istotnego problemu klinicznego, jakim są zaburzenia poznawcze w schizofrenii. Z perspektywy badacza zajmującego się psychologią schizofrenii tym bardziej doceniam wysiłek dr. Styły w dążeniu do pogłębiania wiedzy z zakresu związków złożonych i różnorodnych zmiennych psychologicznych z funkcjami poznawczymi. Wiem bowiem jak wymagające są to poszukiwania. Autor monografii przedstawia interesujący model systematyzujący rozumienie znaczenia wzajemnych interakcji czynników biologicznych, psychologicznych i społecznych w deficytach funkcjonowania poznawczego pacjentów chorujących na schizofrenię. Na uwagę zasługuje fakt, iż Autor zrealizował serię czasochłonnych badań zakrojonych na szeroką skalę, które dostarczyły ciekawego materiału do analiz. dr hab. Łukasz Gawęda, prof. IP PAN, fragment recenzji Książka stanowi pierwszą monografię w literaturze polskiej, i prawdopodobnie światowej, poświęconą w całości psychologicznemu rozumieniu zaburzeń poznawczych doświadczanych przez osoby z diagnozą schizofrenii. Termin zaburzenia poznawcze ma wiele znaczeń – w niniejszej książce rozumiany jest przede wszystkim jako dysfunkcje elementarnych czynności poznawczych (np. uwagi, uczenia się, pamięci roboczej, funkcji zarządczych). Monografia zawiera szczegółowe teoretyczne wprowadzenie, ukazujące rolę zaburzeń poznawczych w schizofrenii. Druga część tomu skupiona jest na opisie czterech badań własnych, które w sposób empiryczny wykazują istotne znaczenie procesów psychologicznych dla funkcjonowania w zakresie językowym, uczenia się, szybkości przetwarzania, funkcji zarządczych i pamięci roboczej. Czytelnicy zainteresowani zagadnieniem schizofrenii – w tym psycholodzy, lekarze, studenci i pracownicy naukowi oraz osoby z doświadczeniem psychozy i ich rodziny – z pewnością znajdą w niej wiele nowych, ciekawych informacji.

Atomy. Od filozoficznej idei do fizycznej realności

Author(s): Jan Grzegorz Małecki / Language(s): Polish

The work discusses the evolution of the perception of the constituent elements of matter, from ancient times to the present day. The study presents not only historical data on the understanding, interpretation and description of individual elements of matter, but also includes a description of the historical background, including a brief description of individual researchers and facts related to their life and activity. The paper discusses the progress of science related directly to changes in the understanding of the structure and composition of matter. This aspect is particularly important from a didactic point of view, since the history of the development of atomic theory underlies the history of chemistry as a field. Thus, the presented monograph meets the needs of contemporary Polish scientific literature. The publication is addressed to research workers and students of the departments of chemistry, pharmacy, physics and history.

Pieśń Erynii. Język zemsty i jej figury w attyckich tragediach rodu Atrydów

Author(s): Jan Kucharski / Language(s): Polish

Tryumfalny powrót pogromcy Troi zamienił się w rzeź. Agamemnon został podstępnie zamordowany przez swoją żonę Klytajmestrę i jej kochanka. Być może to jej zemsta za ofiarowanie Ifigenii, być może to szał zagłady od pokoleń wyniszczający ród Atrydów błędnym kołem odwetu, być może to tylko małżeńska zdrada. Konkluzja jest zawsze ta sama. Za krew Agamemnona Klytajmestra płaci własnym życiem. Z rąk swego syna. Mit ten w rękach ateńskich dramaturgów zyskał nieśmiertelność i siłę wyrazu, za sprawą której nawet dziś, po z górą dwudziestu pięciu wiekach, jest źródłem inspiracji i przedmiotem niesłabnącego zainteresowania. Niniejsza publikacja stanowi próbę jego odczytania z uwzględnieniem tego, co różnić mogło antyczne, greckie doświadczenie tragedii od współczesnego.

