Správa mestského hospodárstva v Košiciach v 16. a 17. storočí

Author(s): Milena Ostrolucká / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

The presented paper deals with the organization of municipal economy administration in Košice in 16th and 17th century. The study is based on the analysis of the lists of elected municipal officials, the account books of city and individual officials from the particular period, which are located in Košice City Archives. It presents and evaluates transfers in the structure of municipal economy administration and its competences in the period of municipal economic and political bloom as well as in the period of its gradual stagnation.

Správa mestských zariadení a mestskí zamestnanci v Bardejove do roku 1526

Author(s): Mária Fedorčáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

Besides its main tasks – judiciary and executive, the town administration fulfilled a variety of functions ranging from economic production through defense and protection of its citizens, to the development of culture and education. This required oversight and stewardship by municipal dignitaries and extensive system of urban employees. The paper deals with the management of urban employees and town dignitaries responsible for major sectors of town economy, security, health care, culture and other areas of urban living. The author analyzes the position of urban employees and contracts made by town. Management of urban facilities belonged to the main duties of the elected members of the municipal court. Economic facilities (mills, granary), supervision of wine trade, linen weaving or patronage of hospitals represented the main areas of their functions. An important place among municipal employees belonged to servants in judiciary, diplomacy and urban defense. Specific field, financed by the town council, represented the area of art and culture, where painters, masons, organists and trumpeters were employed.

Устойчиво земеделие – глобални идеи и локалното им приложение в България. Тенденции и нагласи

Author(s): Atanaska Stancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The aim of the article is to show how and to what extent global ideas for sustainable development and use of natural resources are understood and implemented in Bulgaria by revealing and analyzing some of the specifics of two parallel and interconnected trends aimed at achieving sustainable agriculture. These are organic farming and relocalization of food through the implementation of the concept of food sovereignty represented on the local level by Hrancoop movement. The views of the bio-farmers and their connectedness to the concepts of alternative agriculture are also presented, as well as the policies, regulations and subsidies in the agricultural sector and the protection of the environmental. Crucial for the producers are personal motives, interest and experience rather than particular global ideas.

10 lat członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej. Skutki włączenia do jednolitego rynku europejskiego

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

The inclusion of Poland to the common market for goods meant the abolition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on agricultural products in mutual trade with the countries of the European Union (customs duties on industrial goods have already been abolished by the Europe Agreement) and the application of the Common Customs Tariff on imports from third countries. Freedom of movement of goods after the accession to the EU accounted for Polish entrepreneurs a chance, because the fulfillment of EU norms and standards means full access to the common market, amounting to more than 500 million inhabitants. Particularly noticeable was the impact of accession on foreign trade, which, thanks to the membership not only gained easier access to the common market, but also new opportunities to increase trade with third countries. Since Polish accession to the EU gradually increased trade in agricultural products as well as their participation in the Polish foreign trade. Emigration of Poles also increased significantly, especially to countries that with effect from 1 May 2004 opened their labor markets, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland. In the final evaluation of the benefits of joining the common market and free movement of goods, persons, services and capital far outweigh, in both the scale of the economy and at the micro level, the costs associated with membership in the European common market.

Научна конференция (23 – 24.09.2022 г.) и том VII на „Известия на Центъра за стопанско-исторически изследвания“, посветени на темата „Дилеми на развитието“

Author(s): Emilia Vacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

EXAMINATION OF DECISION-MAKING STRUCTURES’ PERCEPTIONS OF COMPONENTS ON THE INFLUENCES OF SME SUCCESS

Author(s): Muhamet J. Spahiu,Esat A. Durguti / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have succeeded in being the main and dynamic pillar of national and international economies. Education and work experience is essential in increasing SMEs’ efficiency and competitiveness. The changing business environment has created fierce competitiveness among SMEs, requiring active interaction between managers/owners and stakeholders. As a result, this study aims to explore the influence of education, experience, using a business plan, and barriers on the success of small and medium-sized businesses. This research employed an online questionnaire for scientific research. Through ordered logistic modeling, we observed 336 answers from businesses using the qualitative approach. The study’s findings reveal that education and work experience have a statistically favorable influence on the performance of SMEs, whereas barriers have a substantial adverse influence. Findings on barriers are noteworthy in the context of this study since the governing institutions throughout the pandemic and later situations experimented with the measures adopted. The study also benefits SMEs and legislation authorities in understanding the critical concerns that are perceived as barriers to the growth and expansion of SMEs, resulting in the creation of even more sophisticated infrastructures to support sustainable development.

