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Институцията омбудсман в Европа и България

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The handbook The Ombudsman Institution in Europe and Bulgaria presents the recently adopted ombudsman legislation, offers an updated review of both the general and specific aspects of the European countries’ experience, the initiatives and documents of the Council of Europe referring to the establishment by the Member States of ombudsman institutions on national, regional and local level and the cooperation between the ombudsmen of the Member States and between them and the Council of Europe, and contains information on the legal framework and the activities of the European Ombudsman as a mechanism for protecting human rights on European Union level.

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Przeciwdziałanie bezrobociu wśród osób starszych. W poszukiwaniu modelu

Author(s): Magdalena Paluszkiewicz,Tatiana Wrocławska,Mirosław Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish

This publication constitutes the final report of the research carried out in the years 2014-2017 within the framework of a research project financed by the National Science Centre grant “W poszukiwaniu modelu przeciwdziałania bezrobociu wśród osób starszych – analiza prawna”, UMO-2013/09/09/B/HS5/04137. The main goal of the research project was an attempt to present a model set of initiatives and legal measures that should be taken in order to reduce the phenomenon of unemployment among the elderly. These investigations were to be based, and this was the case, on the examination of the legal regulations of selected European countries. The relevant regulations of Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Germany, Slovakia and Hungary were finally subjected to the research process. Polish legal solutions were also the subject of the research process. The scope of the study encompassed legal institutions which were used in a given country to reduce or eliminate unemployment among the elderly; where it was justified, general regulations concerning unemployment reduction were presented.

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Assessing the Access to and Takeup of the Youth Guarantee Measures by Roma Youth in Bulgaria

Author(s): Lilia Yakova / Language(s): English

The 2008 global financial crisis resulted in economic challenges in the EU, one of which was a boom of youth unemployment. In response to the increase of youth unemployment, the EU designed the Youth Guarantee (YG), a scheme guaranteeing that every EU citizen between the ages of 15-24 who is out of employment, training and education, would receive support in finding temporary work, continuing education and practical training. With the initiation of the YG, the EU set expectations that every EU member state would implement the YG by introducing respective measures. In Bulgaria, a great portion of the YG target group are Roma youth. This publication reports on the results of research assessing the uptake of the YG among Roma youth in Bulgaria and offers recommendations to relevant stakeholders for the enhancement of such uptake.

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KOSOVO : sui generis or precedent in international relations

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The Kosovo question has attracted the widespread attention of researchers, politicians, diplomats and analysts of international relations for more than three decades. as the Kosovo crisis developed in the direction of escalation or de-escalation, thus the issue of Kosovo and Metohija occupied a higher or a lower place on the “ranking list” of the priorities of the international community. nevertheless, it remained on that list permanently. during the observed period, the crisis reached its zenith twice. the first time, in the period 1998-1999, after the escalation of the war in Kosovo and the subsequent NATO aggression on the Federal republic of Yugoslavia. and the second time, in February 2008, when Kosovo Albanians unilaterally declared independence and their decision was soon recognized by dozens of states. on both occasions, numerous questions have been raised in the academic community. However, even today we are still searching for answers.

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Prava LGBT osoba u Bosni i Hercegovini: Zdravstvo

Author(s): Jasmina Čaušević,Lejla Somun-Krupalija,Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović / Language(s): Bosnian

Peta studija koja je pred nama, nastala u okviru sektoralnih istraživanja projekta Coming out! Zagovaranje i zaštita prava LGBT osoba, ukazuje na različite aspekte problema sa kojima se susreću LGBT osobe u disfunkcionalnom sistemu zdravstvene, socijalne i drugih oblika zaštite koje (ne) postoje u Bosni i Hercegovini a koje su povezane sa sektorom zdravstva. Disfunkcionalnost političkog sistema, marginalizacija i diskriminacija LGBT osoba na specifičan način se obrušava na LGBT osobe i u ovom sektoru, reflektujući i perpetuirajući paradoksalnosti liturgije isključivanja i ograničavanja na više ili manje suptilne načine. Ova utemeljena studija je polifonim pristupom, budući da su istraživani različiti aspekti problema u ovom sektoru i urađeni intervjui sa zaposlenicima_ama koji obavljaju različite poslove koji se tiču zdravstvene zaštite i uopšte pojma zdravlja, na logički dosljedan, sistematičan a ujedno slikovit način ukazala na probleme sa kojima se suočava ova marginalna grupa u sektoru zdravstva, na preplitanje i ukrštanje institucionalnih i vaninstitucionalnih aspekata diskriminacije koji pojačavaju jedni druge, na protivrječnosti u medicinskoj praksi uslijed nedovoljnog poznavanja odnosno neprimjenjivanja najnovijih medicinskih standarda i dostignuća, na dominaciju zastarjele terminologije i liječničkih praksi, na nepostojanje medicinskog osoblja specijalizovanog za ovu problematiku, na nerazlikovanje rodnog identiteta i seksualne orijentacije, na ograničene domete Strateškog plana za reformu zdravstva u kontekstu LGBT tematike, nepostojanje internih pravilnika o nediskriminatorskom tretmanu LGBT osoba itd. Posebno je značajno istaći kako je studija prepoznala tačke senzibilizacije koje postoje kod pojedinih zaposlenika_ca našeg zdravstvenog sistema, iako su one i dalje društveno de facto nedovoljno vidljive i produktivne. Prepoznavanje ovog posljednjeg, najčešće nevidljivog i prešućenog, čini studiju utoliko zanimljivijom, relevantnijom i provokativnijom.

