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Dėl esamojo ir būtojo kartinio laiko dalyvių bei padalyvių darybos ir morfeminio skaidymo

Dėl esamojo ir būtojo kartinio laiko dalyvių bei padalyvių darybos ir morfeminio skaidymo

Author(s): Jolanta Vaskelienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 54/2006

In this article a new attempt is made at defining, from a synchronic point of view, the morphological structure of present and (semelfactive) past participles and gerunds. Grammars and manuals differ in the way in which these forms are segmented. The treatment depends, first of all, on whether the 3rd person present indicative forms on which they are based, and the inflectional affixes, are viewed diachronically or synchronically. OfOften the examples cited in the literature contradict the definition offered for an inflectional ending, and the interpretation of 3rd person forms may vary between thematic vowel and ending throughout one work. This article shows how the formation of present and past participles and gerunds can be described on the assumption that the historical thematic vowels of 3rd person forms are, synchronically, endings.

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Die Vermittlungsrolle des Hochlettischen bei den altrussischen und litauischen Entlehnungen im Lettischen

Die Vermittlungsrolle des Hochlettischen bei den altrussischen und litauischen Entlehnungen im Lettischen

Author(s): Ilja Seržant / Language(s): German Issue: 55/2006

In this article it is argued that most Latvian borrowings from Old Russian must have entered the language through Proto-High-Latvian, whence they were borrowed into Proto-Middle-Latvian. This would explain their pho¬netic shape, particularly Middle Latvian uo as the reflex of Old Russ. u [u:] in borrowings like suoma (OR. suma), muoka (OR. muka), presumably through Proto-High-Latvian *sūma, *mūka with subsequent substitution of [uo] for [u:] according to the pattern of sound correspondences be¬tween the dialects. This assumption would also account for many- other cases where Middle Latvian forms diverge from those of Old Russian (and Lithuanian), cf. Middle Latvian baznîca with broken tone on a suf¬fix usually bearing sustained tone (-nĩca).

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General American: Codified Word Phonemic Structure Variation Specifics

General American: Codified Word Phonemic Structure Variation Specifics

Author(s): Tetiana Datska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Variation is one of the salient features of the codified pronunciation norm of English. In General American pronunciation a word phonemic structure, among other word structures, is most subject to variation. The investigation of word phonemic structure variation in codified General American pronunciation has allowed it to establish the inventory of phonemes and the kinds of their variation that reflect the specifics of this process in this national variant of English.

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Artikulation des /r/-Lautes bei italienischund polnischsprachigen DaF-Lernern. Analyse der Ergebnisse anhand einer auditiven Untersuchung

Artikulation des /r/-Lautes bei italienischund polnischsprachigen DaF-Lernern. Analyse der Ergebnisse anhand einer auditiven Untersuchung

Author(s): Klaudia Gądek / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

The main purpose of this paper was to highlight the differences and similarities between the articulation of the German /r/-variants as enunciated by Italian and Polish native speakers learning German. On the basis of the conducted auditive research, this paper examines data gathered during the study of the realizations of the study subjects. The results of study have been presented in the form of diagrams.

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Phonostilistische Besonderheiten des deutschen Reimdiskurses

Phonostilistische Besonderheiten des deutschen Reimdiskurses

Author(s): Tetyana Tokaryeva,Tetyana Khomenko / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

The vocal side of language has aroused the interest of scientists and researchers since antiquity. This direc¬tion in linguistic research is still relevant today, as evidenced by numerous treatises and experiments. In the present contribution, the authors tried to generalize and to analyze the most important means of pho¬nostilistics and their realization in different types of rhyming discourse, such as nursery rhymes, children’s poems, puzzles, lyrical poems etc. It has been proved very clearly that alliteration, assonance, phonetic imitation, phonetic symbolism as well as linguistic design are characterized by the aesthetic function as well. They create a special atmosphere in a finished work and thus achieve a certain emotional influence not only on the listener but also on the reader. This realizes the existence of the finest thread between the author and the auditorium, for which his rhyming work is forseen.

