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Идеята за допълнителност в научното познание като стил на мислене

Author(s): Anguel S. Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The principle of complementarity, raised by Niels Bohr as a kernel of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, as well as the principle of equivalence of space geometries, raised by Hans Reichenbach, are critically discussed as epistemological approaches at achieving theoretical representations of complex objects of research, which stay far from the ordinary human experience. Both principles share a congenial style of thinking. I also point to theoretical ways that lead out of the grip of these principles.

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Space, Matter and Motion

Author(s): Plamen Damyanov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In my paper I consider the movement of objects in „space”, taking into account the idea of preserving and accumulation of change with time. I compare this view with Newton, Leibniz and Einstein’s ideas of movement, space and time. To illustrate this, I represent the movement of two objects along a straight line, as well as some dependences connected to it. I also pose questions as “Why and how the things exist?” in relation to characteristics like discernibility, equality, and change. I also address faith as an integral part of science.

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Размитата логика в изкуствения интелект – философски основания и области на приложение

Author(s): Doroteya Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses and analyzes from a philosophical-logical and methodological perspective the importance of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory in artificial intelligence (AI). It is discussed whether and to what extent they have the capacity to contribute to the realization of AI's main goals. In this regard, some of their main areas of application in the mentioned shpere are presented.

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Агрегиране на убеждения и търсене на консенсус: логика на разногласието

Author(s): Rosen Lyutskanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The paper discusses the history of the development of different logical formalisms, explicitly modelling situations in which disagreement is present. It is structured as follows: (§1) sketches the distinction between two main traditions in logic, that have different relation to disagreement; (§2) presents Jaskowski’s discussive logic and its shortcomings; (§3) develops the doctrinal paradox in social choice theory. Then we come to (§4) the probabilistic model of Lehrer-Wagner; (§5) the bounded confidence model of Hegselmann and Krause and (§6) the agent-based model of Douven and Riegler. The aim of the paper is to show that the development of these formalisms raises many questions that are yet not solved in adequate manner.

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On Gods, Heroes and Men. A Comparison of Tolstoy and Vico's Philosophies of History

Author(s): Marco Crosa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

While proceeding toward the end of War and Peace a reader can find itself startling and struggling to understand what kind of work is actually dealing with. The fictional narration is not yet concluded when L. Tolstoy (1828–1910) starts to lose himself in philosophical discussions regarding the nature of history as a science. Suddenly words such as god, heroes and men start to fill the pages recalling in the mind the language of a philosopher with at his back a history of long oblivion, the Italian G. Vico (1668–1744). The common terminology is only the triggering point for approaching a possible comparison between two authors that are so distant for time, context, interests, life and styles. A deep reading of their works however reveals some points of contact especially in a critique of their contemporary historicism, in their common interests on history as an objective science, on the analyses of events recollection and invention of tradition, in their overlapping instances of heterogeneity of ends and their reference to divine providence. A specific and different investigation might be necessary in order to understand whether those concepts somehow traveled along about one century and half from one to the other or whether they are just floating ideas of historical discourse. Nevertheless, starting from their commonalities the paper offers a clue on their inevitable divergences and a possible development of some of their central concepts. Being Tolstoy a writer of the ungraspable and indeterminate, concepts related to complex thinking will emerge during the reading.

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Отвъд канона на Кантовата трансцендентална естетика: нови употреби на времето и пространството в изкуствата на ХХ–ХХI век

Author(s): Sylvia Borissova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

In his transcendental aesthetics (Critique of Pure Reason, 1781), Kant posits space and time as its primary and only elements as a priori conditions of sensibility; grounded solely in the subject, they are our pure intuitions of both external and internal phenomena. With this formulation, Kant’s transcendental aesthetics fatefully binds sensibility and art to their ultimate limits: beyond time and space, there is no sensory perception, and no creative capture of what is perceived in works of art – except only in an apophatic way. However, with the discovery of the four-dimensional “Minkowski time-space”, already verified empirically in physics, and accordingly after rethinking the idea of time, qualitatively new aesthetic theories about sensibility, movement and the body emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries; new uses of time in various temporal and synthetic arts have been observed; moreover, all these presuppositions lead to the need to rethink the classical classification of the arts.