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Analiza sudske prakse u predmetima govora mržnje i zločina iz mržnje u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Marija Lučić-Ćatić / Language(s): Bosnian

Zločini iz mržnje i govor mržnje su iznimno štetni za osjetljive odnose između zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), jer imaju značajan potencijal da ometaju proces pomirenja i uvećaju postojeće konflikte. Unatoč tome što su oba navedena kaznenopravna fenomena prepoznata i propisana kaznenim zakonima koji su na snazi u sve četiri jurisdikcije u BiH, evidentan je nedostatak razumijevanja ovih suvremenih pravnih koncepata, kao i manjkavosti u njihovom procesuiranju i sankcioniranju. Obzirom na navedeno, putem analize presuda sudova u BiH (u periodu 2013-2022), ispitan je obujam (ne)adekvatne primjene postojećeg pravnog okvira od strane tužitelja i sudaca, kao i obujam (ne)adekvatne primjene kaznenih sankcija za ova kaznena djela. Rezultati provedene analize ukazuju na nepodesno korištenje postojećeg pravnog okvira od strane sudaca i tužitelja na svim nivoima prilikom procesuiranja kaznenih djela iz mržnje i govora mržnje (izazivanja mržnje). Sukladno rezultatima analize sudskih odluka uočeno je da u sudskoj praksi dominira pogrešno podvođenje predmeta pod kaznenopravne odredbe o izazivanju mržnje, kao i praksa izricanja uvjetnih osuda, blaže kvalifikacije kaznenih djela iz mržnje uz odmjeravanje kazne na granici ili ispod granice propisane zakonom. Rezultati provedene analize dovode do zaključka da većina praktičara ne razumije suštinu koncepta kaznenih djela iz mržnje i govora mržnje premda postojeći pravni okvir omogućava različite načine procesuiranja sa različitim pravnim posljedicama kako zločina iz mržnje, tako i pogoršanog oblika govora mržnje (izazivanja mržnje). Pored identificiranja neadekvatnog korištenja postojećeg pravnog okvira od strane sudaca i tužitelja prilikom procesuiranja zločina iz mržnje i pogoršanog oblika govora mržnje prezentirane su i preporuke u svezi prevladavanja identificiranih poteškoća.

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Krivična djela iz mržnje i govor mržnje, kako ih prepoznati i adekvatno procesuirati - Priručnik za sudije i tužitelje

