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»Hude osebne, družinske ali gmotne razmere«: socialni razlogi za splav in uvedba socialne indikacije v slovensko zakonodajo

Author(s): Sara Pistotnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 101/2022

In the article, I discuss the expansion of access to abortion in Slovenia since the1960s, in particular the introduction of social indications as a separate category of legally accepted reasons for it. I describe legal regulations, the role of social workers in Commissions granting abortion, and the practice of decision-making with regard to social reasons, i.e., which individual, family and social circumstances were considered legitimate to grant an abortion. Since such requests became dominant immediately after the introduction of social indications, the practice of decision-making can help us acknowledge social norms during socialism. In particular, this refers to a shift from understanding abortion as a medical problem to understanding social circumstances leading women to seek it and a change in the state’s focus towards creating the conditions for family planning policies.

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Bringing Order to the Muslim Family: Aleksandr Golitsyn and Imperial/Colonial Law for the Muslim Family

Author(s): Rozaliya Garipova / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2022

On August 25, 1822, the Minister of Spiritual Affairs and Enlightenment, Aleksandr Golitsyn, wrote a letter to the Orenburg military governor, Petr Kirillovich Essen, introducing a new project of compiling rules concerning marital and family issues among the Muslims of the Orenburg province. Golitsyn initiated this compilation as a result of a complaint by a certain Muslim (subject) on a wrong decision by the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly in his marital case. He also requested information and an opinion on this case from the Orenburg civil governor. In response, the civil governor reported about various "disorders" in Muslim families, their negative consequences, and offered his opinion about the measures that could be taken to stop those disorders. As a result of this correspondence, Golitsyn decided to compile rules on Muslim marriage. In his letter to the military governor, he underlined that he had already consulted the Tauride 2 Mufti and the Tauride Muslim Spiritual Assembly 3 about the appropriateness of these rules and their conformity to Muslim laws and traditions. The Crimean (Tauride) Mufti approved the fact that "the rules on marriage were in accordance with Muslim laws and customs."4 Golitsyn also inquired with the Orenburg civil governor whether the rules were in accordance with the local civil laws and whether it was a good idea to translate the laws into "the local Tatar language, spoken in Orenburg province" and later publish them in Tatar.

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Sprawiedliwość polityczna i trybunały ludowe w powojennych Węgrzech (1945–1950) w świetle badań węgierskich historyków

Author(s): Domokos Szokolay / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2022

Trybunały ludowe to specjalne organy sądowe, które powołano na Węgrzech po II wojnie światowej. Działały od lutego 1945 roku do 1 kwietnia 1950 roku. W tym okresie na mocy ustawy nr VII z 1945 roku postawiono przed nimi ponad 59 tys. osób. Ich praca w połączeniu ze ściganiem zbrodniarzy wojennych stała się jednak kontrowersyjnym narzędziem zmiany ustroju, która miała mieć charakter demokratyczny. Z jednej strony trybunały te próbowały przekazać społeczeństwu demokratyczne wartości nowego porządku politycznego, lecz z drugiej – sprawiedliwość polityczna coraz bardziej służyła dążeniu do zdobycia władzy przez Węgierską Partię Komunistyczną. Jak dotąd nie ukazało się żadne kompleksowe opracowanie historii węgierskich trybunałów ludowych. W artykule skupiam się głównie na najnowszych pracach historyków, w tym autorów, którzy na przestrzeni lat zapoznali się ze znaczną liczbą postępowań przed tymi organami sądowymi.

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Romanian Diplomacy during the First Half of the 19th Century

Author(s): Cristinel Ioan Murzea / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl/2022

The influence of international relations after the 1815 Vienna Congress has defined the relation and equilibrium of forces in Europe; at the same time, it would cause the „oriental crisis” to become a general issue, much like the issue of the Romanian principates which started to state their legitimate claims regarding the right to social and national emancipation, all converging towards the diplomatic effort necessary for the creation of a national, independent state, in accordance with the objectives stated in the Dacian-Roman ideology.