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Prezentare a volumului

Author(s): Gabriela Pană Dindelegan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

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Presentation of the volume

Author(s): Gabriela Pană Dindelegan / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

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Substantive masive și abstracte pluralizate în româna veche

Author(s): Gabriela Pană Dindelegan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

În urma examinării unui corpus bogat de limbă română veche, autorul ajunge la concluzia că fenomenul ‘pluralizării’ substantivelor masive și al celor abstracte este extrem de frecvent în româna veche. Efectele semantice ale pluralizării sînt asemănătoare pentru masive și abstracte, constînd în apariția unor varietăți semantice denotative și/sau conotative. Din ansamblul desinențelor de plural, dacoromâna și-a specializat una (desinența –uri) pentru pluralizarea masivelor. Evoluția desinenței –uri evidențiază un proces special, de convertire a unui semn gramatical (de plural) într-unul lexical (așa-numitele ‘plurale lexicale’). Deși ‘pluralele lexicale’ apar, izolat, și în alte limbi romanice, nicăieri nu au luat extinderea și regularitatea din română.

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Old Romanian pluralized mass and abstract nouns

Author(s): Gabriela Pană Dindelegan / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

The analysis of a rich old Romanian corpus shows that the ‘pluralization’ of mass and abstract nouns is extremely frequent in old Romanian. The semantic effects of pluralization are similar for mass and abstract nouns, consisting in the creation of denotative and/or connotative semantic variants. Of the plural endings, –uri is specialized for the pluralization of mass nouns in Daco-Romanian. The evolution of the ending –uri illustrates the specific process by which a grammatical (plural) morpheme is converted into a lexical morpheme (the so-called ‘lexical plurals’). ‘Lexical plurals’ have isolated occurrences in other Romance languages, but they have not reached the spread and regularity they display in Romanian.

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Particularități ale cuantificatorilor numelui în româna veche

Author(s): Camelia Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

Lucrarea noastră face parte dintr-un studiu colectiv asupra morfologiei istorice a limbii române, elaborat la Institutul de Lingvistică din București al Academiei Române. Analiza de față aprofundează o problemă particulară a evoluției cuantificatorilor numelui, și anume tendința de sudură internă pe care numeralele ordinale compuse au manifestat-o în româna veche, între secolele al XVI-lea și al XVIII-lea. Tendința spre unitate formală a produs modificări morfologice și de comportament sintactic ale numeralelor. Obiectivul urmărit în analiză este acela de a releva și de a explica manifestările morfosintactice ale acestui proces evolutiv. De aceea, formele numeralului sînt discutate prin referire la organizarea sintactică a grupului nominal cuantificat. Cadrul conceptual și metodologic adoptat este cel al teoriei gramaticalizării și al sintaxei diacronice moderne. Cercetarea structurilor vechi care conțin numerale ordinale a condus la observații privind: particularitățile de flexiune și caracterul articulabil al numeralelor ordinale, stadiul de gramaticalizare al formantului al, originea formanților enclitici –l(u)/–le/–lea, –a, topica formanților.

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Features of noun quantifiers in old Romanian

Author(s): Camelia Stan / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

This study is part of a collective research on the historical morphology of Romanian, conducted at the Institute of Linguistics of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. This analysis approaches in detail a specific issue in the diachrony of noun quantifiers, more precisely, the tendency towards internal fusion which compound ordinal numerals showed in old Romanian (the 16th to 18th centuries). The tendency towards formal unity determined certain changes in the morphology and syntax of numerals. Thus, the aim of this analysis is to highlight and explain the morphosyntactic manifestations of this process. Therefore, the forms of the numeral are discussed in relation to the syntactic structure of the quantified nominal phrase. The framework adopted here is the theory of grammaticalization, and contemporary diachronic syntax. The analysis of the old structures containing ordinal numerals allows us to formulate observations related to: the inflectional features of the ordinal numerals and their combination with articles, the grammaticalization degree of the formative al, the origin of the enclitic formatives –l(u)/–le/–lea, –a, and the ordering of these formatives.

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Desinența de plural –le și interferențe între morfologia flexionară și cea derivațională

Author(s): Blanca Croitor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

În articol sînt descrise situațiile în care desinența de plural –le are valoare derivativă, de formare a unor substantive la plural, de genul feminin. Ea face parte din două sufixe cu care se derivă substantive la plural, –ale și –ele (ambele cu sufixe dezvoltate). În unele formații împrumutate sufixele au fost atașate etimonului pentru a le încadra în sistemul morfologic românesc, iar alte formații au fost create în limba română. Unele formații neologice cu –ale au fost împrumutate, fiind analizabile în română. Sînt inventariate formațiile cu aceste sufixe (și cu cele dezvoltate), în principal pe baza DA, DLR, DI și MDA. În articol se fac și observații privind vechimea sufixelor și a formațiilor, productivitatea, raportul cu eventualele forme de singular (acolo unde există) și sînt descrise cîteva aspecte teoretice.