Historia neokantyzmu

Author(s): Andrzej J. Noras / Language(s): Polish

Neo-Kantianism, being one of the most important philosophical trends in thesecond half of the 19th century and the first twenty years of the 20th century, isan almost unknown phenomena. The World War II and, as a result of it, a dominationof an analytic philosophy in the European continent led to the situation inwhich as late as in the 1980s systematic studies on neo-Kantianism graduallystarted to be conducted. As a result of this research, a fuller picture of this extremelyimportant philosophical trend is created. Out of the necessity to show therichness of thought and its complexity within neo-Kantianism, the book consistingof two parts was written. The first part describes the origins of neo-Kantianism,while the second its development.The first part presents the most important elements that influenced the historicaldevelopment of neo-Kantianism. Thus, the analysis starts from terminologicaldesignation, necessary to present the characteristics of neo-Kantianism. Onlyestablishing a definition of neo-Kantianism and its time frames allows for historicalanalyses. Initial considerations, excluding terminological establishments, startfrom an assumption that a philosophy of neo-Kantianism does not come fromnothing, but is grounded in philosophers’ considerations referring to the conceptionof Immanuel Kant; and not only after Hegel’s death, but earlier, somewhatparallel to him. It seems that the most important philosophers have to be mentionedwho, during Hegel’s life, in a way against fashion, refer to Kant. The strongestopponents to Hegel are Arthur Schopenhauer, Jacob Friedrich Fries, Johann FriedrichHerbart, Friedrich Eduard Beneke and Bernard Bolzano. It needs to be statedthat it was not Schopenhauer, as it is commonly believed, but Fries whoplayed an important role in polemics with Hegel. However, the first to remindKant’s thought was Beneke.Further on, the subject of the study is the analysis of the role of philosophy inmid 19th century, a special emphasis being put on a few thinkers. The first ofthem is Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, the second Rudolph Hermann Lotze andthe third Johann Eduard Erdmann. As an important element of critique of Hegelspeculative teism as well as Christian Hermann Weiss’ and Immanuel HermannFichte’s philosophies ar mentioned. The next step is to show the disputes in understandingphilosophy that took place in the mid 19th century as an importantsource of neo-Kantianism. Particularly important are the disputes on materialismand debate between Trendelenburg and Kuno Fischer. Finally, the reference ismade to another two thinkers who, apart from the participants of the debate,mention Kant directly. They are Jürgen Bona Meyer and Ernst Freiherr vonFeuchtersleben. Here the name of Beneke apears once more, because of hispublication from 1832 entitled Kant und die philosophische Aufgabe unsererZeit, on the basis of which he can be called a precursor of neo-Kantianism.Besides, it seems that also Rudolf Haym, an author of Hegel und seine Zeitpublished 50 years after Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, played an importantrole in neo-Kantianism development.The first part of the book concludes with the attempts to establish the date ofneo-Kantianism beginnings. It turns out that also this very issue cannot be unanimouslyresolved as the commentators give five different dates and connect themwith various events. The best-known event the beginning of neo-Kantianism isidentified with is 1865, a year in which Otto Liebmann published his famous andrenowned book entitled Kant und die Epigonen. But three years earlier, EduardZeller presented in Heidelberg, and, consequently, published his famous lectureÜber Bedeutung und Aufgabe der Erkentnistheorie. Additionally, the neo-Kantismresearchers point to three more dates, that is, 1855, (a speech by Hermann vonHelmholtz in Königsberg), 1860 (Kunon Fischer’s publication of books devoted toKant, and 1866, Friedrich Albert Lange’s publication of a famous Geschichte desMaterialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart).The second part of the book is structured analogously to the first and completedivision of neo-Kantianism. The very division was made for the first time in1916 in the eleventh edition, and, subsequently, a slightly modified version waspresented in 1923 in the twelfth edition of a famous Grundriss der Geschichte derPhilosophie by Friedrich Überweg (1826—1871). In 1916, and next in 1923 thefourth part of Überweg’s coursebook was published, the editor of which wasTraugott Konstantin Österreich (1880—1949). From today’s perspective, it isa classic division, distinguishing seven trends within the scope of neo-Kantianism.They are:— physiological trend (Hermann von Helmholtz, Friedrich Albert Lange),— metaphysical trend (Otto Liebmann, Johaness Volkelt),— relativism criticism (Georg Simmel),— psychological trend (Fries’ new school, Leonard Nelson),— realistic trend (Alois Riehl),— Baden school (Wilhelm Windelband, Heinrich Rickert, Hugo Münsterberg),— Marburg school (Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp, Ernst Cassirer).The very division, deriving from the 1923 one, though in its original version, inwhich Österreich presented basically six trends, stems from the 1916 one, wasmodified and supplemented with philosophers who appeared vital from the perspectiveof a later history of philosophy. The physiological trend was supplementedwith the person of Hans Vaihinger while the metaphysical one withFriedrich Paulsen, Erich Adickes, Traugott Konstantin Österreich, and Max Wundt.Within the realistic trend, apart from Riehl, Oswald Külpe and Richard Hönigswaldwere included. The Marburg school required a discussion of others, apart fromCassirer and Cohen’s learners, especially such thinkers as Nicolai Hartmann,Albert Görland, Arthur Buchenau, Heinz Heimsoeth and Arthur Liebert. The presentationof a full picture of the Baden school was connected with an introductionof such philosophers as Emil Lask, Richard Kroner and Jonas Cohn. When it comesto relativism criticism, except for Georg Simmel, also Gustav Radbruch wastaken into account, whereas a psychological trend referring to Fries was supplementedwith two persons, namely Jürgen Bona Meyer and Hans Cornelius.A modified division of neo-Kantian trends was the basis of presentation andanalysis of the most important philosophers belonging to the current of neo-Kantianphilosophy.

Daktyloepitryty Bakchylidesa na tle wczesnej kolometrii greckiej

Author(s): Agnieszka Szczepaniak / Language(s): Polish

Praca jest monografią jednej z głównych miar wierszowych, jakimi posługiwał się tworzący w V wieku p.n.e. grecki poeta liryczny Bakchylides. Autorka śledzi rozwój daktyloepitrytów oraz zbiera i przedstawia antyczny i współczesny stan badań nad nimi. Wszelkie analizy są próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaka jest natura metrum, którego nie zdecydowali się zaadaptować do swej poezji Rzymianie i które nazywane jest „wiecznym zmartwieniem wersologii greckiej”. Przedstawiona w prezentowanej publikacji szczegółowa analiza daktyloepitrytycznych pieśni Bakchylidesa pokazuje zmiany, jakim pod wpływem koncepcji metrycznych filologów klasycznych ulegają zachowane na papirusach teksty, zanim trafią do rąk czytelnika w nowym, współczesnym wydaniu.