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To understand contemporary geopolitics, especially Polish geopolitics you have to refer to the history. Polish geopolitical philosophy has flourished in a crucial period in the history of the country - the To understand contemporary geopolitics, especially Polish geopolitics you have to refer to the history. Polish geopolitical philosophy has flourished in a crucial period in the history of the country - the time of the fall of the First Republic and partitions. Sketch of Polish geopolitics is well composed into the broader plan of European thought. This is not just a simpple analitycal exercise. Article contains the suggestion, that the events, experiences and geopolitical configurations may exhibit amazing repeatability.
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The abundance of diverse and well-preserved natural features specific heritage and anthropogenic factors make the territory of the Middle Rhodopes attractive for tourism during all seasons of the year. Many of the villages in the region over the past 20 years have established themselves as destinations for rural tourism. The paper summarized the results conducted among residents of the municipalities of Plovdiv, Pazardzhik and Stara Zagora survey on opinions and attitudes towards rural tourism product in the region of the Middle Rhodopes. As was clear from the responses to the survey, residents of large cities are the main users of rural tourism product, their opinion is very important and should be taken into account in the formation of rural tourism product. Most appeal ability factor for consumers (actual and potential), according to respondents’ presence of the original rural setting “precisely the essential content of rural tourism. Necessary, on the one hand, to keep the originality and authenticity of the region and objects, and another to create and convenience for tourists in terms of easy accessibility, infrastructure, quality of service and more. The aim of the article is to examine consumer interest in rural tourism product in the region of the Middle Rhodopes. So they explored the factors that attract users of rural tourism product in the region.
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Palestinian-Israeli conflict is accepted as one of the most important and complicated problems of the Middle East. No doubt, Palestine and Palestinian-Israeli conflict was not immune to the wave of Arab Spring that began with the popular demands for justice and freedom in Tunisia in the late 2010. In this framework this study will examine the reflections of the Arab Spring on Palestine, UN recognition of Palestine as an “non-member observer state” as a result of Palestinian administration’s internationalization strategy, and the impact of all these developments on Palestinian Israeli conflict.
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Il y a plus d’un demi-siècle, dans un compte-rendu d’une grande acribie savante, fait pour le premier volume de la seconde édition de l’opus fondamental de Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, I, Die byzantinische Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker, Berlin, 1958, inséré dans le périodique Византийский временник, XVI, 1959, p. 271–287, Alexander Kazhdan a inclus le texte original d’un court traité de géographie réalisé par un auteur byzantin anonyme, mais sans y annexer cependant quelque commentaire. Son manuscrit est gardé dans les fonds du Musée d’Histoire de l’Etat, à Moscou (No. 415/509, pages 76–77 verso). Ce traité anonyme reflète les connaissances géographiques accumulées à un moment donné à propos de l’espace terrestre, tout en faisant aussi mention du nom de la Dacie, sous sa forme corrompue Δακεία, à la place de Δακία. Vu quele texte présentait un intérêt plus large et que, à ce que nous sachions, il n’avait pas encore attiré l’attention des spécialistes roumains, nous avons considéré nécessaire de le signaler dans une Addenda, jointe à une étude plus ancienne, réimprimée sur l’initiative des collègues de Bessarabie dans un volume paru aux Editions Cartdidact de Chişinău. A cette occasion-là j’ai formulé quelques considérations sur la description géographique byzantine, tout en précisant que celle-ci reflétait de façon prioritaire la structure de la mappemonde pendant l’Antiquité, l’auteur se permettant des rajouts infimes, avec des données afférentes à une période ultérieure, entre autres mentionnant les Hongrois (Ούγγροι). Peu avant l’apparition du volume de Chişinău, Sergey A. Ivanov a republié le texte de la description géographique dans un prestigieux périodique consacré à la civilisation byzantine de la capitale de la France, l’accompagnant d’une traduction en anglais et de certains commentaires, étude qui, par malheur, nous était inconnue à l’époque où nous avions rédigé l’Addenda à l’article dont on a fait mention. C’est pourquoi nous nous proposons, en l’occurrence – nous servant de l’ouvrage susmentionné –, de présenter la traduction roumaine pour le contenu du traité anonyme et de formuler quelques succinctes considérations en marge de celui-ci. Sergey A. Ivanov a observé que, à la différence de l’Europe Occidentale, où les informations du microtraité sont parfois erronées (par exemple la localisation de certaines provinces de la Gaule en Ibérie) et sommaires (ex.: on ignoredes centres urbains fameux, comme Rome, Venise etc.), les données sur le réseau urbain de l’Asie Mineure sont plus abondantes et plus correctes. Cette remarque concerne autant les villes byzantines, que celles détenues par les Turcs Seldjûqides, ce qui a permis l’hypothèse de l’origine anatolienne de l’auteur de cet ouvrage. D’autre part, il a avancé comme moment d’élaboration pour la description géographique la période comprise entre les années 1366–1390. Personnellement, on considère que ce diapason chronologique est de beaucoup trop restreint, c’est pourquoi il devrait être élargi pour le moins à la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle tout entière. Quant au nom de la Dacie, hormis son utilisation en connexion avec les réalités du monde antique au nord et au sud du Bas Danube, il a été employé au Moyen Age pour désigner la Danie / le Danemark (confusion parfois délibérée,d’autres fois inconsciente), mais aussi pour la nominalisation anachronique de certaines entités d’Etats de l’espace carpato-danubien disparues de la scène géopolitique continentale ou de certains territoires qui avaient acquis d’autres dénominations (Gothia, Gepidia, Avaria, Sclavonia, Patzinakia, Cumania, etc) après le recul de l’administration romaine et après le déferlement des grandes migrations germaniques et slaves. Parallèlement au nom de la Dacie, en différents écrits élaborés par les chroniqueurs et les lettrés byzantins à la fin du premier millénaire et à la première moitié du millénaire suivant on enregistre l’emploi à sens archaïsant de l’ethnonyme Daces, désignant les Serbes, les Hongrois, les Petchénègues, les Roumains etc. Outre les sources narratives, la Dacie du Bas Danube figure en plusieurs cartes datant d’une période proche de la date d’élaboration du minitraité byzantin. Parmi ces sources cartographiques, de notoriété restent notamment les cartes d’Ebstorf et d’Hereford, faites vers le milieu du XIIIe siècle et, respectivement, autour del’année 1300, de même que l’atlas catalan réalisé entre les années 1374–1376 à Mallorca, attribué à Abraham Cresques. La mention de la Dacie en plusieurs catégories de sources à l’époque médiévale, autant à l’Occident, qu’au Byzance, fait preuve que les échos de son rôle sur l’échiquier politique du monde antique s’est perpétué de façon viablele long des siècles.