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The plural ending –le and influences between the inflectional and the derivational morphology

Author(s): Blanca Croitor / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

In this article we describe the situations in which the plural ending –le has a derivative value, creating feminine plural nouns. This ending is part of two suffixes used to derive plural nouns, –ale and –ele (both with complex suffixes). In some borrowed formations the suffixes were attached to the etymons in order to adapt them to the Romanian morphological system, while other formations were created in Romanian. Some neological formations with –ale were borrowed and they are analysable in Romanian. We present a list with the derivatives created with these suffixes (and the developed suffixes), based on several dictionaries: DA, DLR, DI, and MDA. In the article we make some remarks regarding the dating of these suffixes and formations, their productivity, the relation between the plural derivatives and the singular nouns (if there are any) and we describe some theoretical aspects.

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Particularități morfosintactice ale indefinitului tot în limba română veche

Author(s): Isabela Nedelcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

În acest articol se stabilesc și se discută, prin raportare la limba actuală, o serie de particularități morfosintactice ale indefinitului tot în limba veche: forme care s-au pierdut, modalități mai multe (sintetică, analitică și mixtă) de exprimare a genitiv-dativului singular și plural, topica mai permisivă și posibilitatea de a se construi cu un substantiv nearticulat. Descrierea particularităților gramaticale ale cuantificatorului tot evidențiază o mare variație: (i) între realizarea sintetică, realizarea analitică și cea mixtă a genitiv-dativului (toatei + substantiv la genitiv-dativ, a/la/de toată + substantiv cu formă de nominativ-acuzativ, a toată + substantiv la genitiv-dativ); (ii) între forma (pronominală și adjectivală) cu particula finală –a și cea fără –a (tuturor, tuturora; tuturor oamenilor, tuturora fraților); (iii) între postpunerea și antepunerea lui tot în raport cu anumite pronume (ei toți, toți ei); (iv) între structura cu substantiv articulat și cea cu substantiv nearticulat (toate zilele, toate zile). Comparația cu limba actuală arată că, în unele cazuri, variația a fost eliminată, iar în altele se păstrează.

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Morphosyntactic features of the indefinite tot in old Romanian

Author(s): Isabela Nedelcu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

This article establishes and discusses a series of morphosyntactic features of the indefinite tot ‘whole, all’ in old Romanian, relating them to modern Romanian: forms that disappeared from the language, a wider variety of singular and plural genitive-dative markers (synthetic, analytic and mixed), the more permissive word order and the possibility to occur in a structure with an undetermined noun. The description of the grammatical characteristics of the quantifier tot highlights a great variation: (i) between the synthetic, analytic and mixed realization of the genitive-dative case (toatei all.F.SG.GEN≡DAT ‘of/to the whole’ + genitive-dative noun, a/la/de toată A/LA/DE all.F.SG.NOM≡ACC ‘of/to the whole’ + nominative-accusative noun, a toată A all.F.SG.NOM≡ACC ‘of/to the whole’ + genitive-dative noun); (ii) between the (pronominal and adjectival) form with the final particle –a and the one without –a (tuturor, tuturora ‘of all / to all’; tuturor oamenilor ‘of/to all the people’, tuturora fraților ‘of/to all the brothers’); (iii) between the postposition and anteposition of tot relative to certain pronouns (ei toți, toți ei ‘all of them’); (iv) between structures with a determined and an undetermined noun (toate zilele, toate zile ‘all the days’). The comparison with the modern language shows that, in some cases, this variation has been eliminated, and in other cases, it is preserved.