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Kes kellega kohut käis? Vallakohtuprotokollide analüüs

Author(s): Kersti Lust,Siim Orasmaa,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2023

The article maps the conflicts of the village people using the example of the court histories of four North Estonian municipalities, to explain who went to court with whom, how often and for what matters in the years 1867–1891, and to assess how court-loving Estonian villagers were. The frequency analysis and network analysis of the court records confirm that the court was rarely and randomly approached: depending on the municipality, one person sued less than 1.5 times on average and responded 1.4-1.9 times. The structures of the networks are rather scattered: instead of resolving repeated conflicts, the courts dealt with individual cases and many different plaintiff-defendant pairs. Among the frequent plaintiffs, the owners of cattle and semi-manors, innkeepers, municipal officials, one landowner and some farmers stood out.

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Role of the Higher Economic Education for the Development of Economic Activity in Varna

Author(s): Darina Dimitrova,Diana Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the role of the higher economic education in the Higher School of Commerce, which was founded by entrepreneurs and whose successor is the University of Economics - Varna, for the training of highly qualified personnel for the economy and for the development of economic activity in the region. The Higher School of Commerce was opened by Order No. 7177 of 28 September 1920 of the Minister of Commerce, but even before the opening of the first Bulgarian universities, Bulgarians began to seek to acquire knowledge for the needs of the developing commercial activity during the Renaissance. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between higher economic education and entrepreneurship - at the time of the establishment of the Higher school and our modern times - in the light of a historical overview. The practical necessity of analyzing the tendencies and challenges for the future development of the university stems from its contribution to the training and professional realization of student-economists. In conclusion and as a result of the research, conclusions and summaries are made regarding the role of the higher economic education for the economic development of the Varna region.

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Okupacja czy zawładnięcie. Powojenne spory polskich prawników co do statusu prawnego niemieckiego podboju ziem polskich

Author(s): Joanna Lubecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2021

Wybitni polscy prawnicy – profesorowie Ludwik Ehrlich i Antoni Peretiatkowicz – którzy byli biegłymi w procesach przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym (NTN) w zakresie prawa międzynarodowego, wywiedli, że atak na Polskę nie wyczerpuje znamion wojny w sensie prawnym, rządy Rzeszy na zajętych ziemiach polskich nie były więc okupacją, lecz „bezprawnym zawładnięciem cudzym obszarem drogą gwałtu i przymusu”. Taka kwalifikacja prawna agresji niemieckiej na Polskę zmienia zasadniczo prawa i obowiązki najeźdźcy (bo nie okupanta) oraz prawa „ludności na zawładniętym obszarze”. Celem artykułu będzie ukazanie argumentów prawników w dyskusji nad statusem prawnym z jednej strony Niemców jako najeźdźców, z drugiej zaś obywateli państwa polskiego w trakcie II wojny światowej. Dlaczego biegli nie chcieli uznać „stanu okupacji”, jakie implikacje mogła pociągnąć taka kwalifikacja prawna? Jakimi argumentami posłużyli się przeciwnicy rzeczonej konstrukcji?

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Occupation or Seizure: A Dispute Between Polish Lawyers as to the Legal Status of the German Conquest of Polish Territory

Author(s): Joanna Lubecka / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The eminent Polish lawyers, Profs. Ludwik Ehrlich and Antoni Peretiatkowicz, who were called upon as experts in international law in trials before the Supreme National Tribunal, concluded that the attack on Poland did not bear the hallmarks of war in a legal sense; the rule of the Reich in the Polish lands was not so much an occupation, but more an “unlawful seizure of land through violence and coercion.” This legal qualification of German aggression against Poland fundamentally changes the rights and obligations of the invader (not occupier) and the rights of “the population of a seized area.” The aim of the paper will be to present the arguments of lawyers in the discussion on the legal status of Germans as invaders and, on the other hand, citizens of the Polish state during the Second World War. Why did experts refuse to recognize the “state of occupation,” and what implications could such a legal qualification have? What arguments were used by opponents of such a construction?

