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The natural advantages of the site of the city of Al Zubair contributed to its becoming a stable settlement for the tribes migrating from Najd and Hejaz during the last four centuries. These features gave the city a fundamental stability and constant growth, turning it, later, into one of the main cities in the region and an important commercial centre. This research study aims to examine the historical dimensions of Al Zubair's emergence, as well as the physical housing reality within the boundaries of the walled city (which represents the first phase of the city's development), and to identify the role of people adapting the local conditions of the place in ways that made it a suitable environment for human habitation. The morphological method has been used in this study of the physical reality of the city. This sequential historical method grants geography an important third dimension: time. Al Zubair is, in terms of its architecture, a history written in the form of buildings, streets, and various other facilities; it is an historic compound that cannot be comprehended without an understanding of and insight into its historical development.
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This article considers the work of Thomas Piketty on inequality, with special emphasis on the reception of his ideas in the social sciences. First, a quantitative analysis of the works that cite Piketty’s most important publications examines the reception of Piketty in academic debates. Next, the critiques of Piketty from economics and sociology, two often opposed disciplines that have devoted the most attention to discussing Piketty, are considered. This article supplements existing critiques with additional suggestions that are relevant to both the scientific analysis of inequality and the process of imaging various reforms that could cope with the problem of inequality.
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As far as social inequality is concerned, the unprecedented scale of crisis phenomena in the global economy during the recent years (including in particular the economic crisis of 2008) and the progressing globalization processes, contributed to the restatement of the neoliberal paradigm claiming that inequalities are the positive drive for economic activeness, innovation and creativity which are beneficial for the economic growth. The ideas on the potential application of fiscal policy for compensatory purposes have also been recently changed. Thus, considering the afore-mentioned evolution of ideas, the search for the optimum state intervention methods allowing for the achievement of the assumed economic and social goals, and at the same time free of the anti-growth drawbacks so much criticized by the representatives of liberal ideas, have become a vital issue. The main purpose of the article is to analyze and to evaluate the range and effectiveness of the selected fiscal instruments applied in order to reduce the scale of income inequalities during the last economic downturn. The paper is based on the experiences of twenty selected EU member states (which are also OECD member countries) covering the years 2007–2012.
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The article is devoted to study foreign experience to balance between customs controls and facilitation of international trade for its adaptation to the national practice of customs regulations.The problem of providing a balance between customs controls and facilitation of international trade was investigated in the article. The authors emphasized that the success of the implementation of measures to promote international trade largely depends on the possibility of achieving a proper balance between regulatory control and simplification of customs procedures in the field of foreign trade. Recommendations for security and facilitation of international trade under the provisions of the Kyoto Convention, the WCO Framework of Standards and the WTO Agreement on the facilitation of global trade were analyzed. In addition, the main innovations of the draft Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the ICU (on UEO and simplification of customs formalities were consolidated. One of the conditions for successful implementation of measures to restore the economic potential of Ukraine is to create favorable conditions in foreign economic activities to enhance national economic competitiveness internationally.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the content and presentation of the main requirements for the import summary declaration to the specific implementation of foreign trade operations.The article reveals the essence and role of import summary declaration (ENS) in the process of prior notification of the movement of goods. It was analyzed the information provided to ENS depending on the type of vehicle which transported goods and the availability of special status. The timing and the presentation of the import declaration and brief outline procedures for submitting and correcting information in it were shown.Based on the research conclusions can be drawn that the introduction of a prior notification of the movement of goods across the customs border involves establishment of appropriate regulatory preconditions, establishing communication linkages between the customs authorities and participants of foreign trade activities and provide the necessary information resources and technologies that ultimately will simplify customs procedures and ensure the appropriate level of customs security.