Author(s): Haris Halilović,Marija Lučić-Ćatić / Language(s): Bosnian

Atlantska inicijativa se od 2009. godine bavi sigurnosnim i pravosudnim pitanjima, što uključuje blisku suradnju sa sigurnosnim institucijama, sudovima i tužiteljstvima širom Bosne i Hercegovine. Atlantska inicijativa više od deset godina istražuje i analizira pojavne oblike ekstremizma, nasilnog ekstremizma i radikalizacije, što je često bilo osnova za razvoj politika i institucionalnih promjena. Atlantska inicijativa bazira rad na dva programa: 1) rodna ravnopravnost, s fokusom na prevenciju nasilja nad ženama, i 2) terorizam, ekstremizam i radikalizacija. Istraživačke studije obaju programa pokazale su da su mržnja i predrasude često motiv za vršenje krivičnih djela. Svim radikalnim pokretima i ekstremističkim grupama žene su veoma visoko na listi neprijatelja, a prava žena, bez obzira na njihovu vjersku i ideološku orijentaciju, u njihovim krugovima stradaju prva. Ekstremni pokreti i grupe koje djeluju u Bosni i Hercegovini i regiji sve su aktivniji u širenju mržnje, koju ispoljavaju direktno u zajednicama, ali i u s prostoru. Na ovaj način oni čine štetu svima, onima na koje usmjeravaju svoje aktivnosti i protiv kojih iskazuju mržnju, ali i cijelim zajednicama unutar kojih su ova djela prisutna. Štetu čine i bosanskohercegovačkom društvu jer na ovaj način pokušavaju narušiti napore na izgradnji mira, tolerancije i demokracije. Oni koji čine krivična djela iz mržnje ili šire govor mržnje negativno utječu na društvenu koheziju naročito kada su ovakva ponašanja direktno ili indirektno tolerirana kroz institucionalni odgovor, odnosno neprocesuiranje ili neadekvatno krivičnopravno procesuiranje. Manjak prevencije za cijele zajednice, ali i nedostatak intervencija za počinitelje ovih krivičnih djela pokazuje tendenciju ka prihvaćanju ili normaliziranju mržnje koja je opasna za cijelo društvo i koja može izazvati ne samo individualno činjenje krivičnih djela već i potaknuti nasilni ekstremizam u zajednicama.

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PREUGOVOR – Report on Progress of Serbia in Chapters 23 and 24 (EU Acquis Communautaire)

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Over the past six months, the coalition PrEUgovor has been monitoring the state of play regarding the key policy areas in the process of Serbia’s accession to the EU. These areas include the political criteria and policies covered under chapters 23 and 24 of the European acquis in the negotiation process. The monitored period was marked by two key events: the release of Screening Reports for chapters 23 and 24 by the European Commission, and drafting of the Action Plans for these two chapters. Additionally, the Progress Report for Serbia for 2014 was released by the EC in October, so this report is envisaged as a commentary and an update to this document. This report presents concrete case studies, well researched and documented by the coalition’s members, in order to illustrate problems in the areas covered. Lastly, it also contains comments on the Action Plan draft for chapter 23.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №38 Praćenje reforme zatvorskog sistema u Srbiji 2012 – 2013. i Stanje ljudskih prava u zatvorima u 2011. godini

Author(s): Jelena Mirkov Subić,Mara Živkov,Ljiljana Palibrk,Ivan Kuzminović / Language(s): Serbian

Over the years, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights visited prisons in Serbia and reported on the human rights situation of convicted and detained persons - in other words, since 2001, the Committee has visited all 28 penal institutions, many of them more than once. In a large number of reports, the Board specifically analyzed the discrepancies between domestic legislation and international standards on the one hand and practice in the sanctions enforcement system on the other hand, suggesting possible solutions.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №38 Monitoring Prison System Reform in Serbia 2012-2013 and Prison System in Serbia in 2011

Author(s): Jelena Mirkov Subić,Mara Živkov,Ivan Kuzminović,Ljiljana Palibrk / Language(s): English

Over the past ten years, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (HCHRS) has conducted dozens of visits to prisons in Serbia with the aim of making an assessment of the human rights conditions for imprisoned and detained citizens. Since 2001, the HCHRS has visited all 28 institutions for the execution of criminal sanctions, many of which several times. In a vast number of reports1, the HCHRS has conducted analyses and noted non-compliance with solutions prescribed by national legislature and international law on the one hand, and with common practices in the system of execution of criminal sanctions on the other.

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SEKSUALNO I REPRODUKTIVNO ZDRAVLJE I PRAVA ŽENA U SRBIJI PRONATALNA POLITIKA NASPRAM LJUDSKIH PRAVA

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Serbian

The European Commission's Report for Serbia in 2020 indicates the lack of an action plan and adequate finances to ensure the implementation of the National Program for the preservation and improvement of the sexual and reproductive health of the citizens of the Republic of Serbia, as well as improved access to quality services in this area. The same was repeated in the Report of the European Commission for Serbia in 2021. Also, in the EU Gender Action Plan III for implementation in Serbia, the promotion of sexual and reproductive health and rights is one of the five thematic areas, and the intended specific goal refers to the legislative, as well as the political and social environment that enables women and girls to access quality care and services related to sexual and reproductive health and protects their sexual and reproductive rights.

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Pritvaranje migranata po osnovu migracionih propisa – Prikaz zakonodavstva i prakse u Republici Srbiji

Author(s): Jelena Unijat / Language(s): Serbian

Serbia continues to serve as a key transit country for migrants moving through the "Balkan Route" toward Western Europe. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, over 24,000 migrants entered the country in 2020, with a large majority staying without legal status. The country’s immigration laws allow for the administrative detention of migrants under specific conditions, including in facilities like the Padinska Skela detention center, where efforts are being made to improve the living conditions for detained migrants.

