Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. red.). Miestai ir kalbos
Review of: Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. redaktorė), Miestai ir kalbos. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010. 321 p., ISBN 978-9955-33-634-1.
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Review of: Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. redaktorė), Miestai ir kalbos. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010. 321 p., ISBN 978-9955-33-634-1.
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This article deals with the twofold role of written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the chancery language and the “prostaja mova“) in inter-Slavonic, mainly Polish-Russian language contacts, studied on the materials of the diplomatic correspondence of Mucsovy. This study summarizes the research data proving that the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played the role of an active mediator in the 15–17th centuries in Polish-Russian language contacts and was a source of lexical and semantic borrowings in the Russian written language. What is more, the article examines anew the exposed lexical and semantic borrowings from the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Russian Chancery language of the 17th century.
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The present article deals with inter-Slavonic language contacts, in particular, language contacts between the East Slavic and West Slavic languages on the lexical level on the material of diplomatic correspondence of Muscovy. The publication examines anew exposed lexical (vyobraziti ‘list, adduce; mention, refer(to); describe’, zapomogati ‘support’, nedoroslyj ‘very young; under age, juvenile, minor’) and semantic (uznati ‘admit; agree, concede’) inter-Slavonic borrowings. Moreover, the article deals with the role of the written language of the Great Duchy of Lithuania in Polish-Russian language contacts.
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Hermann Kinder’s novel contains a conspicuous number of phraseological elements, which is unusual for the writing style of this author. The article describes the accumulation of phraseological and idiomatic material and its usage as a literary stylistic resource. The analysis focuses on the relation of the linguistic appearance and the aesthetic function of the phraseologisms. Therefore, the article intends to contribute to an interdisciplinary method of interpretation, linking linguistic and literary studies. It also includes psychoanalytic concepts to describe the author’s specific linguistic expression of his autobiographical experience of illness. The aesthetic function of the phraseologisms and idiomatic phrases changes in relation to the novel’s progress. In the beginning, collocations increase the cohesion of the text in order to create an image of health. When the disease becomes more and more evident, the emotional affection of the protagonist is being controlled by formulistic linguistic elements. In addition, the author unmasks the pragmatic automatism of the medical language and the failure of its empathetic function by ironically evoking the ambiguity of idiomatic phrases. As a contrast, the narrator refers back to a comforting symbolic language by using linguistic patterns of fairy tales as an imitation of phraseological components. As a result, the analysis indicates that the inclusion of phraseological material in this literary pathobiography seems to provide a linguistic space of shelter for the suffering protagonist.
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Many philological study programmes fall under two categories thatshould intertwine, but which often end up being worlds apart from eachother: language and literature. It’s in the name; and yet, sometimes,coordination fails, and polarisation makes room for barely guiseddisdain for the other. Fortunately, they reunite when stylistics ‘takes thefloor’: when literature cannot be construed in the absence of a soundlinguistic analysis of its features, and when linguistics cannot find itsmost complex application without resorting to the most elaborateexpressions of the written language, i.e., to fiction. Due to its linguisticand ideational complexity, the Modernist novel is clearly in desperateneed of such togetherness when it comes to looking into its intricacies,and Daniela Șorcaru’s study, Ways of Pleating Stylistics Functions (2021),proves successful in this compulsory endeavour
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Kao što je poznato, Gramatika bosanskog jezika štampana je 1890. godine, ćirilicom i latinicom, a doživjela je nekoliko izdanja i bila udžbenik prema kome su se ravnali i iz koga su jezik učili mnogi školovani ljudi iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Ta činjenica je u našoj nauci gotovo potpuno zanemarena, a još uvijek nema detaljne studije o ovom udžbeniku koji je za izgradnju jezičnog standarda u Bosni i Hercegovini bio temeljno polazište. Gramatika je na temeljima tadašnjih saznanja o jeziku sistematizirala jezičke činjenice i ustalila pravopisne odredbe u vremenu kada je i u Srbiji, a naročito u Hrvatskoj, još uvijek bilo mnogo pravopisnih dilema i različitih pravopisnih koncepcija.
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Pitanje naziva jezika u vrijeme austrougarske uprave u Bosni i Herceegovini tema je o kojoj se do sada mnogo pisalo s različitih aspekata. Cilj je ovoga izlaganja prikazati hronologiju važnijih događanja u vezi s imenovanjem jezika u austrougarskom periodu u Bosni i Hercegovini te pokazati da Bošnjaci nisu imali nikakvoga utjecaja kod austrougarske uprave na njeno imenovanje jezika bosanskim niti da je austrougarska uprava takvim nazivom željela „udovoljiti“ Bošnjacima.
