STRUKTURNO­GEOMORFOLOŠKA OBILJEŽJA GORSKE SKUPINE ŠIBENIKA

Author(s): Andrija Boris Bognar,Josip Bilić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 48/2015

The mountain ridge in Šibenik is a microgeomorphological region of a subgeomorphological whole in the tramontane region of Vrgorac. It is also part of the macrogeomorphological region of central Dalmatia with its group of islands as well as being part of the megageomorphological region of the mountain sistem of Dinara.The mountain ridge in Šibenik was formed by various connected mechanisms and types of deformation as well as being pulled on by positive and negative transpressional characteristics in the area from the Cretaceous Age till now. The mountain ridge in Šibenik (big and small Šibenik 1314 and 1226m) is the most exposed mountain elevation of the tramontane region in Vrgorac.The mountain ridges Kruševica and Orah as well as mountain ridge –trees of mount Mihovil and Matokit are divided by smaller valleys and rifts which represent their mountain structures. The acclivity shows the assymetry of the mountain ridges and rifts. The south and southeastern slopes are convex where as the north and northeastern ones are extended by reverse fault sand horizontal faults. The mountain structure of Šibenik is an area with the most exposed and intensive compressional connections in the tramontane region of Vrgorac. The orography shows the graded development of relief with its reverse connections of carbonate sediment of the Cretaceous Age and Paleogene Age as well as the Eocene flysh. The morphostructural formation of the mountain structures in Šibenik happened in the compressional stage at the end of the Cretaceous Age till the beginning of the Neogene Age and the second one in a more complex cinematic compression from the Neogene Age till today. It relates to the global changes from the southwest and northeast towards the south and north at the and of the Paleogene Age and the beginning of the Neogene Age which was the result of the adjustment of geological structures and relief and new tectogenic connections. The carbonate lithological structure influenced on forming the karst relief however, the dinamic of the area didn’t stimulate the corrosive proccesses on the surface as well as formingsink-holes and basins.Being a very tectonical area it formed endokarst formations like caves and pits. The steep acclivity of the mountain facade is dominant with sloping ground but also has intensive and mechanical devanged cliffs.

RELJEF - ATRAKTIVNI PRIRODNI RESURS ZA RAZVOJ TURIZMA U OPCINI PROZOR­RAMA

Author(s): Pavličević Miro,Šimunović Vjekoslav / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 48/2015

Natural factors are some of the basic factors of an area's tourist attraction. Among them there is relief which is, at the same time, an element and a factor of the nature's base and a nature's gift. It is one of the attractive natural resources which, by its different types, attracts visitors with the different motives, especially the forms of the mountain relief as it is in Prozor-Rama municipality.The aim of this article is to explore, analyze, realize, describe, as well as to introduce to all those interested ones, the relief types primarily as possible attractive resource in development of tourist- sports activities in Prozor-Rama municipality.Cognition and descriptions of the relief types are achieved by methods of the field work – mapping, counting, measuring, taking photographs, sketching, as well as analyzing, graphic presentation and interpreting topographic, geologic, tectonic, orohidrographic maps and morphological analysis and synthesis.Relief, especially mountain relief, is attractive natural resource usable for tourist-sports purposes, which can be best seen from described relief types in Prozor-Rama municipality. In the article, following exogenous and endogenous relief types.Possible modern tourist-sports activities connected to the mountain relief can be: differently motivated outings to easily accessible mountains, speleology, guide service, mountain orientation, tour skiing, climbing, educational and scientific tourism, mountain jogging, paragliding, kiting, mountain biking and qoud- field / off road vehicles.