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The article substantiates the need for the emergence institution authorized economic operator in accordance with the SAFE Framework of Standards. Established that Customs administrations use SAFE Framework of Standards to develop their own programs authorized economic operators.The features of the institute of authorized economic operator in accordance with European legislation, EU Customs Code (Regulation EU 952/2013), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446, Compendium of AEO programs, 2015. Analyzed obligations of economic operators who apply for status AEO in the international supply chain. Advantages and disadvantages AEO institute for economic operators and customs administrations; criteria for certification AEO; duration of the procedures for obtaining the certificate AEO in the EU. The authors also underline the actuality of the topic connected with some ambiguity in the Customs legislation and difficulties with getting AEO status.In conclusion focuses on the need for the bill "On amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine (concerning the authorized economic operator and simplification of customs formalities)" to introduction of European customs legislation concerning authorized economic operator to the national.
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«Парадокс ограниченного выбора» (англ. “bounded choice paradox”) был выявлен в ходе проведения в 2007-2008 гг. научного исследования «Теория и методология анализа международных консультаций». Основанием для обнаружения парадокса стало несоответствие индексов технологической и индивидуальной эффективности (сокр. ИТЭФ и ИИЭФ) консультационных процессов в международных межправительственных организациях (НАТО, ОВД, ОБСЕ, ШОС, СНГ) при сходных условиях функционирования указанной формы международной социально-политической коммуникации. Анализ уровня совокупной эффективности международных консультаций показал высокие показатели ИТЭФ (достигающие 95-100%, что значительно выше нормальных значений совокупной эффективности в 55-60%) при достаточно низких показателях ИИЭФ (в пределах от 1 до 10%) и низкой психологической удовлетворённости участников кон-сультационных процессов их итоговыми результатами (не более 15%) в консультативных и исполнительных органах НАТО, ОВД и ОБСЕ. В то же время низкие показатели обоих индексов отмечались в консультативных структурах ШОС и СНГ.
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When the leaders of the US and the EU announced the conclusion of the bilateral Agreement on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) in 2013., through their statements on lowering the tariff barriers (which are anyway very low, averaging about 3%) it could be concluded that a new grandiose union, Euro - American Union. However, the decision of J M Barossa, president of the European Commission at the time, to declare the negotiations on TTIP ''secret'', began to awaken different doubts about the agreement itself. Common declarative statements by officials from both sides were that with TTIP through a reduction or total abolition of tariffs trade will be increased, which would result in many new employments. By declaring the negotiations secret, the crucial values of the EU have become questionable, transparency and democracy, and this represented only the tip of the iceberg. Latent, what public officials of negotiating sides do not want to talk about is the deregulation of the primary sectors of economic development, as well as the financial sector, which was the cause of the crisis in 2009.
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In order to overcome the disadvantages of the existing two types of economic systems - the socialism and capitalism, there was a need to find a system that will use the positive aspects of both systems.Оne country succeeds more than successfully to combine bases of the centrally planned and market system.Socialism in the Chinese style, as it is called by Gregory and Stuart proved to be a successful practical example of the market socialism. After the implementation of China's reforms, they have kept a one-party system and state ownership, but have accepted the market allocation of resources. In the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, Chinese economy is voluntarily classified as a socialist market economy. That China is more than a successful example of market socialism, is shown by the remarkable growth rates and the unprecedented progress of the country in the last thirty years.Reforms have enabled the opening of China to foreign trade, which before 1978 was almost non-existent.After the establishment of the first diplomatic relations with the EU, in 1985 the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation EEC and China was signed,which officially begins establishing bilateral trade relations. Special importance for the progress of trade relations is China's entry into WTO in 2001, and the signing of the strategic partnership of the EU and China in 2003. The volume of trade between the two economies is growing steadily, and the main characteristics of their trade relations is a continuous deficit which the EU has realized in the exchange with China. Although the European Union is the largest trading partner of China,and China is the second trading partner of the EU,differences and difficulties in the field of trade still exist.