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Władze miasta Łucka w drugiej połowie XVI i XVII wieku: konflikty wewnętrzne spowodowane nadużyciami władzy

Author(s): Natalia Biłous / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2022

This article aims to shed light on the internal conflicts in Lutsk in the late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, which were caused by abuses of power by the hereditary mayors (Polish: wojtowie) and municipal officials. Disputes took place over managing the urban economy and finances due to the unequal distribution of tax burdens between different groups of burghers. Many conflicts were related to access to the municipal authorities and abuses in the municipal judiciary. The policy of the city’s authorities provoked resistance from the townspeople, but the municipal community did not manage to buy out the office of the mayor and establish the representation of the so-called third order (i.e. the representatives of commoners in the municipal authorities).

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Ile jurysty w Piotrze Czyżewskim? Uwagi o prawie rzymskim w Alfurkanie tatarskim, siedemnastowiecznym paszkwilu na litewskich Tatarów

Author(s): Kacper Żochowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2022

Alfurkan tatarski prawdziwy na czterdzieści części rozdzielony (A Genuine Tatar Al Furqan Divided into Forty Parts) is a pasquinade on the Lithuanian Tatars written and published in the seventeenth century. Although it was published in Vilnius under the name of Piotr Czyżewski, there is a continued discussion as to who described the Tatars’ history, customs and position by placing them in a broad context, including a historical and legal one. The arguments presented in the Alfurkan he illustrated with examples from the works of ancient and medieval authors, including references to Roman law. The article attempts to answer to what extent those references were done accurately and with understanding. Thus, the article’s author first identifies the ancient legal content present in the Alfurkan; then, he considers the question of what the errors, manipulations and the specific choice of sources say about the Alfurkan’s author.

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Recenzje

Author(s): Szymon Bauman,Krzysztof Syta,Wojciech Krawczuk,Piotr Okniński,Jakub Rogulski,Tomasz Kałuski,Michał Bartoszak,Adam Poznański,Adam Kozak,Szymon Titkow,Wojciech Świeboda,Witold Garbaczewski,Tomasz Walczak,Michał Kulpa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 60/2022