Naturbegebenheiten und Epidemien im Reener Ländchen

Author(s): Dorin-Ioan Rus / Language(s): German Issue: 60/2017

The written sources referring to these natural disasters are quite scarce for the region of Reghin. This study is based upon local chronicles of the town Reghinul-Săsesc (Sächsisch-Regen), upon the records made by orthodox priests on missals, upon printed historical sources as well as secondary literature. It is possible that many natural events that occured in this region have not been recorded or that the records have been lost. Most of the natural disasters, like floods or extreme temperatures, have influenced the economic life, but they have caused fewer human losses. The author also presents the reaction of the society to these disasters. Where epidemics are concerned, it was noticed that the poor population was more exposed to illnesses than the other population groups, especially on account of the hygienic conditions. The greatest problems were caused by plague (18th century) and cholera (19th century). Famine was brought about not only by climatic events, but also by military incursions. The action of the vulcanoes Laki and Tambora, which have caused food problems on wide areas, is also depicted. These problems have led to the creation of local grain stores. The positive consequences of natural disasters were a growing feeling of inter-community solidarity as well as the establishment of insurance companies. Regarding the people's perception of disasters, there are two perspectives: on the one hand the religious interpretation, which explains the events by celestial activity or divine punishment, on the other hand the rational interpretation of phenomena that emerged towards the end of the 18th century, with the Age of Enlightment.

Могућности за развој одрживог туризма на Старој планини

Author(s): Stevan M. Stanković,Marina¸J. Todorović,Ranko Dragović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

In the past, the greatest part of the Stara mountain had been subjected to anthropogenic processes which induced serious ecologic consequences and diminished the worth of the potential for tourism development. The present study investigates the possibilities for the development of sustainable tourism of the Stara mountain with focus on analyzing the natural environment and the consequences that may be induced by preparations for more intensive tourist exploitation (technical interventions). The importance is stressed of anti-erosion protection and of the measures for improvement of biodiversity and geo-diversity of the Stara mountain. The necessity of finding the modes of more rational exploitation of natural and anthropogenic qualities of the Stara mountain is indicated.

Туристичка валоризација општине Неготин

Author(s): Ana Čučulović,Rodoljub Čučulović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2010

According to its physical-geographical and socio-economical characteristics, the municipality of Negotin belongs to the territories with favorable tourist potentials. In order to scientifically validate this fact, in this paper tourist valorization has been performed using quantitative-qualitative method, giving attractiveness ranking values, based on which conclusions have been made on the direction and forms of tourist potential. The results obtained from tourist valorization have shown that the hydrographic potential and fauna are rated as good (3), and have the highest general tourist value among natural resources. General values are graded as satisfactory (1.8) and the climate is graded as unsatisfactory (1.2). Valorization of anthropogenic characteristics gave the maximal general value (4) to cultural-historical objects including sacral objects - monasteries and churches and the Rajac pimnice. The Rajac pimnice have an especially high value, as they represent, for us, a unique value that can be considered in diverse ways and adjusted to tourist utilization. Based on the performed tourist valorization it can be noted that the general tourist value of the municipality of Negotin is of regional ranking, though anthropogenic potentials are of national ranking and part of them, as emphasized, are objects that are internationally important. The basic shortcoming is the low road quality leading to places of important tourist value, even though the road network is favorable, and there are also many weaknesses in the receptive tourist base. Improvement of these shortcomings would create a good image of the municipality of Negotin in continental tourism of the Republic of Serbia.

Утицај водних ресурса на промене просторно- функционалне структуре територије општине Мали Зворник и могућности изградње нових хидроелектрана

Author(s): Dejan Šabić,Rajko Golić,Mila A. Pavlović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2010

The territory of the municipality of Mali Zvornik is, from the aspect of morphology and spatial-functional structure, a heterogeneous area. It is located in the valley of the Drina River and in hilly-mountainous part of Podrinjske mountains. The area of the municipality is 184 km², with 14076 inhabitants (2002). The importance of water resources for the development of the municipality, particularly of the hydropower plant (HPP) “Zvornik”, is analyzed in this paper. Inadequate use of hydro-energetic potential, possibilities for construction of new hydropower plants and economic reasons for their construction are also emphasized. The priorities of the development of hydraulic engineering are defined in relation to morphological and hydrological conditions. They refer to increase of power of the HPP “Zvornik” and construction of small-scale hydropower plants in hilly-mountainous part of municipality. Considering depopulation processes in the villages of Mali Zvornik, hydraulic engineering, together with agriculture, forestry, exploitation of mineral goods and tourism, can be one of the factors of demographic and economic revitalization of this area.

Law for sustainable soils: International and national aspects

Author(s): Ben Boer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2010

Work on the development of adequate international and national legal frameworks for sustainable soils has been underway for over a decade. Significantly, the initial drafting work on the need for an international convention or other instrument on soil came from the soil science community. In 1999, as a result of an approach from soil scientists to the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law a Specialist Group on Sustainable Soils and Desertification was established in order to investigate both international and national legal regimes to promote the sustainable use of soil. This paper looks at the development of an international legal instrument on sustainable soils, and explores the scope and range of possibilities for the form of such an instrument. It then canvasses the basic elements that should be included in the drafting of national legislation. It concludes by making some preliminary suggestions regarding the development of legal and institutional frameworks for soil management in Balkan countries.