Залесяването в околностите на Копривщица от 1904 до 1944 година

Author(s): Rayna Vilarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The problem of afforestation on the area of Koprivshtitsa is not researched by historians, which makes it an interesting topic for investigation. The recent unscrupulous act of deforestation in the area of Koprivshtitsa brings to light the necessity of pine tree zone around the town. The main purpose of the present publication is to track the stages of the afforestation process in Koprivshtitsa from 1904 to 1944; to summarize the motives of local people who embarked on the first afforestation actions; to explain the benefits of afforesting the eroded soil, and to consider afforestation in Koprivshtitsa as a concrete example of the implementation of the state policy undertaken by the Ministry of Trade and Agriculture. The long-term goal of afforestation in Koprivshtitsa was to improve the climate as well as the appearance of the settlement, turning it into a small mountain resort and improving the living conditions of the local population.

Strategies and Policies to Support the Development of AI Technologies in Europe

Author(s): Miglena Molhova-Vladova,Petya Biolcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 3s/2023

The starting point for this particular research is to uncover the relationship between the establishment of the regulatory framework, the implementation of various European digitisation development programmes and other types of enabling environment (financial instruments and programmes) with the demonstrated performance of business and science in the form of registered patents in the field of AI. The scope of the study is limited to the specific legal documents in the field of artificial intelligence, the financial mechanisms that Europe applies to stimulate research in this field, as well as to the applications filed and patents granted for technologies in the field of artificial intelligence, namely: machine understanding technologies. The study’s main results show that technology companies follow their own technology policies to meet market demands and trends, and support mechanisms (in the form of policies, programmes, and financial incentives) are more the result of technological developments than the other way around.

Научна конференция на тема „Фактори на икономическия растеж в историческа перспектива“

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Предизвикателствата пред образованието по лични финанси на студентите

Author(s): Daniela Bobeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2023

The expansion of the financial intermediation and the diversification of the financial products for consumers generates enormous academic interest in the field of the financial education. The exponential development of the technology in the financial services also encourages the theory and policy to promote financial education. In this environment, consumers can hardly catch up with the expertise of the financial institutions. Thus, the information asymmetry widens, leading to significant adverse consequences for both consumers (indebtedness, financial exclusion, and financial losses) and financial intermediation (reduction of the client base, shocks on demand). The purpose of this study is, by analyzing the development of the personal finance theory, the regulatory framework and policy, to identify the issues and the risks in the context of the contemporary challenges. The article reveals the specifics of the students’ personal finances, which also defines the educational approaches and emphases to overcome the risks of low-quality education. Defined are the main guidelines of the training aimed at preventing excessive indebtedness at this early age, acquiring skills for choosing the most suitable financial products, diversifying personal income and promoting investment activity.

ПРЕДПОСТАВКИ ЗА РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТЮТЮНЕВИЯ ОТРАСЪЛ В БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ ПРЕЗ ХVІІ–ХІХ ВЕК

Author(s): Valentin Kitanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

During the 17th–19th century, tobacco production and trade was not onlya major component for the Ottoman economy – the development of the tobacco industry significantly shaped the economic and social structure of a number of regions thatwere under the Ottoman rule. The pace and scope of development of tobacco production in the Bulgarian lands were influenced by a wide range of factors. In their entirety,these factors predetermined the position and role individual regions had in the development of the tobacco industry. This led to a situation where quantity, volume and socialimportance of tobacco production had different weight in individual settlements or regions, and this interdependence was sustained throughout the entire period of Ottomanrule in the Bulgarian region. Main prerequisites that predetermined the developmentof the tobacco industry as a whole were the natural, human and state factors. Theywere most lasting and central for the development of the tobacco industry and its longevity in a historical perspective. Based on many years of experience, the agriculturalpopulation in Bulgaria had an excellent knowledge of the soil and climatic conditionsin their region and during the 17th-19th century they were able to adapt and cultivateoriental types of tobacco accordingly. Beside the natural, human, social, legislativeand cultural prerequisites, there are a number of other factors that helped shape thedifferent characteristics of the tobacco industry in the Bulgarian region. For example,the provision of quality tobacco seeds, the presence or absence of encroachments ontobacco, natural disasters, the disposal of funds to support tobacco production, etc.The combination of several or of all these prerequisites laid the foundation for thesuccessful development of tobacco production in the Bulgarian region and the abilityto turn it into a major economic branch with an important role for the financial, socialand international politics in Bulgaria after the end of the Ottoman period and duringthe twentieth century

СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРАН СТАТУТ И ДАНЪЧНИ ПРЕФЕРЕНЦИИ: ФАКТОР ЗА ИКОНОМИЧЕСКИ РАСТЕЖ? ПО ПРИМЕРА НА ГАБРОВО ПРЕЗ XVI И XVIII ВЕК