Review of: John Bryant, Płynny tekst. Teoria zmienności tekstów i edytorstwa w dobie książki i ekranu, tłum. Łukasz Cybulski, Filologia XXI, t. 13, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa 2020, ss. 286, il. Medieval Documents as Artefacts. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Codicology, Palaeography and Diplomatics, red. E[ef] C. Dijkhof, współpr. A[mand] Berteloot, J[os] A.A.M. Biemans, J[an] W.J. Burgers i in., Schriften Schriftdragers in de Nederlanden in de Middeleeuwen, t. 6, Verloren, Hilversum 2020, ss. 432, tabl., il. Grzegorz Śnieżko, Moneta w Polsce za panowania Bolesława III Krzywoustego, cz. 1–2, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2021, ss. 330, il., płyta CD Anna Horeczy, Recepcja włoskiej kultury intelektualnej w krakowskim środowisku uniwersyteckim w drugiej połowie XIV i w pierwszej połowie XV wieku, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2021, ss. 459 Piotr Kołpak, Kult świętych patronów Królestwa Polskiego w czasach Jagiellonów, Monografie Towarzystwa Naukowego Societas Vistulana, t. 4, Towarzystwo Naukowe Societas Vistulana, Kraków 2020, ss. 431 + [5]+ 42 il. barwne Księgi ławnicze krakowskie z lat 1408–1417. Księgi wójtowskie krakowskie. Fragmenty z lat 1411–1412, wyd. Marcin Starzyński, współpr. Patrycja Wiencierz, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, seria 2: Pomniki Prawa Polskiego, dział 3: Prawo miejskie, t. 4, Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Warszawa–Kraków 2020, ss. 180 + 2 nlb., il. 2 Lidia Grzybowska, Kazania „de tempore” i „de sanctis” Mikołaja z Błonia. Zarys monografii, Studia Staropolskie. Series Nova, t. 50 (106), Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2020, ss. 544 Michał Spandowski, współpr. Sławomir Szyller, opisy opraw oprac. Maria Brynda, tłum. Elżbieta Olechowska, Catalogue of Incunabula in the National Library of Poland, t. 1–2, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 2020, ss. 695 + 382 Pieczęcie królów i królowych polskich do 1572 r., oprac. Janusz Bonczkowski, Dariusz Chyła, Marcin Hlebionek, Mateusz Superczyński, red. Marcin Hlebionek, tłum. Edyta Grotek, Katalog Pieczęci Archiwum Państwowego w Toruniu, t. 1, Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu, Toruń 2020, ss. 195, il. Steven Thiry, Matter(s) of State. Heraldic Display and Discourse in the Early Modern Monarchy (c. 1480–1650), Heraldic Studies, t. 2, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2018, ss. 401, il. Andrzej Tadeusz Staniszewski, Historyje krakowskie. Funkcjonowanie narracyjnych tekstów popularnych we wczesnonowożytnej aglomeracji krakowskiej, Terminus. Bibliotheca Classica. Seria 2, t. 8, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2020, ss. 320 + [8] tablic Teki Górskiego (sygn. BOZ 2053), cz. 1: Teki I–XV, cz. 2: Teki XVI–XXIX, cz. 3: Indeksy, oprac. Patryk Sapała, Katalog Rękopisów Biblioteki Narodowej, seria 3: Zbiory Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamojskiej, t. 7, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 2020, ss. 770 + 729 + 314 Maciej Matwijów, Zbiory materiałów życia publicznego jako typ książki rękopiśmiennej w czasach staropolskich (1660–1760), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2020, ss. 574, il. Sygillograficzne raviciana ze zbiorów Muzeum Ziemi Rawickiej, oprac. Henryk Pawłowski, Muzeum Ziemi Rawickiej, Prof-Art, Rawicz–Sieradz 2020, ss. 36, 64 il. barwnych

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İSLAM HUKUKUNDA VAKFIN KARAKTERINI DEĞIŞTIRMEK. HACI HODABARDI VAKFI ÖRNEGI

Author(s): Atavulla SAVUR / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 58/2023

The issue of changing the form of the endowment is an old issue that the ancient jurists spoke about. Some of them looked at the issue with a view of interest, and if they saw the interest, they permitted it, whether the endowment was an investment or utilitarian endowment. The purpose of the endower of the investment endowment is to provide the revenue for the endowment, and changing it from one form to another does not take him out of the circle of investment, and for this there is no need for stagnation and strictness. As for the purpose of the endower of the usufruct endowment, the endowment is to benefit the endowment from the original endowment, and to convert it into an investment that takes it out of the circle of benefit, and for this it must be strict in changing it more than changing an investment endowment from one form to another. Hajj Khoda Bardi endowment is a residential endowment located in Al-Masfalah neighborhood in Makkah AlMukarramah, approximately 600 meters from the Holy Kaaba. It was endowed by Hajj Khoda Bardi from the state of Khotan, East Turkistan in 1933 AD. Since 2008, the endowment has been transformed into an investment endowment. Al-Nazir rented a building for the benefit of the endowment, and the beneficiaries lived in it. The research deals with the ruling of this conversion in terms of jurisprudence.