Променe интензитета ерозије на територији општине Зајечар

Author(s): Milena Milutinović,Ivan Novković,Slavoljub Dragićević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2009

Apart from other geomorphologic processes (glacial erosion, nivation, abrasion) which are predominantly determined by the intensity of natural factors, soil erosion is significantly determined by anthropogenic influences. Despite the fact that the physical-geographic factors are important determinants of the erosion intensity this geomorphologic process has also demographic, socio-economic, environmental, and multidisciplinary aspects as well. Control works, some demographic characteristics of the territory and the type of land use are the direct and indirect anthropogenic influences and modifiers of the intensity of this process. The basic idea of this paper is to assess the basic socio-geographic change over certain area and to determine its effects on the erosion intensity.

Минерализација површинских вода у сливу Височице -Прилог за предеоно-еколошку анализу-

Author(s): Miroljub Milinčić,Predrag Manojlović,Sanja Mustafić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2009

The drainage basin is spatially and functionally clearly defined and relevant hydrologic, geomorphologic and ecologic landscape totality. Therefore, it mostly represents basic geo-spatial unit of generation, monitoring, and studying numerous physical-geographical and geo-ecologic occurrences and processes. One of the most important components of geo-space, on the level of basin, is manifested through the state and quality of surface waters. So, the acceptance of systematic approach in studying mineralization of the surface waters would contribute to the deeper understanding of the process in complex systematic surroundings which drainage basin represents. The Visočica Drainage Basin was chosen as proving ground of this kind of the research approach for several reasons. The highest specific runoff on the territory of Eastern Serbia, heterogeneous geologic structure of terrain, almost complete absence of the influence of the anthropogenic factor on the state of the environment, as well as the existence of water accumulation enabled perception of the values of dissolved mineral substances of surface waters as landscape-ecologic component of geo-space.

Identification and classification of Serbia's historic floods

Author(s): Tioslav Petković,Branka Miloradović,Aleksandra Ilić Rajković,Stevan Prohaska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

River flooding in Serbia is a natural phenomenon which largely exceeds the scope of water management and hydraulic engineering, and has considerable impact on the development of Serbian society. Today, the importance and value of areas threatened by floods are among the key considerations of sustainable development. As a result, flood protection techniques and procedures need to be continually refined and updated, following innovations in the fields of science and technology. Knowledge of high flows is key for sizing hydraulic structures and for gauging the cost-effectiveness and safety of the component structures of flood protection systems. However, sizing of hydraulic structures based on computed high flows does not ensure absolute safety; there is a residual flood risk and a risk of structural failure, if a flood exceeds computed levels. In hydrological practice, such floods are often referred to as historic/loads. The goal of this paper is to present a calculation procedure for the objective identification of historic floods, using long, multiple-year series of data on high flows of natural watercourses in Serbia. At its current stage of development, the calculation procedure is based on maximum annual discharges recorded at key monitoring stations of the Hydro-Meteorological Service of Serbia (HMS Serbia). When applied, the procedure results in the identification of specific historic maximum stages/floods (if any) at all gauge sites included in the analysis. The probabilistic theory is then applied to assess the statistical significance of each identified historic flood and to classify the historic flood, as appropriate. At the end of the paper, the results of the applied methodology are shown in tabular and graphic form for various Serbian rivers. All identified historic floods are ranked based on their probability of occurrence (i.e., return period).

Структура и правци коришћења земљишта општине Кнић

Author(s): Snežana Vujadinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2008

Among developmental potentials of the municipality of Knic land is of primary significance. A survey of types and fertility land classes was presented in the paper. The structure of surfaces was analyzed according the way of utilization as well as changes that occurred due to construction of the river Gruza accumulation. Spatial differentiation of structural aims for the utilization of the whole land and agricultural one was carried out, which confirmed the physical-geographic and socio-economic heterogeneity of the area. It was pointed to numerous limiting factors of optimal exploitation of land fund (with a special review on shortening the properties). Appropriate measures and activities were also suggested.