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POGLED UNAZAD – MERA OGRANIČENJA SLOBODE KRETANJA MIGRANATA I TRAŽILACA AZILA iz ugla standarda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava

Author(s): Gordana Grujičić,Miroslava Jelačić Kojić,Jelena Unijat / Language(s): Serbian

Political statements about the "letting in" of several tens of thousands of migrants and the events on the Turkish-Greek border marked the beginning of 2020 and unequivocally heralded an uncertain spring for the countries on the Western Balkan migrant route. While countries were preparing to take measures to prevent or hinder the movement of migrants across borders, i.e. measures to prepare capacities in the event of an increased influx of migrants, the detection of the first cases and the spread of the COVID-19 virus on European soil had a strong impact on the dynamics of the migration flow, but also on the establishment of special treatment regimes for migrants and asylum seekers.

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Vodič za primenu relevantnih propisa u oblasti azila i migracija

Author(s): Marko Davinić,Ivana Krstić / Language(s): Serbian

The complexity of the migration flow taking place on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the adoption of systemic laws regulating the field of asylum and treatment of foreigners, have necessitated the horizontal application of relevant regulations and further strengthening of capacity for efficient migration management in the Republic of Serbia. With the aim of providing support to key stakeholders, the "Guide for the Implementation of Basic Regulations in the Field of Asylum and Migration" has been prepared, which represents another contribution to the reform processes in the field of asylum and migration that Group 484 has been supporting for many years through the implementation of various activities. The special value of the Guide is reflected in the fact that it is primarily based on examples from practice in the first year of application of the newly adopted regulations, the Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection, the Law on Foreigners and the Law on Border Control, as well as being the result of successful multi-sectoral cooperation established between the civil sector and the competent state authorities of the Republic of Serbia.

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Permanent Residence and Access to Citizenship of Persons Who Have Been Granted Asylum

Author(s): Miroslava Jelačić Kojić,Gordana Grujičić / Language(s): English

According to the latest data published by EUROSTAT, during the year 2017 approximately 826,000 persons acquired the nationality of one of the EU Member States. Only about 17 percent of them were already nationals of other Member States, while most were third country nationals or did not have any nationality.1 In addition, during the same year, 49,590 persons were granted refugee status and 31,140 subsidiary protection. In 2018, 41,720 persons obtained a refugee status, while 38,420 persons were granted subsidiary protection.2 In order to ensure the greatest possible level of integration and naturalisation of refugees, several EU Member States amended their national legislation regulating citizenship requirements and procedures by reducing the required period of legal residence and/or administrative costs of the procedure, and by eliminating the obligation to renounce the citizenship of the country of origin.

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Returnees under the readmission agreements an important issue in the context of European Integration

Author(s): Gordana Grujičić / Language(s): English

The document entitled “Returnees under the readmission agreements - an important issue in the context of European Integration” is mainly focused on a statistical presentation and description of procedures and mechanisms for data gathering, and on the monitoring and planning of measures aimed at returnees who are citizens of the Republic of Serbia. After the EU abolished visas for Serbian citizens, many of them used the freedom of movement to apply for asylum in an attempt to solve their economic problems. Western countries see this type of migration as an abuse of the asylum system and they warned Serbia that the visa-free regime would be reconsidered if the number of asylum seekers was not reduced.

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MIGRANTS WITH IRREGULAR STATUS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA - CURRENT ISSUES AND PROSPECTS

Author(s): Marija Anđelković,Gordana Grujičić,Katarina Ivanović,Miroslava Jelačić Kojić,Dijana Malbaša,Vanja Macanović / Language(s): Serbian

The research study “Migrants with irregular status in the Republic of Serbia - current issues and prospects” is part of a broader effort of the PrEUgovor coalition to systematically monitor the implementation of policies in the field of judiciary and fundamental rights (Chapter 23), as well as justice, freedom and security (Chapter 24), and propose measures for improving the situation, benefitting from the process of EU integrations to achieve substantial progress in further democratization of Serbia. Representatives of ASTRA, Autonomous Women’s Center and Group 484 took part in this research, with representatives of the state administration, local self governments, other NGOs and international organizations also contributing in the context of a broader consultation process. The research Migrants with irregular status in the Republic of Serbia - current issues and prospects focuses on the position of irregular migrants and the response of the competent authorities to irregular movements that take place on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, with special emphasis on women, identification of gender-based violence and the risk of human trafficking. The document is intended to provide a proposal of measures to be taken to improve the established practice, through the analysis of the legislative framework related to irregular migration, the position of women and the combating of human trafficking, as well as the analysis of the practice of punishing people for illegal border crossing or stay on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the court practice in regard to the offense of human smuggling, as well as the procedure for returning third country nationals. Additionally, due to the strategic orientation of the Republic of Serbia towards full membership in the European Union, the document aims to provide an overview of the key standards in related areas that are in effect in the European Union, as well as the practice of Member States, all in accordance with the priorities that are imposed on the Republic of Serbia in the accession process.

