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Silva Bereg. A Royal Forest in Medieval Hungary

Author(s): Pavol Hudáček / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

The author of this study is concerned with researching the Bereg royal estate, which formed part of the frontier regions of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. In the 11th century Bereg belonged to the great frontier county of Boržava, but formed an independent territory within it. A separate county organization under noble control was established in it only later. Its centre was a royal manor, where the kings of Hungary settled people of German origin in the first half of the 13th century. Its importance mainly lay in the fact that it was a dynastic property of the House of Arpád at least from the 11th century. It was a part of the Carpathian mountains dominated by forests. Members of the Arpád dynasty often went there to hunt. In Western Europe such properties were known as forestes and the prerogatives of the monarch prevailed there. It is very probable that forest properties of the dynasty including Bereg were also protected by special rights of the monarch in the Kingdom of Hungary. According to all the evidence, Bereg was a royal forest where members of the Arpád dynasty hunted, and it had an internal organization similar to that known from Western Europe.

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STOLARIK, M. Mark. WHERE IS MY HOME? SLOVAK IMMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA (1870 – 2010) [Kde je môj domov? Slovenské vysťahovalectvo do Severnej Ameriky (1870 – 2010)]

Author(s): Matej Hanula / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Review of: STOLARIK, M. Mark. WHERE IS MY HOME? SLOVAK IMMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA (1870 – 2010) [Kde je môj domov? Slovenské vysťahovalectvo do Severnej Ameriky (1870 – 2010)]. Bern : Peter Lang 2012, 392 s. ISBN 9783034311694.

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Sloboda tlače v uhorskom neskoroosvietenskom diskurze

Author(s): Ivona Kollárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2015

The study analyses the socio-political discourse about freedom of the press in the Kingdom of Hungary in the context of the 1790-1791 parliament and the work of the commission for public and political affairs on the preparation of legislation on freedom of the press in the period 1791 – 1794. Against the background of Hungarian constitutionalism, it notices the opposition and argumentation of Hungarian county authorities concerning decrees on the closure of private printing presses.It analyses further philosophical, religious and political considerations, in order to point out their context in the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, the concept of the social contract, the French revolution and its liberal ideas. It shows how the concept of the nation and the development of its culture as an expression of Hungarian nationalism was brought into these considerations, and that the intensive debate on freedom of the press and expression had no impact on the growing pressure of censorship as an expression of a weakened political power.

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K identifikácii protikomunistického odboja na Slovensku: O interpretačnom labyrinte jeho historickej, právnej a spoločenskej roviny

Author(s): Anton Hruboň / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2015

The paper indirectly continues the discussion on the pages of the Historical Journal on the relationship between history and politics against the background of identification of the anti-communist struggle in Slovakia after 1989. In the introduction,the author points to the frivolous manipulation of the terms anti-communist struggle or fighter in social and historical discourse, which was also reflected in the so-called memory legislation in Slovakia. Vague use of terminology in the memory legislation created a dangerous precedent, which enables the granting of the now positive status of anti-communist fighter also to members of pro-Nazi repressive military units operating in Slovakia after the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising,and to open supporters of the other Ľudák totalitarian regime. The paper documents the complexity of the problem in the framework of a comparative approach,with regard to the disputes on the theme of the anti-communist struggle in the Czech Republic, where discussion strikes against similar problems to those in Slovakia, but the interpretation and methodology is undoubtedly a step more advanced. The author does not end his considerations with unambiguous conclusions.Instead of this, he outlines the more widely conceived fields of discussion,through which a polemical dialogue needs to be carried on in his view.

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ROMANIA’S ATTITUDE CONCERNING CMEA PECIALIZATION (1960-1962): NEW ASSESSMENTS

Author(s): Cezar Stanciu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Is it worth exporting corn and fodder in exchange for toys and cosmetics? It was a question Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania asked himself, when confronted with increasing East German demands for agricultural exports. He was keen on overcoming underdevelopment through a vast program of industrialization in order to overcome the status of a predominantly agricultural country but he perceived his CMEA partners to be opposing this prospect. In the context of increasing economic difficulties in the Soviet bloc in the early 1960s, an idea was circulated that specialization would help increase efficiency so that Socialist countries could successfully compete on Western markets. But the meaning of specialization appeared different for each country: Gheorghiu-Dej thought that Romania deserved an equal status with other more developed nations of the Soviet bloc, but it soon became clear to him that they had different views. His perception was that the East Germans and Czechoslovaks wanted Romania to remain a provider of agricultural products and hold off its industrialization plans, but he could not accept that. This study argues that intra-CMEA competition between developed and less developed member countries played a major role in compromising the reforms planed by Moscow in the early 1960s.