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The study has blossomed form our observation that middle school students experience great difficulties when it comes to understanding and using the tense 'plus-que-parfait' in accordance with other tenses. We carried out an experiment with Algerian students of 3rd year middle school in order to show interest in using the Arabic language in the acquisition of tenses of verbs in French. The contrastive approach used, based on simultaneous presentation of the 'plus-que-parfait- and its equivalent in Arabic, corroborated our hypotheses from the start and showed valid results
More...Wanders of Word or Potocki in Translation
Jan Potocki – Polish traveller, geographer, ethnographer and writer, mostly known as the author of The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, embarked on a journey around Morocco in 1791. In 1792, the memoirs from the journey entitled ‘Voyage dans l’Empire de Maroc, fait en l’année 1791. Suivi du Voyage de Hafez, récit oriental’ were released, the Polish translation of which was published in the collective work of Leszek Kukulski entitled ‘Journeys’ in 1959. And in 2014, the Arabic translation of ʿAbd Allāh Bāʻalī entitled ‘ Yān Būtūtskī. Jan Potocki. Riḥla fī Imbirāṭūriyyat al-Maġrib tammat hilāla sanat 1791’ appeared under the imprint of a Moroccan publisher. The article depicts the circumstances in which the travel diaries were created and presents translations of the work into Polish and Arabic. From a comparative perspective, the translation techniques and strategies in selected semantic categories are demonstrated – such as toponyms, anthroponyms, titles, names of professions – and the article focuses on the problem of overcoming cultural barriers.
More...memes, an X-ray of Covid-19
The Covid-19 pandemic has prompted a crisis with consequences for public health, but also with economic, social and cultural implications that have affected all layers of society to a greater or lesser extent. Communication has been impacted by the immediacy and virality of messages and misinformation has galloped across social platforms. Against this backdrop, memes have emerged as a powerful means to channel citizen sentiment. During the Covid-19 crisis, social sciences and, in particular, the study of social interaction through digital platforms has played a significant role. A study of these digital objects is essential to understanding social network-based communication during the pandemic. The qualitative research reported here analyses the role of memes in communication on Covid-19, studies their development and defends their status as one of this generation’s cultural artefacts that, as such, merits preservation. Meme evolution is studied using Kübler-Ross’ (1969) stages of grief, which has been applied in a number of contexts involving psychological change. A corpus of 980 memes was analysed according to iconographic and sociological criteria. Studying memes in those terms both brings information on the evolution of citizens’ concerns to light and proves useful to identify the trends present in social media communication around the pandemic. The challenges to be faced in meme preservation are defined, along with the ways in which heritage institutions should ensure the conservation of these cultural objects, which mirror early twentyfirst century communication and world views and, in this case, provide specific insight into one of the most significant historical circumstances of recent decades.
More...The humorous rewriting of Orwell’s 1984: the Greek version
This commentary piece offers some preliminary thoughts concerning Greek memes produced since COVID-19 disease arrived at Greece at the end of February 2020 through identifying an analogy between the sociopolitical conditions in Greece-under-lockdown and Orwell’s Oceania in his 1984 novel. It is specifically argued that such texts constitute political humour commenting on the abrupt, yet pervasive changes attested due to state measures against the spread of COVID-19 disease. To this end, memes collected from social media are discussed and interpreted in comparison with extracts from Orwell’s novel to point to striking similarities between the 1984 sociopolitical context and the Greek one. It is, however, suggested that there is a significant difference between the two contexts: in Orwell’s dystopia, humour seems to have no place at all; on the contrary, humour thrived in Greece-under-lockdown, especially among participants in the social media, in the form of rapidly created and disseminated memes. Memory (a central notion in Orwell’s novel) emerges as a crucial factor for the production of such humour in contemporary Greece and for its absence from Orwell’s Oceania.
More...character construction via aggressive humour in Chinese sitcom discourse
This paper looks at the importance of aggressive humour in the discursive construction of a ‘Yakshini’ character in a popular Chinese sitcom, Ipartment. The exaggerated, aggressive nature of such a stereotypical character undermines traditional cultural norms of Chinese femininity. Such characterisation of a heroine through aggressive humour in a popular sitcom reflects the fact that empowering women has become (or is becoming) more acceptable in contemporary China.
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Humour plays a significant role in everyday interactions. Individuals perceive humour differently and experience various emotions, from exaltation to umbrage. Therefore, providing humorous communication in customer service is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of humour in a tourism customer service context. In the first part of the study, representatives of Estonian tourism companies were asked their opinions about using humour in communication with their clients. They provided examples of the use of humour in customer service situations, which were then evaluated by potential tourists in the second part of the study. The results of the evaluation were analysed in relation to the respondents’ sense of humour. The findings were discussed in line with the four implicatures of humour.
