ISTORIJA KAIP NARATYVAS
2006 m. gruodžio 8 d. Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultete disertacijŕ Naratyvumo problema šiuolaikinëje istorijos filosofijoje gynë Filosofijos katedros doktorantas V. Žemgulis.
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2006 m. gruodžio 8 d. Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultete disertacijŕ Naratyvumo problema šiuolaikinëje istorijos filosofijoje gynë Filosofijos katedros doktorantas V. Žemgulis.
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The authors of the article argue that Arvydas Šliogeris’ philosophy, although prima facie very radical, is in its essence actually based on the striving for balance as its main intention. It is also argued that the thought of this philosopher revolves around the structures of balance. Looking at how, when and what kind of ontological givens and entities find their particular point of balance between certain polar opposites, helps to better understand the philosophy of Šliogeris as a complex conceptual whole as well as to reveal its deepest motivational grounds. Using the notion of balance as a starting heuristic point, the authors of the article present a novel reconstruction of Šliogeris’ thought. One of the results of this reconstruction is a conclusion that this philosophy might be viewed in terms of two distinct evolutionary stages.
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This paper discusses two versions of ontological hermeneutics. One concept of ontology is represented by Hans-Georg Gadamer, and another is represented by two Italian thinkers – Luigi Pareyson and Gianni Vattimo. These three philosophers share a belief that in post-metaphysical thought ontology is possible only as practical hermeneutics. However, the Italian philosophers Pareyson and Vattimo attain the practical approach in a different way than Gadamer. This paper states that the views herewith distinguished, i.e., those of Gadamer and Pareyson-Vattimo, are different in two aspects. The first difference is related to the manner these authors construct their concepts of hermeneutics. Gadamer sees hermeneutical ontology as a universal theory of understanding, whereas according to Pareyson and Vattimo we encounter a theory of interpretation. This aspect supposes the second point by which the distinction between the position of Gadamer and that of Pareyson and Vattimo becomes even clearer. The second difference is related to the manner they describe the praxis itself. In Gadamer’s philosophy hermeneutical praxis is, first of all, the dialogue which leads to understanding, whereas for Pareyson and Vattimo the hermeneutical praxis means the conflict.
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In this paper, I propose a logical-cognitive approach to argumentation and advocate an idea that argumentation presupposes that intelligent agents engaged in it are cognitively diverse. My approach to argumentation allows drawing distinctions between justification, conviction and persuasion as its different kinds. In justification agents seek to verify weak or strong coherency of an agent’s position in a dialogue. In conviction they argue to modify their partner’s position by means of demonstrating weak or strong cogency of their positions before a ‘rational judge’. My approach to argumentation employs a ‘light’ version of Dung’s abstract argumentative frameworks. It is based on Stich’s idea of agents’ cognitive diversity the epistemic aspect of which is argued to be close to Pavilionis’s conception of meaning continuum. To illustrate my contributions I use an example based on the Kitchen Debate (1959) between Khrushchev and Nixon.
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Andrius Bielskis. Apie filosofijos ir meno prasmę. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 2015. 138 p. ISBN 978-9955-19-741-6
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Emmanuel Levinas: A Radical Thinker in the Time of Crisis, Edited by Rita Šerpytytė. Vilnius: Vilnius University Publishing House, 2015. 214 p. ISBN 978-609-459-671-1
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Review of : Deleuze and Beckett. S. E. Wilmer and A. Žukauskaitė, Eds. Palgrave Macmillan; 2015. 253 p. ISBN-10: 1137481137
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Review of: Tomas Sodeika, Rita Šerpytytė, Danutė Bacevičiūtė. Ontologijos transformacijos: medijos, nihilizmas, etika. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. 2015. 272 p. ISBN 978-609-459-609-4
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Review of: Algis Mickūnas. Kosminė sąmonė. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2017. 175 p. ISBN 978-609-95089-4-8
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The article strives to show why one needs to discard the common conception of phenomenology, according to which phenomenology is a peculiar form of reflection that is grounded in the first-person point of view. Rather, an investigation can be identified as phenomenological in the Husserlian sense of the term if, and only if, it is based on three fundamental phenomenological principles, viz., epoché, phenomenological reduction and eidetic variation. These principles must be conceived as three irreplaceable phenomenological principles that make up the basis of pure phenomenology. These three principles are necessary, yet they are not sufficient: they must be supplemented with the principle of factual variation. The article argues that the incorporation of the principle of factual variation into the field of phenomenological research transforms pure phenomenology into dialogical phenomenology.