Cercetări arheologice pe valea Neajlovului. Consideraţii generale asupra microzonei Bucşani

Author(s): Cătălin Bem,Traian Popa,Valentin Parnic,Carmen Bem ,Daniel Garvăn,Dan Bărbulescu,Irina Găluşcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2001

On the archaeological map of Romania there are certainly many white spots. We do not think it's worth talking about all the causes that are responsible for this. It is hoped that a series of evidenced elements will be discussed during the archaeological research carried out in Bucşani and Crevedia Mare (Giurgiu district). In practice, our area of interest is limited to the south by the confluence of Neajlov with Dâmbovnic and to the north, in the subjective way, by the general level curve of 100 m. From a geomorphological point of view this area is very well individualized. The natural boundaries as the valley is the terraces of Neajlov is also the Neajlov-Dâmbovnic interfluve and the Dâmbovnic valley on these last 4 km draw a unitary area. On 8.5 km of bird-like valley, between the confluence with Dâmbovnic south of Vadu Lat and north of Dealu village the valley has a width between 0.6 and 1.6 km. The terraces are high and steep and the marsh rate is higher in this stretch of Neajlov. All these particularities are unique for the middle course of Neajlov. Moreover, they imposed a certain density of Gumelniţa tells and rather their stratigraphic and therefore historical evolution.

Local residents' attitudes regarding ecological condition and pollution effects on human health and environment - case study of Veliki bački Canal, Vojvodina, Serbia

Author(s): Milana Pantelić,Vladimir Stojanović,Dragan Dolinaj,Stevan Savić,Dragoslav Pavić,Dragan Milošević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Due to excessive pollution, Veliki bački Canal (VBC) was turned into an open collection system for wastewater from food industry, farms and settlements. This lead to classification of the canal as a pollution "black spot" in Danube basin. As there is high percentage of residents living alongside the canal, VBC could represent potential health risk. In order to conduct an environmental assessment of the region, local residents' attitudes are being investigated through questionnaire in ten settlements (500 respondents). The results are indicating that local residents perceive the canal as extremely polluted, mainly due to industry and its by-products. Respondents claim that current state of the canal could have harmful effects to their health, as there are frequent reports of oil spills, dead fish and odor. Extremely negative attitude is reported among the residents of Vrbas, where the most is polluted section of the canal. Questionnaire reveals that most of the respondents are willing to participate in actions of cleaning VBC, which indicates high environmental awareness.

Теоретични въпроси на физическата география в средновековната българска литература

Author(s): Tsvetana Cholova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1987

IMA LI KARSTOLOGIJE U NJEZINU ZAVIČAJU

Author(s): Ivo Lučić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 47/2014

It is considered that karstology; the science that deals with soluble rocks; begins as a separate discipline with the dissertation of Jovan Cvijić "Das Karstphänomen" (1893). During the 20th century karstology has developed and deepened mainly as part of the geography; geology and hydrology; and in the 1950’s has found strong application in technical sciences; particularly construction; forestry and agriculture. At the end of the 20th century; Czech karstologist Vladimir Panoš (1995) defined karstology as an independent; integrated system of individual branches that are taking a complex research in areas covered with rocks of different degrees of solubility. His definition provides a platform for versatile karstology and approach to solving all the problems that appear on the karst. The paper provides an overview in scientific and management activities in the Dinaric karst which refer to such defined karstology and a current rating of affirmation such perceived karstology in its homeland 120 years after its creation.

UTJECAJ VJEŠTAČKOG ODVODNJAVANJA NA REŽIM PODZEMNIH VODA U TRESETIŠTU ŽDRALOVAC

Author(s): Nijaz Zerem,Ćerić Admir / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 47/2014