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Human Rights: Hostage to the State's Regression : annual report: Serbia 2006

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English

All segments of Serbia’s political, economic and social life stagnated in 2006. Serbia’s overall situation is rather to be ascribed to the fact that her institutions have been devastated and her social tissue destroyed over the past 20 years. This major dimension of Serbia’s reality was neither appreciated nor objectively assessed at the time of Slobodan Milosevic’s ouster. Besides, the criminal legacy of the 1990s wars that nowadays hinder the society’s democratic transition and facing the recent past was disregarded. All this resulted in self-isolation and fueled the concept of “a neutral” Serbia with reliance on Russia. Today’s concept of transitional justice has been exhausted when it comes to present-day Serbia and her poor potential. Objective limitations also condition Serbia’s movement towards European integrations, the European Union in the first place. As a failed transitional country facing numerous demands, Serbia is incapable of meeting European standards and criteria. Her new political and financial class (tycoons) would not let go yet the positions acquired over the past 20 years. As it turned out, pressures and the policy of conditioning are no longer effective in Serbia’s case as her political elite is not truly willing to join Europe but ready to sacrifice Serbia’s future place in it instead. Serbia was totally deinstitutionalized in early 2007 after the parliamentary election. In spite of the clear-cut electoral outcome and popular vote, the lowest-ranking of the three leading political parties, the Democratic Party of Serbia – presently without legality and legitimacy – still holds the reins of political and social developments with the support of informal centers of power. This at the same time testifies that Serbia functions as a “façade democracy.”

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POLITIKA REVIZIONIZMA: Negiranje zločina i genocida u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992‒2025. (Istraživačka studija)

Author(s): Jasmin Medić,Hikmet Karčić,Muamer Džananović,Elvedin Mulagić / Language(s): Bosnian

The research study The Politics of Revisionism: Denial of Crimes and Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992–2025 analyzes the systematic campaign of denial concerning war crimes and genocide committed against Bosniaks during the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through an introduction and four case studies (Srebrenica, Prijedor, Sarajevo, and Tuzla), the authors demonstrate how denial is manifested in political documents, official statements, and institutional reports—particularly those produced by the leadership of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian entity Republika Srpska and the neighboring Republic of Serbia. Both during and after the war, perpetrators and their political successors have initiated a systematic revisionist discourse aimed at contesting the crimes committed by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), undermining judicial verdicts, minimizing the number of victims, and promoting a false equivalence of responsibility. Special emphasis is placed on the institutionalization of denial through reports and declarations such as those of the "All-Serb Assembly," as well as on the rejection of international resolutions, notably the United Nations resolution on the genocide in Srebrenica. The final section of the study examines the legal avenues for prosecuting genocide denial and provides recommendations for institutional and societal responses to this form of political violence.

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THE POLITICS OF REVISIONISM: Denial of Crimes and Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992–2025 (A Research Study)

Author(s): Jasmin Medić,Fikret Karčić,Muamer Džananović,Elvedin Mulagić / Language(s): English

The research study The Politics of Revisionism: Denial of Crimes and Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992–2025 analyzes the systematic campaign of denial concerning war crimes and genocide committed against Bosniaks during the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through an introduction and four case studies (Srebrenica, Prijedor, Sarajevo, and Tuzla), the authors demonstrate how denial is manifested in political documents, official statements, and institutional reports—particularly those produced by the leadership of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian entity Republika Srpska and the neighboring Republic of Serbia. Both during and after the war, perpetrators and their political successors have initiated a systematic revisionist discourse aimed at contesting the crimes committed by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), undermining judicial verdicts, minimizing the number of victims, and promoting a false equivalence of responsibility. Special emphasis is placed on the institutionalization of denial through reports and declarations such as those of the "All-Serb Assembly," as well as on the rejection of international resolutions, notably the United Nations resolution on the genocide in Srebrenica. The final section of the study examines the legal avenues for prosecuting genocide denial and provides recommendations for institutional and societal responses to this form of political violence.

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