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THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS ON COMBATING CYBERCRIME ON ROMANIAN LEGISLATION

Author(s): Oana Elena Gălățeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

Computer crime is one of the serious forms of cross-border crime, with its own manifestation features, which often make it difficult for the perpetrators to identify them. In this field of transnational crime, the different ways of interpreting certain legal terms of his own, as well as the various sanctions applicable at national level, represent obstacles in the conduct of police and criminal judicial cooperation, at least at European level. However, there are also some sectors of this crime, in which a unitary interpretation of relevant terms has been achieved, and among them is that of cybercrime. The present study presents the concrete concerns and norms elaborated at European level in this field of cybercrime, as well as the way in which Romania understood, from the perspective of the criminal law, to comply with these European norms. In this regard, all the legal provisions, adopted at national level for the prevention and combating of this serious form of crime- the computer one- which, as observed worldwide, are gaining scope and, extremely quickly, new and ingenious modalities are specified of achievement.

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GENDER EQUALITY, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, AS HUMAN PERSONS, TO LIFE AND RELIGION, AS LANDMARKS IN PASTORAL COUNSELING

Author(s): Călin-Daniel Paţulea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

Gender differences arouse the interest of students and individuals involved in the work of psychological and pastoral counseling, approaching the client with respect regardless of gender and religious orientation. Acknowledging the importance of the environment from which the person requesting our help comes from, the availability of individual change, the respect given to it, are the specific factors of the pastoral counseling activity. The objectives of the study are represented by an incursion into the creation of women and gender equality in the thinking of the priestly and Jahvist theologians, present contribution in Holy Scripture, the status of women, its gender equality in the Old Testament environment, in Judaism, in the New Testament, as well as in the thinking of the Magisterium, its right to life and religion. The resulting principles and practical considerations will certainly support the activity of pastoral counseling.

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"William Partlett and Herbert Küpper. The Post-Soviet as Post-Colonial: A New Paradigm for Understanding Constitutional Dynamics in the Former Soviet Empire"

Author(s): Arina Dmitrieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

Review of: William Partlett and Herbert Küpper. The Post-Soviet as Post-Colonial: A New Paradigm for Understanding Constitutional Dynamics in the Former Soviet Empire. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. 288 pp. ISBN 9781802209433

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КРИВИЧНО ДЕЛО ФАЛСИФИКОВАЊА НОВЦА У ФРАНЦУСКОЈ ОД РЕВОЛУЦИЈЕ ДО КРАЈА 19. ВЕКА

Author(s): Milica Marinković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 185/2023

From the very beginning of the Revolution, the new authorities had to deal with counterfeiters who made ample use of the revolutionary upheaval and powerlessness to ply their trade. The National Assembly and the Convention passed dozens of laws and decrees dedicated to counterfeiting money, and the general tendency was to repress it as harshly as possible. Napoleonic legislation, headed by the Penal Code of 1810, followed the same path. Counterfeiting money was an attack on state sovereignty, as evidenced by unusually severe penalties. Later amendments to the Criminal Code, made in 1832 and 1864, softened the harsh penalties from the first edition of the Code, but the legal minimum was still high. The real social danger of this criminal offense was not proportionate to the severity of the legal framework that regulated it. In practice, the most often forged copper coins are of almost insignificant value, and as a rule, counterfeits were of poor quality and could not cause much damage in the circulation of goods and services. Bearing this in mind, it becomes clearer that the object of protection of strict laws was not material goods of low value, but state sovereignty.

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КО ЈЕ МОГАО БИТИ СВЕДОК У СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНОМ СРПСКОМ ПРАВУ?

Author(s): Nina Kršljanin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

Medieval Serbian regulations of domestic origin do not contain systematic norms about witnesses and testimony, but only a few incidental mentions. On the other hand, in the transplanted Rhomaian (Byzantine) collections - the Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo) of St. Sava and the Abbreviated Syntagma of Matthew Blastares, there are numerous regulations on how witnesses give statements and, even more, whose testimony is considered acceptable. Many years ago, Soloviev assessed that it was not necessary for Dušan’s Code to delve into this matter “because the numerous provisions of Byzantine law (...) exhausted the subject matter.” However, one must question how applicable these norms were in the law of medieval Serbia. Although judicial records have not been preserved, occasional mentions of testimony at assemblies or witnesses to the drafting of contracts can still provide us with a view of the practice. With a focus on those sources, this paper will try to show at least a partial picture of witnesses in medieval Serbian law. Special attention will be paid to the issue of women’s testimony.