Livanjsko polje is the largest karst field in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and one of the largest in the world. As of 2008 the field is inscribed in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. Three wetlands existed in this location in the recent history. Due to human interventions aimed at utilization of land and water resources; two wetlands have been destroyed beyond the point of restoration.The third wetland and peatland; Ždralovac; which is located in the northwestern corner of the field; although damaged; is the only one in the existence today. The devastation is partly due to the construction of melioration channels in its southeastern part; where the peat layer is thin; so the peatland has been converted into agricultural land. There are damages of the peatland in the area built of peat layers more than 2 meters thick; caused by the construction and operation of drainage channels built to facilitate the peat extraction. These interventions have resulted in significant alterations of the peatland morphology and hydrological regime. The loss of moisture in peat often triggers fire; especially during prolonged dry periods; causing significant devastation of the wetland’s biodiversity.The paper presents the results of the research carried out to analyze the impacts on the Ždralovac peatland and wetland caused by the alterations in the hydrological regime. The results of a recent research; carried out in the period from 2011 to 2013; were compared with the historical data; collected in 1960’s and before. The results indicate that a large part of the peatland gets completely drained during dry periods of year; which suggests that the restoration of the groundwater regime has to be achieved in order to avoid further degradation of the peatland and the loss of biodiversity.

Drivers of Change in Post-communist Agriculture in the Apuseni Mountains

Author(s): Magdalena Drãgan,Gabriela Munteanu Cocean / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2018

After 1990, the agricultural activity in the Apuseni Mountains (Western Carpathians, Romania) has recorded a significant decrease reflected in the descending evolution of utilized agricultural area and of the livestock, and in the shift towards a more extensive use of the land. This situation is the result of several factors acting on different spatial and temporal scales, often interacting in various patterns. The fall of the communist regime also meant deep structural changes such as the dismantling of the communist agricultural system, deindustrialization and the shutdown of mining activities in several locations in the Apuseni Mountains. Other drivers of change are acting on a local level, such as demographic evolution, landscape features and the complementarity with other economic activities, causing different trajectories for the local agriculture. Starting with the accession to the European Union, the changes in the agricultural policies have meant financial support and development opportunities for many households in the area.

CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE EASTERN ALPS AND THE FLOOD PATTERN OF THE DRAVA RIVER

Author(s): Dénes Lóczy,József Dezső,Péter Gyenizse / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2017

A remarkable temperature rise (above the world average of 0.2°C per decade) is predicted for the Alpine section of the Drava catchment with higher likelihood than changes in the amount and annual regime of precipitation. Monthly precipitation data show increasing values in the northeast and characteristic dropping trends in southern part of the basin, with growing drought hazard. A simple correlation between long-term precipitation (daily, weekly and monthly values) and Drava discharge cannot be found from meteorological records. A possible explanation is that runoff generation also depends on the form of precipitation, water saturation of soils and vegetation cover. Since these factors are all related to climate change, the paper investigates whether the annual pattern of floods on the Drava River depends more closely on snow melt or on the duration and amount of rainfall. As opposed to snow depth and days with snow cover, soil saturation in summer shows an increase in the upper catchment. While large-scale spring melt is gradually shifting to earlier dates, early spring high water levels do not reach flood levels. It is investigated how the distribution of precipitation along the upper Drava and upper Mura control flood response in the lower Drava catchment.

HYDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF THE DRÁVA RIVER ON VARIOUS ENGINEERING WORKS

Author(s): Timea Kiss,Gábor Andrási / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2017

The hydrology and morphology of the Dráva River is mainly influenced by dams and reservoirs built on the upstream section, but groins and cut-offs also affect the channel development. Our aims are to summarize the hydrological and morphological responses of the Dráva River given on different engineering works and to determine its evolutionary way. Based on the morphological analysis four evolutionary phases are distinguishable of the Dráva River. These phases reflect the timing of the disturbance and the response of the river. In its natural state, until the late 19th century, the upper section had and anastomosing-braided pattern, while the lower section was meandering. As the consequence of cut-offs the length of the Dráva, its sinuosity and temporally its channel width decreased, and the channel pattern changed from meandering-anastomosing to braided. Later, the groin constructions resulted in simpler morphology, as islands disappeared and the complex system of the side channels also vanished. Finally, as a response of dam and reservoir constructions the channel started to incise. The fragile fluvial system of the Dráva represents a graded evolution, and nowaydas the Dráva is probably in a »far-from-equilibrium« state.

Историјске максималне падавине у Београду и њихов урбани аспект

Author(s): Miroslav Ocokoljić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The historical maximal daily precipitations are discussed in this paper. A period of 100 years of Belgrade observations of the maximal daily precipitations is analysed. The conclusion is that the historical daily precipitations are not yet appeared in the instrumental period, and the range of 100 years of observations can’t be used for examination of probability of daily maximal precipitations.