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In this article, changes in the meanings attributed to and local relations with General Gablenz's memorial – a local monument and reminder of the 1866 Prussian-Austrian War – are observed over the period from its construction to the present. First, the role of the memorial in memory studies is presented (Nora’s concept of places of memory) in terms of its semiotic-content structures and three basic functions of festivities that establish its social significance. Second, the use of historical consciousness or local cultural memory is considered as a methodical concept for the study of this monument, which fulfilled a social role not at the national level, but only in the regional context within the collective memory of the local community. Third, the concept of local culture memory is applied and described from the point of view of various actors (subjects of memory places) of commemorative practices (military associations, city leaders, etc.) during the ceremonial inauguration of the monument in 1868, during the solemn deposition of General Gablenz’s relicts in the monument in 1905, and during the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the deposition of those relicts in 2005. It is obvious that the significance of this monument as a place of memory has been shaped by the local community, but at the same time it itself became an important source of identity for this society because of its ability to preserve his living memory.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the transformation in the relationship of the German minority to the Frýdlant, Liberec and Jablonec regions in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, based on research into Heimatkunde (local culture and heritage studies). The paper picks out the way in which Heimatkunde was gradually appropriated by the nationalists, until it eventually became part of the “völkisch” trend. It was used to construct a shared identity amongst Sudetenlanders, as a political tool in the push for the minority’s autonomy. Regional identity developed into a platform from which the stereotyped elements that formed acceptable, effective points of identity for the entire German-speaking minority were drawn and gradually moulded, becoming the foundations for a common identity. Other modernisation processes also played a major role alongside nationalism: in particular industrialisation, urbanisation and the development of a civil society and self-government. From among the many areas that make up Heimatkunde which can be used to illustrate this process, I have chosen to focus in this paper on the relationship to the landscape. When one examines the physical aspects of the landscape, a clear progression can be observed in publications on Heimatkunde in which emphasis shifts from topographical descriptions to the use of local potential (industrial and also tourist potential). Against this backdrop, a stereotype emerged for the German minority of a hardy people who were able to prosper in harsh upland conditions through hard work and enterprise. The administrative aspect of Heimatkunde focused on the relationship between the periphery and the centre and on self-government, and was often linked with the issue of settlement. This led to increasing emphasis on the stereotype of the Sudetenlanders as bearers of culture and on the issue of the right of national ownership.
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With interdisciplinary and deeply original and pioneer scientific contributions, Emil Racoviţă was a Romanian biologist and bio-speleologist, founding father of this later discipline, well known all around the world. Hard-worker, with an exemplary scientific probity, with unusual analytical intellect, both in laboratory and in the field investigations, he proved to be a visionary explorer of oceans and caves, and author of general concepts in the evolutionary thought. We celebrate in 2018,150 years since Racoviţă was born. The scientists from the Institute of Speleology (founded by him), together with all biologists from the country, are grateful and proud to continuing his ideal of scientific research of living beings, and to working in their morphology, systematics, ecology, origin, evolution and distribution.
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The five petal flower is not a simple decoration. It's an important heraldry. Looking at the old seal of Câmpulung, which, together with the seals of the cities of Baia (14th century) and Roman (15th century), are the only ones with a legend in Latin, we draw attention to a repetition - the presence of two times of the star and the semilune. The star and the crescent also appear on the coat of arms of Moldova. Next to these flowers with five petals. In order to find the meaning of the symbol, there are presented old and new examples of rosettes or flowers with five petals, respectively ten petals, if they are double lobes. The study looks at elements of architecture, urbanism and landscaping in setting up the whole area of Campulung with the two towers on which these flowers appear in stone sculptures, that of Negru Voda, the highest medieval center in Wallachia and SfGheorghe church potters. The location of these towers, taking into account the distances and landslides, reveals advanced astronomy knowledge. This type of construction and the tectonic discharge of the system, using semisferic arches and domes, leaving ample, free-at-ground ground voids, forming the triumph arcs, shows the personality of the imported rulers who ordered them. In the 14th century Câmpulung was the capital of Wallachia where, in 1352, it passed to the eternal, the Great Basarab I the Founder.
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