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This paper identifies and explores factors affecting sustainability and their interrelationships within the context of ecovillages. Through critical analysis of the theoretical concepts of sustainability and ecovillages as intentional communities, as well their practical exploration through a multiple case study, a contextualised reconceptualization of sustainability is developed. The conceptual framework proposed in this paper depicts sustainability as a dynamic, context-dependent concept consisting of a variety of interdependent factors. The ecovillages looked at are held together by shared principles, which act as unifying themes. They translate the community characteristics (lifestyle, commitment, understanding) into community activities. These activities can be organised into different dimensions (environmental friendliness, economic alternatives, social network, organisation), all including the element of self-sufficiency to a greater or lesser extent. Sustainability has different levels (personal, community, global); ecovillages are connected to society and network with other communities, creating a link between the internal and external factors. Regular review processes address the dynamics of the factors; this self-reflexivity helps to keep the communities dynamic, and through the interrelationships of the factors can lead to enhanced sustainability. With a holistic approach to a reconceptualisation in a practical context, the conceptual model proposed in this paper facilitates a deeper understanding of the concept. Drawing on findings from a multiple case study conducted in Scotland and Germany, through in-depth interviews with inhabitants of ecovillages involved in the organisation of their communities, it offers a guideline for understanding sustainability in ecovillages and can serve as inspiration to rethink conceptualisations of sustainability to date.
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The protocol on accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO differentiates the obligations of Russia. The obligations provided by paragraph 1450 of the Report of the WTO Working Group which is part of the Protocol, including those concerning intellectual property, were supposed to be executed before accession to the WTO. Therefore, there are grounds for recognizing that it is currently impossible to enforce norms allowing representation of authors (owners) without contract, such as regarding collection of compensation for violation of the exclusive right, at the territory of Russia.
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The relationship between unemployment and inflation in macroeconomics literature is studied by Phillips Curve Approach. This approach suggests that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. In this study prepared in accordance with the issue, it is aimed to examine by the Markov Change Technique whether this relationship is valid in Turkey's economy or not. According to the findings, it was concluded that unemployment rates effect inflation rates during the contraction period in Turkey in the period between January, 2015 and February, 2016.
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Creation of a digital single market is an important area of activity of the European Union, which recognizes the key role of ICT and technology in the lives of economies and societies. The objective of the paper is to show the action undertaken by the EU commission aimed at creation of a digital single market. The concept is based on a multi-dimensional theoretical approach, using different explanatory factors such as documents, studies and the EU legislation, including Polish legal framework. It has been shown that the level of development of digitization is not the same in all Member States. The author pointed to the priorities of building a digital single market, which are: better access to digital products and services, creating conditions for the development of networks and digital services, creating European digital economy and digital society with long-term growth potential as well as to its key factor - the security of the Internet.
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The Globalisation determined the methods and techniques and new tactics of market researches and entry to the international markets. Currently, transportation and communication facilities of world economy system, and carrying out the buying and selling and delivery of a product became very easily anywhere in the world are main indications of rapid development of international marketing and trade. Nowadays these main basic approaches of the entrance to the international markets are used: 1) Exports, 2) Licensing, 3) Management Agreement, 4) Joint Venture, 5) Direct Investment, etc. (Before, 2015:265). Different strategies are also used for entering international markets. The major of them are as follows: 1) Ethnocentric Strategy, 2) Geocentric Strategy, 3) Regiosentric Strategy, 4) Polycentric Strategy (Dilber, 2015: 18-19). But market researches are required before specifing strategic principles and entry methods to the international markets. In marketing research, 1) Strategic Goals: a) Identifying and Managing Opportunities; b) Identifying and Managing Risks; 2) Justifications: a) The determination of market potential - Review of the attractiveness of the target market; b) Evaluation of the market - Determination of the behavior of product of target market (Üstel , www.fto.org.tr/DB_INT., (Access date: 04.05.2015). The experience of developed and currentl developing countries related to the subject will be examined, especially the strategies defined by G20 and B20 Countries which are leading countries of the modern world, will be taken forward.
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To developing stock exchange and other financial markets must be vary financial instruments that deal with to improvement financial markets. Finally, interest Rate SWAPS is the one of first for developing forward market. In this sense, expanding the use of this tool in Azerbaijan in the development of both financial markets, but also will help to reduce operating costs of the debt. In this research, SWAP contracts were studied as a financial tool in Forward Markets.
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