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Bъзвишеното като феномен на визуалните изкуства в европейския модернизъм (XIX–XX век)

Author(s): Juliana Hicheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Art in history has gone through many transitions and metamorphoses. The most saturated moment of transformations that gave impetus to its modern versions was experienced in the modernity of the twentieth century. The concentrated beginnings in its concepts developed into new autonomous arts. In this context, painting, photography, and cinema, along the way of their genealogy and development, are considered in the article as main points of reference towards one goal – that of the new sensibility. Photography, with its mechanical copying, diverts the focus from the mimesis in painting. The painter arrives at the motive for creating a work of art when he or she is attracted by the transcendental and empirical knowledge in the sensible world, but later it is the movement that reflects this longer process. The article traces the key forms on the path of striving for the sublime. It follows the philosophical premises from the Kant’s idea about the sublime which leads to the abstractionism in art conceived in Kandinsky’s theories, until it reaches the point where timeline is added to the picture space, seen through the eyes of Wim Wenders and his attitude. The analysis juxtaposes the figurative language and the game as aesthetic phenomena in the three media.

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Dimitrije Savić (1947-2023): Demetra: nerazrušiv spomenik njezinu tvorcu

Author(s): Mile Babić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 60/2024

Na samu izmaku prethodne godine iz Zagreba se proširila tužna vijest da je, nakon duljega pobolijevanja, umro Dimitrije Savić, veliki hrvatski nakladnik, čovjek koji je hrvatsku kulturu zadužio kao malo koji pojedinac prije njega, a pogotovo u njegovu vremenu. Vlastitim snagama svladavao je napore u nakladničkom poslu za koji se inače udružuju snage m noštva ljudi odgovarajućih struka i organizacijskih profi la. Dimitrije Savić strukom je bio fi lozof i politolog, a poslom prevodilac, priređivač i urednik. Potpuno samozatajno, ali promišljeno i hrabro, upustio se u ostvarenje misije da u hrvatsku kulturu unese ključna fi lozofska djela iz svih epoha, i to ne samo ona stvorena na Zapadu, nego i ona nastala na Istoku (na bliskome koliko i na dalekome). Od prvoga časa bio je svjestan da, objavljujući djela najvećih fi lozofa iz prošlosti i suvremenosti u prijevodu na hrvatski jezik, domaću kulturu obogaćuje i tako je uključuje u svjetsko fi lozofsko mišljenje. Posrijedi je pothvat pojedinca vrijedan divljenja, poštovanja i javnoga priznanja.

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Artistic Features of Armenian Liturgical Objects

Author(s): Mariam Vardanyan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The artistic features are the important provisions by which the ritual objects types and descriptions of different Christian churches can be characterized. In essence, identifying and grouping these features are the most complex processes. In this article, an attempt is made to present the artistic features of the ritual objects of the Armenian Church in general, interpreting them according to the types of objects. The ritual objects used during various rituals in the Armenian church, with their types and artistic features, developed and completed over time, forming a solid system, that both differs from and connects to the ritual objects of other Christian churches․ Armenian liturgical objects represent a set of Eastern, Western, and local traditions, forming the corresponding overall picture. The study of the objects shows that the system of design of objects was formed by including both Byzantine and later Western elements, mixing them with national artistic features, as a result of which a typical image of ritual objects was formed.

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Hope in Education as Hope in Love

Author(s): Zuzana Svobodová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Theology and Philosophy of Education is a journal dedicated to education. However, in what respect does it deal with education? What is the situation of current education? What is the main role of the school today? All articles from the first issue of the third volume of the journal Theology and Philosophy of Education are presented.

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Shaming as a Key Factor in the Process of Personality Disintegration

Author(s): David Krámský,Petr Nesvadba,Tomáš Římský / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The text interprets shame as a fundamental way of social-moral experience of the world. This moral emotion is then crucial for self-awareness and the constitution of relationships with others. It is in this specific bodily experience of Self and relation to others that the ambiguity of the depersonalised Self opens up.

