Kompetencje Adwokata Ludu w Rumunii.

Author(s): Viktoriya Serzhanova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The paper’s objective is to analyze the tasks and the detailed scope of competences of the Romanian Ombudsman called the People’s Advocate, who was created to protect rights and freedoms of the Romanian citizens and persons residing on the territory of Romania. This task is exercised by the Ombudsman with the help of certain legal instruments which he has been equipped with and which enable him to examine if the violation of rights has been committed by widely comprehended public administration authorities. In case such violation has occurred the People’s Advocate is entitled to conduct a proceedings aiming at redressing the wrong and materialize exercising the rights guaranteed to an individual by the Constitution, laws and international legal acts. The analysis of the People’s Advocate’s competences is also made from the perspective of the object and subject of his activity. This complex approach allows to precisely determine not only his rights but also his duties in the field of the protection of human rights exercised by him, as well as to estimate the level of their observance. It also enables to state if the model of Ombudsman introduced in Romania, which is a rather new institution, not known in its political system before, will become an effective one within the exercised by him tasks and if it will take root in the contemporary government and politics of the state.

Nowoczesne standardy wymiaru sprawiedliwości.

Author(s): Piotr Kluz,Marta Lech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

In the European legal culture evolved into a model of justice. This model reflects a legal tradition derived from Roman law and Canon law. It was based on the so-called principles, which include: openness of procedures, impartiality, discretion, professionalism and openness of procedures and the same proceedings. There by, it aspire to objectifi cation procedural steps, while judges detach from judgments or decisions. These standards have been saved in a number of acts of international law and in the constitutions of the various states, including the Constitution of Polish Republic. Modern judicial system provides advanced and equal access for all people not only to courts and tribunals but also to a just and public assessment of the case by a proper, independent and impartial court. In other words, it is one of the most fundamental human rights.

Wybrane zagadnienia prawnokonstytucyjne procedury ratyfikacyjnej Traktatu z Lizbony w Polsce

Author(s): Magdalena Bainczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2009

Dartmouth College v. Woodward - Freedom of Contracts and Private Education

Author(s): Monika Zbrojewska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

The case Dartmouth College v. Woodward set the constitutional principle of inviolability of contracts in the United States. This inviolability, or sanctity, of contracts has been since then considered the basic fact. Placed at a par with freedom of religion and the due process of law, the freedom of contracts has been treated as one of the most important individual rights. One of the effects of the decision in the case Dartmouth College v. Woodward was the establishment of a network of private schools and colleges, being the most powerful and most efficient system of education in the world. A system that, being independent of state authorities, is at the same time free and pluralistic

The Bill of Rights and Judicial Review in the American Constitution of 1787

Author(s): Andrzej Bryk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2004

Студентски есета

Author(s): Ianica Georgieva,Ivana Dqkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

CAUSA PERDUTA ЛИ E РЕФЕРЕНДУМЪТ В БЪЛГАРИЯ?

Author(s): Svetoslav Mishev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

Five referendums were held in Bulgarian history. The first one was in 1922 and concerned the verdict of the guilty ones for the two national catastrophes. The second one was in 1946 regarding the change from a monarchy to republic. The third one is from 1976, related to the adoption of a new constitution. The fourth one, held in 2013, concerned the construction of a new nuclear power plant. The last one in 2015 concerns the establishment of electronic voting. Three of those five referendums have no substantial consequences.

„ПРИВИЛЕГИРОВАН ДРУЖЕСТВЕН ДЯЛ” В ООД ЗА УГОВОРЕНОТО „ДРУГО” В РАЗПОРЕДБИТЕ НА ТЪРГОВСКИЯ ЗАКОН

Author(s): József Modra,Raya Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

This article discusses whether the term preference share may exist in a limited liability company. It explores some possible deviations from the legislative provisions by setting up privileges for certain partners, without infringing the fundamental principle for equality. In order to justify their statements, the authors apply comparative law methods using for basis the Bulgarian, Hungarian, German and Russian law. They point out relevant examples from the case law of the Supreme Court of Cassation