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Un nume emblematic în biblioteconimia Moldovei. În Memoriam: Faina Tlehici – 100 de ani

Author(s): Tatiana Pogrebneac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

The article is devoted to the 100th Anniversary of the birth of Faina Tlehuci (1962-2001), Director of Scientific Library of USARB, a symbolic name in Moldovan librarianship. The transformations and achievements of University Library, judiciously managed and with passion by Mrs. Tlehuici, known in Moldova and far beyond its borders, are reviewed.

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Identitate și memorie în romanul lui Oleg Serebrian Woldemar

Author(s): Gabriela-Emilia Merce / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

Oleg Serebrian, a Bessarabian novelist, points out that cultural identity is supported by the language of expression, the past and the interference with the other. In his second novel, Woldemar, cultural and linguistic diversity is highlighted by the identity of the main character. In this context, the authenticity of the world results from the creation of a cultural, linguistic and social code, accepted by each side, since the set of identified values allows for identity knowledge. Oleg Serebrian creates a historical framework to present individual destinies, marked by what happens in the plane of their reality, a reality that outlines a cultural and linguistic diversity. In fact, if in the interwar period, Cernăuți was a multicultural center, an image outlined by Oleg Serebrian in his first novel, in his second novel, the city is marked by changes of power, which supports a fear regarding the expression of identity, of the personal past. Therefore, descending into Woldemar’s intimacy, Oleg Serebrian presents the game between the existent and the imagined, by reference to Woldemar’s childhood, the one whose identity is defined by the historical, social and political context. Thus, Woldemar, since childhood, seeks to discover what lies beyond what is seen. He is looking for a world that does not impose limits.

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Trecutul ca resursă imaginativă. Hibriditate, model și adaptare în romanul istoric al lui Alexandru I. Alexandrescu

Author(s): Alexandra Olteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

The emergence and intensification of the historical novel corresponds to the stages of coagulation and crystallization of the modern Romanian state and culture, imbued with the vibrations of national identity. Literature faithfully reflects the tribulations of the formation of the taste for this hybrid species, whose taming of the expressive formula is gradually achieved, from the ornamentation and excesses of romantic rhetoric to the voluptuousness of the affable narrative. The novel, this hybrid species that has consistently established itself in the local cultural environment, is born of a compensatory literary effort and a specific ordering of events that, without programmatically eliminating randomness, expresses the will to impose progressive ideas, legitimising the cultural, social, ideological and political aspirations of the moment. As the favourite readings of 19th-century Romanian novelists were not historiographical works but Walter Scott’s novels, the vision of the authors of historical novels was shaped by a successful formula in which fantasy replaced historical accuracy. History became both a pretext and a motive for cultural modernity. In Alexandru I. Alexandrescu's novels, history serves as a resonance field for complex plots, and the hybrid character supports the effort to integrate several narrative formulas and intertextual strategies, which encompass the features of the crime, mystery and sentimental novel subgenres. The attributes of “original”, “mystery”, “historical” novel are relativised, despite authorial intent, by the thematic diversity of content and the increasingly volatile boundaries between model, adaptation and originality.