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Historical Reconciliation: Hungarian Lessons

Author(s): Gábor Egry / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The article surveys attempts of historical reconciliation between Hungary and its neighbours after 1990. As Hungary’s neighbours are also successor states of the Kingdom of Hungary dissolved in 1918, their entangled history, often marred by violence and mutual discrimination was an important and conflictual issue around the change of regime. EU integration efforts led to attempts to implement historical reconciliation following the German model of Vergangenheitsbewältigung and Aufarbeitung and the Franco-German reconciliation. I argue that the result was ambiguous at best. Political tensions abated with all neighbours but without historical reconciliation. One reason for this failure was the division within the historiographic field that made politics easy to instrumentalize or intervene. Tensions receded more because politics started to abandon a historical argumentation in bilateral relations and tha could be a model to follow for states like North Macedonia and Bulgaria.

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EU Enlargement and Geopolitics: Is it Relevant Today?

Author(s): Spasimir Domaradzki / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

After the Russian full-scale invasion in Ukraine geopolitics has entered anew the European integration vocabulary. The EU official rhetoric consistently reiterates geopolitics as a driving factor for its renewed enlargement mobilization. The swift appearance of the enlargement perspective for Ukraine and Moldova as well as the pursiut of geopolitical momentum for the approximation with the Western Balkans countries provoked diverse reactions from enthusiasm to questions about the practical consequences for the EU, its enlargement policy and the particular member states. This article raises the argument that the EU’s geopolitical rhetoric plays much more important role in the search for an exit from the EU’s internal political deadlock, than as a genuinely new geopolitical boost that will revive or speed up the enlargement process. The geopolitical argument aims to instrumentalize the enlargement policy in search of a new step towards the deepening of the European integration, making enlargement a hostage to EU’s internal problems.

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In Search of Principles of Visegrad (Economic) Cooperation and its Inspiration for Bilateral Relations between North Macedonia and Bulgaria

Author(s): Michal Vít / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

This paper examines the economic cooperation within the Visegrád Four (V4) in the context of EU membership and its potential inspiration for bilateral relations between North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It explores the alignment of political values and economic relations in the V4, highlighting the EU’s role in fostering cross-border collaboration. The analysis delves into the shared priorities of the V4 towards EU enlargement and how these experiences can guide Western Balkan countries. It discusses the transformation of economic cooperation in the V4, emphasizing the strategic role of Germany and the evolution of regional dynamics. The paper also analyzes the challenges and limitations in applying the V4 model to Bulgarian-North Macedonian relations, considering the differences in historical experiences, economic convergence, and the impact of EU-driven Europeanization. It concludes by assessing the unique nature of bilateral relations in the context of EU integration and enlargement, emphasizing the need for a distinct approach for effective collaboration between Bulgaria and North Macedonia.

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Slovakia and North Macedonia: A Comparison of Experiences in Resolving Neighbourly Disputes

Author(s): Juraj Marušiak / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The aim of the present article is to compare the experiences of Slovakia and North Macedonia – countries with similar path of problematic nation-state formation and at the same time to identify to what extent Slovakia’s experience in improving relations with its neighbors can serve as an example of “good practice” for North Macedonia. In the case of Slovakia and North Macedonia, which have been chosen as the subject of comparative research, it is possible to speak of the existence of a number of “unresolved” problems in relations with neighboring states, which they have to face as newly “nationalizing” states. In the case of Slovakia, bilateral relations with Hungary are key, in the case of North Macedonia, relations with Greece and Bulgaria. The following research question is, what role the factor of Europeanization of internal and foreign policy played in this case. Paper is comparing the historical genesis of the disputes with the neighboring states as well as their nature and way of solution chosen by both countries. What they have in common is the lack of respect on the part of Bulgaria, or Hungary, for the sovereignty of the neighbouring states. As the issue of the status of minorities abroad is one of the highly sensitive topics of internal politics in both states, and similarly the so-called Hungarian card in Slovakia and the Bulgarian card in North Macedonia, the escalation of the above conflicts depends on the dynamics of internal political developments in the respective countries. For these reasons, there is little chance that a change in the positions of the two states could occur in the short term.