Студентски стихотворения

Author(s): Dobrinka Chankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞUNDAKİ ANAYASAL HAREKETLER

Author(s): Taha KARTAL / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 63/2024

This research succeeds in presenting an analysis of the distribution of Constitutional Movements, a critical juncture in the current evolution of the Ottoman Empire. The process that started with the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict in 1839 led to significant changes in the traditional political, legal and social structures of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent Constitutional movements took important steps in the cyclical development of political representation, mathematical and social dynamics. The research covers constitutional developments in Ottoman society in detail, through key events such as the Young Turk Movement and the Ottoman Constitutions. With the analysis carried out to reveal the political, social and cultural changes in this period, it is seen that constitutional movements played an important role in the participation of the general Ottoman Empire and the formation of modern Turkey. The capital of the research reveals the effects of constitutional changes in the Ottoman Empire not only in the political arena, but also in areas such as education, gender roles and the rights of minorities. In this context, it is important to emphasize that the constitutional developments of the last changes of the Ottoman Empire were an important phase that laid the foundations of modern Turkey. In this context, this research in the history of the Ottoman Empire includes a comprehensive effort to understand this critical period and makes a significant contribution to the literature in the fields of history, politics, science and social change.

ПО НЯКОИ ВЪПРОСИ ЗА ЗАСТРАХОВКА НА ЕМИСИЯ ОБЛИГАЦИИ, ИЗДАДЕНИ В УСЛОВИЯТА НА ПЪРВИЧНО ПУБЛИЧНО ПРЕДЛАГАНЕ

Author(s): Delyana Borislavova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Insurance on an issue of primary issued book-entry bonds can provide protection to bondholders against the risk of the issuer defaulting on a monetary obligation. Bulgarian national legislation does not explicitly provide for this method of security, but it is permissible in accordance with the application of the principle of freedom of contract. This paper examines the possibilities that this insurance contract should provide to bondholders in order to make the bond issue more attractive to investors in Bulgaria through the prism of the national and European legal framework. The insurance product also has the function of helping to enhance the credit rating of the bond issue. A consequence would be to facilitate the issuer in its task to raise funds through the bond market.

Çocuk İstismarını Anlamak: Etkileri ve Mücadelede Hukukun Rolü

Author(s): Oğuz Polat,Hilal Karayazı,Özlem Yiğitoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2024

Child abuse includes physical violence and punishment and physically harmful behavior towards children. This type of abuse can seriously affect children's physical and psychological health. Although called physical punishment, these behaviors can harm children's development and lead to long-term negative consequences. In Turkey, regulations have been made to protect and improve children's rights through many legal regulations, especially the Constitution. Physical violence used by parents and caregivers for disciplinary purposes is limited by laws protecting children, and measures to prevent violence against children are being increased in many countries. Research conducted in Turkey shows that violence against children at home is at an alarming level and is accepted as a cultural norm. This study focuses on examining physical violence against children, especially physical punishment administered by parents within the family. In this context, the definition, diagnosis, treatment of physical abuse and legal regulations on this subject were examined in this study. In addition, attention was drawn to the important role of professionals working with children (psychological counselors, teachers, doctors) in detecting and preventing abuse.

Zasady ustrojowe i prawa zasadnicze państw w polskiej myśli polityczno– prawnej w dobie II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Maciej Wojtacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2024

Celem artykułu było opisanie ewolucji ustrojowej II Rzeczypospolitej w kontekście zmian w systemie zasad konstytucyjnych, do których doszło w czasie prac nad zmianą konstytucji marcowej po roku 1926. W tym celu tekst podzielono na dwie części. W pierwszej przedstawiono genezę i typologię zasad ustrojowych państwa polskiego wypracowaną u progu niepodległości a także omówiono klasyfikacje praw zasadniczych państw oraz ich recepcję w polskiej myśli polityczno-prawnej w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. W drugiej części tekstu przedstawiono główne kierunki ewolucji zmiany ustrojowej w okresie międzywojennym.