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THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN’S INHERITANCE RIGHTS

Author(s): Đorđe Raković,Mirjana Miškić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The development of female inheritance rights was marked by patriarchal conditioning. In most of the ancient legal systems, women could become heirs if they were legally married to their husband (testator) or if they were daughters without a male relative (brother). According to the Code of the Twelve Tables, a woman could inherit only if she were married into manus and a daughter, if she were person alieni iuris, under paternal power. Thus, the daughter, going to the groom’s house, would lose her inheritance rights towards her family. These provisions were not considered discriminatory in the context of the times. The Code treated the son who would leave the family authority equally. However, the heir son as a potential pater familias had become a more desirable successor over time. The author will try to show that family affection towards the male heir deeply conditioned the development of inheritance rights and the formation of the attitude that women have no right to family property. Unfortunately, even though the current regulations have long been non-discriminatory towards women, the established understanding still affects women or daughters renouncing their inheritance rights in favor of a male relative.

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ОКО САДРЖАЈА И ПРЕВОДА НОРМЕ О ШТЕТНОМ ИМАЊУ ИЗ ГЛАВЕ 47. ЗАКОНОПРАВИЛА – ПРИЛОГ ПРОУЧАВАЊУ РЕЦЕПЦИЈЕ ПРАВА

Author(s): Đorđe Stepić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

Until Dušan’s legislative work, the most important general act of the legal system of the Nemanjić state was the Nomocanon, i.e. The Zakonopravilo of Saint Sava. This compendium of secular and ecclesiastical law included Rhomean law, in addition to the “City Law” - Procheiron, and a number of civil law regulations from previous times. The subject of this work will be the beginning of chapter 9 of Justinian’s 120 novella (Nov. 120, 9, pr), which found its way to chapter 47 of the Code of Laws, and which concerns the issue of church property, more precisely - the issue of the issue of the Church acquiring sterile possessions - unprofitable lands. The goal of the research is to point out the various changes made by the redactor by transferring (transplanting) this commandment into Serbian law, as well as the possible reasons for this nomotechnical procedure. On the other hand, the topic will also include the contemporary understanding of the text of the 25th rule in Chapter 47, title 2, ch. 1 of the Zakonopravilo in the light of both previous translations of this work into the modern Serbian language - the translation of Ilovičkо Zakonopravilo and Sarajevsko Zakonopravilo. The purpose of this approach is not only to understand the way of reception to Serbian law, but also to recognize the importance of primary sources and a versatile approach when studying and translating old sources of law.

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Proces proti podpornikom Matjaževe vojske v Sevnici: primer Marije Košir

Author(s): Mateja Čoh Kladnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2021

At the beginning of December 1949, seven young people were convicted at the trial in Brežice for allegedly being members of an illegal “organization by the name of Matjaž's Army” In Sevnica. Its aim was supposedly to violently overthrow the existing state system. Six months later, the court convicted five alleged supporters of the concerned illegal organization. The State Security Administration (Udba) arrested them immediately before the Brežice trial, imprisoned them in Brežice and interrogated them. At the end of February 1950, they were transported to Ljubljana. They were convicted at a trial on 24 May 1950. Among the convicts was also Marija Košir, the wife of Jožef Košir, one of the alleged main organizers of Matjaž's Army who was convicted at the Brežice trial. Marija Košir was sentenced to a year and a half of penal labour because in 1949 she had allegedly known about the existence and operation of the illegal organization and not reported it to the competent state authorities (Udba). In 1995, she was judicially rehabilitated following a request to renew the proceedings. In 2018, Commission for the Implementation of the Redressing of Injustices Act granted her the status of a former political prisoner.

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