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Tematica istorică în arta oficială românească între 1966-1989 (pictura, sculptura, grafica)

Author(s): Adrian Deheleanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

This paper tries to provide an analysis on the evolution of Romanian official art with historical topics from 1966 to 1989, i.e. during the period when Nicolae Ceaușescu was the leader of communist Romania. The analysis of the official fine art of this interval was made considering the context of the ideological dimension of this art, regarded to be an effective means of communist propaganda in communized Romania.The transformation of Romanian fine art was made in this epoch by imposing visual and conceptual patterns specific to the communist ideology, by almost totally excluding everything that meant artistic value and tradition in this field. The art with an engaged, historically inspired topic was influenced, among others, both by the social and political context of the time, as well as by elements related to the biography of artists in their relationship with the communist régime in Romania. The propaganda of the communist régime through official art with historical topics was actually a stage of refining the means to obtain the perfect method of manipulating Romanian society. And the manipulation was carried out through official exhibitions.The exhibitions were usually organized by specialized units (county, municipal or city libraries, the so-called `houses of culture`, bookstores, museums), but also by state institutions (Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Interior or other institutions subordinated to these ministries at central and regional level), various county cabinets for the political and ideological activity of the Communist Party of Romania, Council of Socialist Culture and Education, Union of Art Artists, etc. So, thematic, anniversary, homage exhibitions were also an important instrument for manifesting Nicolae Ceaușescu's personality cult.A privileged theme in the press, but also in Western historiography about Romania, in the eighties of the 20th century, Nicolae Ceaușescu’s personality cult, reflected in the official Romanian art (painting, sculpture, graphics), survived not only because of the aberrant forms in which it manifested itself, but also for the way it was addressed in the posterity of the communist dictator, one intensely frequented in the specialized literature.The tendency to transform any exhibition not directly related to Nicolae Ceaușescu's person or activity into an instrument for promoting his personality cult gradually became visible in the early 1970s, generalizing at the end of the same period and extending until the end of the 1980s.

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Dărnicie și magnificență. Messer Torello și Saladin, o lectură (inter)culturală din Boccaccio

Author(s): Simona Drăgan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Starting from novella 10.9 of the Decameron, one from a series devoted to stories about liberality and magnificence, the article confronts it to the context of ‘global Trecento’ relations with the religious alterity in Italy. In the wake of some extraordinary events, an improbable friendship comes to connect the hearts of a Christian named Torello and of the Muslim sultan Saladin. Is Boccaccio unusually benevolent regarding the religious liberties of his time, or the story truly reflects the spirit of a more tolerant age? The paper explores the historicized context of this novella in the late Middle Ages in the Mediterranean world, particularly against the history of the crusades, and eventually includes a few visual echoes of this story in the art of the wedding gifts. I also try to understand to what extent the medieval value of courtesy was a common idiom in rival religions, so that the chivalrous virtues could become a lingua franca in the relations between men of different religion and social ranks.

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Józef Białynia-Chołodecki (1852–1934) – badacz i popularyzator historii powstania styczniowego

Author(s): Damian Kozłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Józef Białynia-Chołodecki was a publicist, social worker, historian and one of the most active non-professional researchers of the post-partition history of Poland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and the interwar period. The January Uprising held a special place in his historiographical work. Due to his family’s involvement and his own participation as a witness to the uprising, he developed a special interest in the events of 1863/1864. During his lifetime, he took part in many activities aimed at cultivating the memory of the fallen insurgents, as well as helping veterans and their families. His historical work had a popularizing, but often also pioneering character.

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Ludwika z Rzewuskich Chodkiewiczowa (1744-1816) – w kręgu spraw rodzinnych

Author(s): Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Ludwika Maria Róża z Rzewuskich Chodkiewiczowa nie znajduje się w grupie kobiet, o których losach pisali historycy. Funkcjonowała na uboczu wielkiej polityki, jej różnorodna aktywność skupiona była głównie na rodzinie, rodzinnych majętnościach, własnych zainteresowaniach. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest przedstawienie jej aktywności rodzinnej, a posłużą do tego materiały źródłowe zgromadzone w Archiwum Młynowskim, przechowywanym w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie.Artykuł uwzględnia jej życie w domu rodzinnym, w Podhorcach. Omówione zostały relacje z matką oraz szczególna bliskość z ojcem, Wacławem. Podjęta została próba odtworzenia jej edukacji, która wpłynęła na późniejsze zainteresowania panny Rzewuskiej. Kolejny etap życia Ludwiki Marii to czasy jej małżeństwa ze starostą żmudzkim Janem Mikołajem Chodkiewiczem. Ich ślub odbył się w styczniu 1766 r. i byli małżeństwem do śmierci starosty w 1781 r. Powiększająca się rodzina zamieszkała w Czarnobylu., a następnie w wybudowanym po śmierci starosty pałacu w Młynowie. Chodkiewiczowa urodziła siedmioro dzieci, dwójka zmarła we wczesnym dzieciństwie, a pierworodny syn Wacław nie dożył osiemnastych urodzin. Rodzice troszczyli się o odpowiednią edukację dzieci, szczególnie synów, którzy kolejno wysyłani byli do Warszawy, gdzie na pensji Marcina Nikuty pobierali nauki i przygotowywali się do przyszłych obowiązków. Ludwika Maria była matką bardzo troskliwą, wymagającą, nie znosiła sprzeciwu, nie zezwalała dzieciom na samodzielne decyzje. Próbowała wpływać na ich życie nawet kiedy były dorosłe. Wszystko w imię interesów rodziny Chodkiewiczów.