The concept of liability for the degradation of the natural environment under Article 86 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

Author(s): Bartosz Rakoczy / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2024

Koncepcja odpowiedzialności w ochronie środowiska jest ujmowana w Konstytucjach w różny sposób, o ile w ogóle tą kwestię uregulowano w tego rodzaju akcie. Polski ustawodawca konstytucyjny należy do tej grupy prawodawców konstytucyjnych, którzy uregulowali kwestie odpowiedzialności prawnych w ochronie środowiska w sposób bezpośredni. Prawodawca konstytucyjny uregulował ta kwestię w art. 86 Konstytucji Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej.W systemie Prawa Polskiego odpowiedzialność prawna w ochronie środowiska została powiązana z powszechnym obowiązkiem każdego dbałości o stan środowiska. Sama ustawa zasadnicza określa dwa desygnaty tej odpowiedzialności. Po pierwsze jest to odpowiedzialność osobista za spowodowane przez siebie skutki. Po drugie jest to odpowiedzialność za pogorszenie stanu środowiska.Wyraźnie zatem wskazano, że jest to model odpowiedzialności indywidualizowanej, a także odpowiedzialności, która jest skutkiem pogorszenia stanu środowiska. Część instytucji Prawa ochrony środowiska powiązanych z odpowiedzialnością nie wytrzymuje jednak testu zgodności z Konstytucją. Trudno bowiem dopatrzeć się pogorszenia stanu środowiska w naruszeniu obowiązków sprawozdawczych i informacyjnych. Rodzi się zatem pytanie o konstytucyjność odpowiedzialności prawnej za naruszenie tych obowiązków.Dodatkowo należy wskazać, iż pogorszenie stanu środowiska musi być skutkiem naruszenia konstytucyjnego obowiązku dbałości o stan środowiska. Takie powiązanie wynika z samej konstrukcji art. 86 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i użytego przez prawodawcę spójnika „i”. Model koncepcji odpowiedzialności w ochronie środowiska w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jest modelem powiązanym z powszechnym obowiązkiem, a nie np. z obowiązkami Państwa, czy też władz publicznych. Stanowi nowoczesne rozwiązanie uświadamiające każdemu, że współczesne problemy ochrony środowiska nie dotyczą tylko Państwa, a ich rozwiązanie winno być wspólną domeną wszystkich podmiotów prawa. Wzmacnia także osobistą świadomość każdego w kontekście ciążących na nim obowiązków środowiskowych.

Здравно-информационен юридически справочник 01.03-30.06.2024 г.

Author(s): Lilia Monova-Asenova,Veska Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

Právo zločineckej povahy: Nesplnená domáca úloha v oblasti trestnoprávneho vyrovnania sa s minulosťou

Author(s): Martin Slávik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2024

The document discusses the challenges and importance of addressing criminal acts committed during the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. It highlights the legal and moral implications of prosecuting these crimes, emphasizing the necessity of justice for societal security and the erosion of public trust if crimes go unpunished. The text compares the approaches of Czechoslovakia and Germany in dealing with their respective pasts, noting the differences in outcomes and public perception. It also touches on the legislative and judicial hurdles faced in prosecuting former regime officials, including issues of legal retroactivity and the influence of political changes on the process. The document underscores the ongoing struggle to reconcile with the past and the impact of these efforts on contemporary democratic values and legal principles.

EVALUAREA EXTRAORDINARĂ A JUDECĂTORILOR CSJ I ÎNFIINȚAREA COMISIEI DE EVALUARE A INTEGRITĂȚII CANDIDAȚILOR LA FUNCȚIA DE MEMBRU ÎN ORGANELE DE AUTOADMINISTRARE ALE JUDECĂTORILOR I PROCURORILOR SAU RISCUL ASERVIRII PUTERII JUDECĂTORETI?