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This article presents the results of a broader research project which aims to argue for the normativity of scientific laws. Usually scientific laws are regarded as descriptive, which contrasts them to prescriptive norms. To show their normativity, I utilize the logical account of explicitly normative systems by Carlos Alchourrón and Eugenio Bulygin (1971). I identify the characteristic elements of normativity and analyse accounts of implicit normativity in science using those terms to show the affinities of explicit and implicit normativities. The research project continues with the substantiation of the normativity of scientific laws in detail and the results will be presented in Normativity of Scientific Laws (II) (Mets 2018).
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Nickles advocates scientific antirealism by appealing to the illusion hypothesis, the pessimistic induction over scientific theories, Darwin’s evolutionary theory, and the problem of underdetermination. I object that both the illusion hypothesis and evolutionary theory clash with the pessimistic induction and with the problem of underdetermination. I also argue that Nickles’s positive philosophical theories are subject to Park’s pessimistic induction over antirealists. Finally, I apply the Golden Rule to antirealists, viz., if antirealists do not want scientists to run the pessimistic induction over antirealists, antirealists ought not to run the pessimistic induction over scientific theories.
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It can be thought that Gorgias’ argument on the non-existence consists of three sentences, the first one being an asseveration and the other two being conditionals. However, this paper is intended to show that there is no conditional in the argument, and that the second and third sentences only appear to be so. To do that, a methodology drawn from the framework of the mental models theory is used, which seems to lead to the true logical forms of these last sentences as well.
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The article deals with the analysis of philosophy of education in Lithuania. The constatation of weakness of the philosophy of education is explained from two perspectives. The first one analyses a new situation of philosophy in general and changes of philosophy of education in the world, when researchers try to define the relationship between philosophy and education in a present day situation. And the other perspective describes a rather closed situation in the educational science in contemporary Lithuania, when philosophy as a methodology becomes an unrecognizable „educational" methodology. The danger of such situation is exposed in comparison with the postmodern theory about the power of educational discourse and control (Foucault). Finally some suggestions of how to change this situation in Lithuania are formulated.
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What is an ethnographic film today? The answer to this question is presented on the example of an oral history project conducted by the author and her research team in Cieszyn Silesia on both sides of the Polish-Czech state border, which consisted in collecting filmed narrative biographical interviews with elderly Silesian women. The film made of this material and the report on the work on it, as well as the discussion of traditional ethnographic films about the region constitute the context of considerations on the ethnographic film and an attempt to define this genre: it is primarily a (more or less) artistic documentation of a meeting with another human being, revealing his/her original voice, drawing attention to the cultural context of this meeting, based on thorough knowledge of the area, referring to important theoretical issues, reflecting the presence of researchers/filmmakers. The performative and subversive aspects are of great importance.
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The legacy of Jan Amos Comenius can be understood as a continuously professional and social discussion on the issues of education and learning. The article presents the idea formulated by J. A. Comenius in the Great Didactics: “If a person is to become a man, he must be educated“. In his work called “The gate of unlocked languages”, Comenius postulated the thought of respecting the natural, physical, spiritual and social development of a human - a child, a student and an adult. In the work “Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart”, Comenius characterizes learning as „difficult and bitter entry into life“. The article focuses on confronting the ideas of J. A. Comenius with the current, turbulent, electronic and digitalised times. The context results in the need for more investigation in the area of the didactic process in schools and further education. The author introduces suggestions connected with the improvement of the teaching processes at elementary and secondary schools as well as at universities and in adult education.
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