More...an Uzbek international university experience
As a subject focused on teaching grammar forms needed for academic studies and genres of academic writing, Academic English may seem tedious at times. Sometimes it is a complex subject for students who are fresh to academia and it needs a peculiar didactic approach to provide a smooth transition of students from general to academic English writing at a university level. One of these approaches may be using humour during classes. The current research explores teacher-initiated humour in Academic English classes at Westminster International University in Tashkent and its effects on students. Besides, it seeks answers to questions as to what types of humour teachers employ during the class mostly, how often they use humour, as well as students’ and teachers’ recommendations given on how to use humour in class. This study uses both qualitative and quantitative data extraction methods in the form of an online questionnaire with students and a semi-structured interview with teachers. Obtained results show that affective and social roles of humour, its quality of lessening anxiety, creates favourable conditions for students and teacher’s connectedness, which outweighs other humour’s roles. Besides, mnemonic and engaging roles of humour received a solid support in the respondents. To obtain a more positive effect, it is recommended that teachers, when incorporating humour in class, apply a systematic approach. Humour should be planned beforehand and needs to be appropriate. Moreover, it should be used with moderation.
More...Tabacaru, Sabina. (2019). A Multimodal Study of Sarcasm in Interactional Humour. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
More...Rucynski, John Jr. & Prichard, Caleb (eds.). (2020). Bridging the Humour Barrier: Humour Competency Training in English Language Teaching. Lanham: Lexington Books.
More...Amir, Lydia (2019). Philosophy, Humour, and the Human Condition: Taking Ridicule Seriously. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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The present paper analyzes the system of laughter-based interjections (L-INTJs) in Xhosa. By drawing on corpus and fieldwork evidence, the author concludes the following: the systems of L-INTJs consists of five types of constructions built around the segments ha, he, ho, hi, and yha, the satellites te and ti, as well as a number of replicative templates. The pattern hVhVhV with a short vowel is the most productive. Other replicative patterns, patterns involving (extra‑)long vowels, and the pattern tVhV are less productive. Overall, L-INTJs are the canonical members of the interjective category. The presence and range of uses of L-INTJs result from the interjectionalization of laughter-based onomatopoeias or the onomatopoeization of non-laughter-related interjections.
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In this article, Dürr-i Meknun’s grammatical properties has studied. Dürr-i Meknun was written in Old Oghuz Turkish which is the most important periods of Western Turkish. It is an encyclopedia for the period in which was written due to the richness of its contents. Period of this book is a transition period between the Old Oghuz Turkish to advanced literary language which was called Ottoman Turkish. In this study was aimed to introduce of a transition period’s book’s grammatical properties. The place of the book in our cultural history was tried to be reminded by giving general information about the book and the author. Because of this book has been studied before, in this study only the prominent phonetic and morphological properties of the period are emphasized it is aimed to emphasize the transition period properties that characterize the period. In accordance with the characteristics of the period, the book appears to have gived point to the features of the Ottoman Turkish literary language.
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Standard language, which follows rules of dictionary and grammar, undergoes various changes when it is the subject of literature, especially poetry. These changes, called linguistic deviation, are due to the poet’s expression of his feelings and thoughts by forcing the possibilities of language. In this direction, language deviations can be defined as the dispositions where the author goes out of the standard language, as in the examples of changes in the pronunciation (ṣavt), form (ṣarf) or spelling (kitābet) of the words, the derivation of new words that are not used in the language (irticāl) and the deterioration of the syntax (naḥv). According to many literary critics such as Ibn Hishām al-Ansārī (d. 761/1360) and ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Baghdādī (d. 1093/1682), this language used by Arab poets who were not influenced by foreign languages, namely the Cāhilī, Muḥaḍram and Islāmī poets (ḳudemâ), was acceptable and it is considered as ḍarūrātuş-şiʿriyye (poetry necessities). In this context, deviations that do not comply with the standard language are tried to be explained with dialect differences, different variants of the couplet or various interpretations. However, some scholars such as Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) and Abū al-Ḥasan al-Jurjānī (d. 392/1001-1002) argue that these usages are laḥn (linguistic mistakes). According to these names, it is not correct to explain the poets’ use, which are contrary to the standard language rules, with excessive interpretations (takalluf). Assuming that linguistic deviations are laḥn, they cannot represent a superiority in terms of literary value, but when considered as a necessity, they represent a superiority within the framework of certain criteria. But any specific criteria have been determined before about which linguistic deviations represent the superiority. Therefore, in our study, the theories put forward about the accuracy of linguistic deviations that exceed the standard language rules will be examined and the necessary criteria for them to represent a superiority will be determined.
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