Author(s): Krasimira Mutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The categories of population with specialized status and obligations to the central Ottoman authority have been the focus of dozens of studies and the subject of lively discussions since the time of J. Hamer and are still one of the current topics of Bulgarian and Balkan Ottoman studies. Although various aspects of their “medieval past” and continuity in the Ottoman period have been clarified to one degree or another, one of the controversial and still “open” questions remains the presence of a direct relationship between the specialized status of this population, the tax reductions regulated in its favor and opportunities for economic prosperity. The current paper is focused on the category of population with derbendci status, and Gabrovo, one of the “most famous old derbendci settlements” in the Bulgarian lands, is at the center of this case study type of research. The impressive economic flourishing of Gabrovo in the epoch of the Bulgarian revival, gives reasons to trace and argue a direct connection between its derbendci status and its development as a prosperous economic and trade- craft center during the centuries of the Ottoman rule, without this connection being mandatory for all derbendci settlements.An opportunity to trace the development of Gabrovo as a derbendci center, as well as its overall economic characteristics from the last quarter of the 15th to the first half of the 18th century, gives the voluminous and still only partially published compact information included in several icmal, mufassal (detailed, nominal) defters from 1516– 1517, 1541–1545, 1579, 1642–1646, 1750/1751, and nüfus defter-i ciziye from the end of the 17th century, selected for the purposes of the study.The comparative analysis of the statistical summary data from the newly discovered Ottoman archival material, together with the already published ones, reveals the close relationship that existed between the derbendci status, the Ottoman fiscal and legal privileges that applied to the majority of Gabrovo's inhabitants, and sustainable demographic indicators and a flourishing economic development. An indisputable factor for economic growth is the settlement's strategic position in the system of passes of Stara Planina – one of the most important roads connecting southern and northern Bulgaria passes here. Like Etropole, Kotel, Troyan, etc., Gabrovo is a typical example of upward economic development and administrative change of an urban-type settlement with developed commercial and craft activities, which acquired the status of kasaba (city) by virtue of a Sultan's ferman. A change fixed in an undated petition (arzuhal) drawn up after 1857, a century after the latest document of 1751 commented on in the study.

THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON INCOME INEQUALITY

Author(s): Vesë Qehaja-Kekaë,Atdhetar Gara,Erblina Hajdari,Arber Hoti / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The imperative goal of attaining sustainable development necessitates mitigating income inequality and bolstering access to financial institutions. This research explores the influence of an array of independent variables, namely credit demand, GDP per capita, inflation, government consumption expenditure, and education, on the Gini coefficient across the EU’s 27 Member States from 2008 to 2019. The investigation procured secondary data from the esteemed international entity, the World Bank, with 324 observations belonging to the panel type. Because of the utilization of panel data, this study implemented various econometric models, commencing with the OLS model, followed by the fixed effects model (FE) and random effects model (RE). According to the outcomes of the econometric models, credit demand and education positively impact income inequality. At the same time, GDP per capita, inflation, and government consumption expenditures have a negative effect on income inequality. Additionally, the findings demonstrate the significant impact of credit demand, GDP per capita, inflation, and government consumption expenditures on income inequality.

„Проваленият“ икономически преход в България през погледа на посткомунистическите стопански елити

Author(s): Georgeta Nazarska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article explores the economic transition in Bulgaria carried out in the 1990s through the evaluations given by the participants of its course and results. The study is based on a sociohistorical and socioanthropological approach, using data from recently conducted standardized interviews, focus groups, and surveys. A comparative analysis of the visions and explanations of members of (different segments of) the new economic and the new political elites is presented for the factors that hindered the Bulgarian economic transformation. The divergence of their assessments of the institutional, personal and socio-cultural barriers to economic growth and their unanimous opinion on the ‘failed’ transition is commented on.

Свищов в железопътната политика на България в периода от Освобождението до 1912 година