Author(s): Iulian Rusanovschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

In a continuous attempt to reform the judiciary in the Republic of Moldova, the Parliament and the Government have amended and adopted several normative acts that allow the evaluation of judges and prosecutors by a Commission formed by 6 members, three of them citizens of the Republic of Moldova elected by the Parliamentary majority, and the other three, foreign citizens proposed by the development partners of the Republic of Moldova. The draft Law on the Supreme Court of Justice provides in art. 13 the fact that all judges of the Supreme Court of Justice will be evaluated extraordinarily depending on the date of entry into force of this law, including those suspended. The extraordinary assessment is provided for, more recently, in the Law on the Prosecutor’s Office. These legislative changes, in addition to giving the politician direct and unconstitutional control over the judicial power, represent a surrender of sovereignty in favour of foreign states or supranational international bodies. To understand in depth the risk of implementing this system of extraordinary evaluation of judges and prosecutors, we will successively analyze the notions of sovereignty, judicial power and the principle of its independence, but also the necessity or constitutionality of implementing the extraordinary evaluation system of magistrates. Basically, we believe that an evaluation of judges and prosecutors would be opportune, but the members of such a Commission cannot be foreign citizens or persons appointed by a political body, precisely to exclude political interference in the judiciary. The political character of these normative acts but also the tendency of the executive to control the judicial power has already been sanctioned by the Constitutional Court by declaring some phrases from Law no. 26/2022 as unconstitutional.

Alternatives to Judicial Balancing: Interpretative-subsumptive Method according to Juan Antonio García Amado

Author(s): Marin Keršić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The paper deals with the problem of conflicts between fundamental rights by presenting and analysing one of the possible methods for the resolution of such conflicts. The method in question is the so-called interpretative-subsumptive method, developed by Spanish legal philosopher Juan Antonio García Amado. The interpretative-subsumptive method represents an alternative to the mainstream method used for the resolution of conflicts between fundamental rights – judicial balancing, and particularly the version developed by Robert Alexy. After the introduction, interpretative-subsumptive method is contextualised by presenting Garcia Amado’s ideas which are of relevance for the inquiry – his inclusive legal positivist views, the theory of legal interpretation he ascribes to and his understanding and typology of fundamental rights and their conflicts. After that, in the central section of the paper, the theoretical framework of the interpretative-subsumptive method is presented, along with its application to a Spanish Supreme Court case, followed by the criticism that has been raised and ending with conclusions.

Skutki prawne wyboru Prezesa Rady Ministrów przez Sejm w trybie art. 154 ust. 3 Konstytucji

Author(s): Radosław Grabowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The opinion refers to the procedure of the appointment of the Council of Ministers under the basic procedure and the so-called reserve procedures provided for in the Polish Constitution. The author cites the constitutional principle of legalism, and the directive of cooperation to show the assumptions of the parliamentary-cabinet system. The analysis considers the procedure for the election of the Prime Minister in view of the prerogatives of the President and the powers of the Sejm depending on the mode of appointment of the new Council of Ministers. The opinion indicates that the President’s designation of the Prime Minister in the primary procedure is not arbitrary, and the selection must respect the Sejm’s majority. On the other hand, in the case of the selection of the Prime Minister by the Sejm under the reserve procedure, it does not imply automatic assumption of office, since it is necessary for the President to first issue a nomination order and take the oath of office from the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

Report from the Czech-Croatian Colloquium in Legal Theory

Author(s): Václav Lipš / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The Czech-Croatian Colloquium in Legal Theory held on May 24, 2024, at the Faculty of Law, Charles University, organized by the Czech Association for Legal and Social Philosophy, the event marked the beginning of collaboration between Czech and Croatian academic institutions in legal theory. The colloquium featured four thematic blocks: Law and Responsibility, Application of Law, Legal Argumentation and Doctrinal Research, Functions and Challenges of Law, and Human Rights and Balancing. Contributions included discussions on group rights, liability in Czech private law, errors in judicial application of law, and the effectiveness of law. The event also addressed the fragmentation of law, legal personhood, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on constitutional imperatives. The colloquium concluded with a critique of natural rights and a call for future academic cooperation between the two countries.