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For a Geopolitical Instead of Technocratic Approach to the EU Enlargement Process: Addressing the Aftermath of the Lifted Bulgarian Veto

Author(s): Katerina Kolozova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The paper argues that the European Commission and the Union itself ought to adopt a more hands-on political rather than technocratic approach to the issue of EU enlargement. In a context when Europe redefines geopolitics, including technology, science, education as well as combating climate change and digitalisation in its geopolitical self-repositioning, the issue of enlargement should be treated as an internal geopolitical concern of the European Union itself and not just as the concern of the applicant countries.

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The Pro-Russian Propaganda Machine in Bulgaria, and the Russian Style Representations of North Macedonia

Author(s): Dimitar Vatsov,Veronika Dimitrova,Ljubomi Donchev,Valentin Valkanov,Milena Iakimova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The article is based on the large-scale collective research on the topic "Anti-democratic propaganda in Bulgaria", within which an analysis of the national populist and (pro) Russian propaganda in the Bulgarian online media for 2013-2022 was made. This article sets out two main tasks: 1) To outline the global Russian narratives that circulated in the Bulgarian media space online from 2013 to 2022, as well as to outline the means and ways of their dissemination in 2022 - the year of the full-scale war against Ukraine. Part 1 is dedicated to answering these questions. 2) To show how the Russian propaganda package presents the fate of small countries in the global world: how it tries to tempt them to be "sovereign," while, at the same time, not recognizing their capacity to achieve sovereignty. It also shows how Bulgarian speakers denigrate North Macedonia in the same way that Russian propaganda denigrates Ukraine. This is explored in Part 2.

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Deportations from Macedonia and their Place in Bulgarian-Macedonian Relationships

Author(s): Stefan Detchev / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The proposed article reveals how the very deportation of Jews from Macedonia in March 1943 is intertwined and strongly depends on the ideas and memory in the two neighboring countries - the Republic of Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia - for the period of 1941-1944, the Holocaust itself, the subsequent time of communist rule, and the transition period after late 1980s and the beginning of 1990s. It shows how a peculiar beginning of the entry of the problem of the deportation of the Jews into the diplomatic quarrel along the Sofia-Skopje axis appeared in 1998. The following first decade of the new 21st century was distinguished by the strong and tangible presence of various Jewish worlds and narratives about the Jews of Macedonia and the old borders of Bulgaria during the Second World War. As a result the narratives about the deportation of Macedonian Jews and the salvation of Bulgarian ones fight each other. In recent years the international Jewish community, more often indirectly than directly, has played an important role in rounding, smoothing and refining both positions - the Bulgarian and the Macedonian one – with necessary corrections in both narratives.

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Venturi Philosophically Revisited (Robert Venturi and the revival of modernism)

Author(s): Astrit Salihu / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

This article explores the significant implications of Robert Venturi’s “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture” on architectural discourse. By delving into Venturi’s theoretical foundation, we gain an understanding of the evolution of discursive paradigms that have shaped architectural projects in recent years. The distinction between modern and postmodern architecture primarily hinges on the argument for the necessity of architectural inclusivity advocated by Venturi. This revision challenges the entire paradigm of modern architectural exclusivity. Venturi’s concept of complexity holds a crucial place in postmodern philosophical discourse, as exemplified by Lyotard. The incommensurability of language games, which Lyotard considers as an argument for the impossibility of reducing them to a single universal judgment, parallels the incommensurability of architectural elements. Venturi emphasizes that architectural elements should not be excluded from a universal architectural premise. This complexity introduces a nuanced situation, necessitating, according to Lyotard, a new kind of sensibility to appreciate their incommensurability. Meanwhile, in Venturi’s perspective, this situation reflects the complexity that must be realized in achieving a delicate balance between inclusion and the potential avoidance of an abusive unity of exclusion. The schemata used by Lyotard to describe the transformation and liberation of various linguistic contents are generally applicable in Venturi’s context, offering insights into the liberation of architectural content.

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Survival of the Human in the Flux of Language

Author(s): Miglena Nikolchina / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The lecture examines aspects of the political, intellectual, and artistic contexts which triggered Julia Kristeva’s lifelong theoretical exploration of the “psychic revolution of matter” and which led to the formation of some of Kristeva’s major concepts.

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