Author(s): Emilia Vacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The report traces the projects from the Renaissance era, in which the town of Svishtov was included as a starting point for a railway line. It examines the plans of the Temporary Russian Occupation and the railway policy of the first Bulgarian governments. The role of the local municipal authority and economic figures in raising awareness about the issue of connecting the town to the central railway is revealed. Based on information from the stenographic records of the VIII and IX National Assemblies, the debates at the government level on resolving this issue are followed. It becomes clear that on November 27, 1895, Svishtov representatives At. Dankov, G. B. Nenovich, and F. Marinov submitted a proposal to the VIII National Assembly to amend the Law on the Design and Construction of the Railway Network. It contained two requests: first, to connect the Svishtov port with the central railway Roman – Pleven – Shumen through a branch wide-gauge railway line Svishtov – Gradishte. They proposed that it be part of the railway network and built with a loan obtained for the construction of railways in Bulgaria. Second, that the government be tasked with studying this line in the shortest possible time and putting it up for tender for construction so it could be ready for operation simultaneously with the central line. Their goal was achieved on December 13, 1898, when the IX National Assembly, in its regular session, passed a law amending the Law on the Design and Construction of the Railway Network in the country. Along with three other lines, the Svishtov – Gradishte line was put up for tender for construction. The worsening financial crisis halted the railway construction. After a long wait for the construction of a railway line to Svishtov, it wasn’t until 1906 that the government organized a tender for its construction, which was won by the General Construction Company. It was finally decided that the junction would be near the town of Levski. Construction began at the end of 1906, and the line was handed over for operation on August 9, 1909. The conclusion is reached that the town’s isolation from the central railway line was one of the most important reasons, along with national and other local issues, for its decline. The local public blamed the government for the lack of a railway branch, believing that the railways were being built not out of necessity but for political reasons, favoring certain towns.

Бизнеспрактики в условия на криза. Залезът на една от големите розотърговски фирми през 30-те години на XX век

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev,Momchil Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The first part of the paper is focused on the main problems of rose production and rose oil trade during the period of the 1930s. Rose production is a classic market and export-oriented branch of Bulgarian economy. The problems it experienced show how delicate and complex a matter is the market orientation of any production. It depends on complex internal and external factors and can bring prosperity to individual regions and profits to producers and traders, but this is not certain. The second part is focused predominantly on attempts of one of the iconic Bulgarian rose trading companies „Petko Iv. Orozov and Son” to deal with the problems caused by the Great Depression. The fate of the company „Petko Orozov and Son“ shows that if the hostile external market environment is combined with internal shortcomings in the company itself, no matter what strategies are used, an easy escape from the problems cannot be expected. Political connections, marriages, the opportunities provided by legislative changes to save from bankruptcy are not enough.

Българското законoдателство от 30-те и 40-те години на ХХ век и фабриката ,,Нисим Авдала & синове“

Author(s): Yordanka Krivoshieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Legislation in the 1930s and 1940s was characterized by significant changes in the Bulgarian industry, which generally came down to state regulation and control of production. The aim of the present study is to show the influence of the laws and their consequences on the economy of the country, through the history of an enterprise. The disadvantages of the Industry Act of 1936 are expressed in the favoring of firms, usually state and municipal, restrictions on private enterprise and free competition. The anti-Semitic state policy in 1942–1944 adversely affected the Bulgarian economy. Enterprises with a long tradition, with established trade contacts and markets are nationalized and entrusted to state officials. The economic transformations carried out by the political regime after 1944 represent yet another supreme injustice. They are conducted by the state without the necessary resources of experienced and prepared persons with knowledge and culture.

Анализ на възможните кризи на фона на глобалните процеси

Author(s): Dobromir Hristov Angarov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 21/2025

In recent years the economic and political situation in the Republic of Bulgaria has been dynamic and difficult for the population, the public administration, the business and the political class.

Система за управление на мирновременното специално производство в България през 1951 – 1990 година

Author(s): Dimitar Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The publication is the first on the topic in Bulgaria and gives an overview of the management system of peacetime special production in Bulgaria during 1951 – 1990, includes: special management of the State Planning Commission and its successors as a working body of the Bulgarian representation in the Permanent Committee on Defence Industry of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and responsible for planning the special production in Bulgaria; Departments and sector for defense production in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party; Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers and its successor Party-Government Committee on Defence Industry of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party and the Council of Ministers; headed by the State Committee of Defence, responsible for strategic direction of defence in Bulgaria. The archive documents show the tasks and links between its units, which have helped for two decades to turn the country from an absolute importer of weapons and military equipment into an exporter of such, as well as well as for the multiple increase of the ammunition produced.

Използване на автономни безпилотни летателни апарати за подобряване на безопасността и ефективността в обекти от критичната инфраструктура

Author(s): Grigor Bambekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Autonomous drones are emerging as a key optimization tool in the oil and gas industry, which is under pressure to improve safety and efficiency while minimizing costs. Equipped with advanced technologies such as OGI and FLIR, these drones automate tank inspections, cutting processing times from hours to minutes and eliminating risks to personnel. Example from 2022 shows that they have identified over 180 anomalies with over 99% accuracy, saving significant money and increasing productivity. Integrating them into critical infrastructure not only optimizes operational costs, but also contributes to resilience, better risk management and increased inspection frequency.