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The auxiliary of the Romanian conditional: semantic and functional arguments concerning the reconstruction of a disputed grammaticalization process

Author(s): Rodica Zafiu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

This paper aims at demonstrating the explanatory advantages of the old hypothesis concerning the origins of the auxiliary of the Romanian analytic conditional (aș + infinitive) as deriving from the imperfect tense form of the verb (a) vrea ‘(to) want’ < *volere (< VELLE). The grammaticalization process, reconstructed through the comparison with the other Romance languages and by relating it to typical directions of the linguistic change, presupposes intermediary semantic phases (the future-in-the-past value, the hypothetical value which is mostly counter-factual), whose traces may be found in the first Romanian (translated) texts, but which have been generally considered a consequence of the simple loan translation from the language source. The uses of the conditional with a reduced auxiliary (aș, ai, etc. + infinitive) are related to those (co-occurring in the old texts) of the conditional with a recognisable auxiliary (vrea ‘wanted’ + infinitive), for which the value specific to the first grammaticalization stage is still strong—that of a future-in-the past. The text also puts forth an explanation for the atypical forms within the paradigm of the conditional auxiliary—aș(i), ar(ă)—through the overlap between the forms of the imperfect and the simple past of the verb (a) vrea ‘(to) want’.

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Auxiliarul de perfect compus o din graiul moldovenesc. Diacronie și sincronie

Author(s): Mădălina Botez,Adina Dragomirescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

Scopul acestui articol este acela de a analiza auxiliarul de perfect compus o din graiul moldovenesc. Analiza este precedată de o discuție despre originea, datarea, localizarea și evoluția formei o în limba română pînă în secolul al XIX-lea. Deși conform bibliografiei și atlaselor lingvistice, forma o este generală în Moldova, studiul nostru de corpus va arăta că alături de forma o se folosesc, sub influența limbii standard, și formele a și au, și că există o tendință de specializare a formei o pentru contextele cu cliticizare multiplă.Analiza noastră—care contribuie la înțelegerea interfeței fonologie-morfologie—poate fi extinsă la studiul altor varietăți teritoriale ale românei.

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The perfective auxiliary O in the Moldavian variety. Diachrony and synchrony

Author(s): Mădălina Botez,Adina Dragomirescu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

The aim of the paper is the analysis of the perfective auxiliary o in the Moldavian variety. The paper starts by discussing the origin, the dating, the localization, and the evolution of the form o in Romanian, until the 19th century. Against the literature and the linguistic atlases according to which the form o is general in Moldavia, our corpus study has revealed that the forms a and au are also used alongside the form o, under the influence of the standard language; moreover, the form o shows a tendency towards specialization for contexts with multiple cliticization.Our analysis—which contributes to the understanding of the phonology-morphology interface—can be extended to the study of other regional varieties of Romanian.

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Note asupra unor realizări ale obiectului direct în limba veche

Author(s): Irina Nicula Paraschiv / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

Scopul acestui articol este de a analiza anumite construcții cu obiect direct realizat prin nume personal sau animat în limba română veche pentru a evidenția unele particularități de construcție, care fie nu s-au păstrat, fie au fost restrînse considerabil în limba modernă. Semnalăm, pe de o parte, tiparul cu obiect direct nedeterminat, care se înregistrează destul de extins în contextul unei clase mai largi de regenți decît în limba actuală și, pe de altă parte, variația în marcarea prin p(r)e a expresiilor nominale personale, cu citire specifică sau nonspecifică, precum și între singular și pluralul generic obiect direct (pre sărac(ul) vs pre săraci/săracii).Scopul acestui articol este de a analiza anumite construcții cu obiect direct realizat prin nume personal sau animat în limba română veche pentru a evidenția unele particularități de construcție, care fie nu s-au păstrat, fie au fost restrînse considerabil în limba modernă. Semnalăm, pe de o parte, tiparul cu obiect direct nedeterminat, care se înregistrează destul de extins în contextul unei clase mai largi de regenți decît în limba actuală și, pe de altă parte, variația în marcarea prin p(r)e a expresiilor nominale personale, cu citire specifică sau nonspecifică, precum și între singular și pluralul generic obiect direct (pre sărac(ul) vs pre săraci/săracii).

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Some notes on the realizations of the direct object in the old language

Author(s): Irina Nicula Paraschiv / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

In the present article, we aim to analyse some constructions with the direct object realized as a personal or animate noun in the old language in order to emphasize certain syntactic features which have been only partially preserved or even eliminated from the modern language. On the one hand, we point to the construction with a bare direct object, which is recorded quite extensively in the context of wider range of selecting verbs than in the present-day language, on the other, we focus on the p(r)e-marking variation in the context of personal nouns with a specific / non-specific reading, as well as on the competition between the direct object generic singular and plural (pre sărac(ul) ‘DOM poor.DEF’ vs pre săraci ‘DOM poor.M.PL’ / săracii ‘poor.M.PL.DEF’).

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