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Dzieci Kresów - Przedwojnie i druga wojna światowa do czerwca 1941 r. we wspomnieniach mieszkańców Łukowca

Author(s): Teresa Bojarska-Szot,Jan Szot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

W wioskach Łukowiec Wiśniowski i Łukowiec Żurowski (woj. stanisławowskie II RP) działała w latach 1942-1945 baza samoobrony i baza partyzancka Armii Krajowej. Dzięki temu wioski te stały się miejscem ocalenia dla kilku tysięcy osób w okresie ludobójczych akcji przeprowadzanych przez ukraińskich nacjonalistów. Artykuł prezentuje historię tych wiosek od ich powstania aż do czerwca 1941 r. Relacje o życiu społeczności Łukowców podano na podstawie wspomnień ich mieszkańców.

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The Painful Memory of Moldova – The Book of Famine by Larisa Turea

Author(s): Cornel Huțanu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The book authored by Larisa Turea talks about one of the most brutally dark pages of the history of Moldova, the 1946-1947 famine. The result of a decades-long thoughtful research, the book brings together shattering testimonies of this tragic event, alongside insightful translations of official documents and touching photographs that shape an irrefutable truth: hundreds of thousands of people perished not because of natural conditions, not even as accidental victims of an irresponsible policy, but because of a man-made famine engineered by the Soviet government.

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CENSORSHIP, CONTROL, AND COMPLIANCE IN BYZANTINE MUSICOLOGY IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA

Author(s): Cătălin Cernătescu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2024

My paper examines censorship and control in Byzantine musicology during the communist regime in Romania. The investigation draws upon archive materials from the Romanian Composers and Musicologists Union which reveal a previously unknown narrative. Within these records, covering the years 1950 to 1989, I unearthed unpublished accounts on Byzantine musicology and on scholars writing on church chant. In addition to identifying explicit instances of censorship, I have sought evidence for the compliance with the policies that heavily restricted the use of theological vocabulary. Furthermore, I have examined how musicologists outside such expert groups engaged with the research conducted by their peers. Through this pursuit, I aim to enhance the understanding of how specialists in sacred chant navigated the intricate landscape of cultural dynamics during a tumultuous historical period.

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Powroty Adama Mickiewicza do Polski

Author(s): Mikołaj Sokołowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2024

The article points out the symbolic consequences of the return of Adam Mickiewicz – the most important Polish romantic poet – to Poland in the period of the November Uprising (1831). His overly prolonged stay in the Greater Poland region, while the capital Warsaw collapsed under Russian force, was treated by various patriots as evidence of his betrayal of the Polish case. This stage of a great national debate on the moral attitude of the romantic writers ends with the solemn funeral of Mickiewicz at the royal Wawel Castle in 1890, when his body was transferred from the family grave in Montmorency (France). This funeral concludes the return of the poet Adam Mickiewicz to Poland and it makes of him a symbol of the independence of the Polish state.

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Sopravvivere senza ritorno: il nostos dai Lager

Author(s): Luca Bernardini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 15/2024

The paper deals with the question of return from a twofold perspective: the impossibility of a return of the Polish nation to the pre-World War II socio-political situation and that of a return to life for those who came out of the German death camps. The first part of the article deals with the issue of the disappearance of pre-war Poland in the perception of writers such as Miron Białoszewski, Tadeusz Drewnowski, Tadeusz Konwicki, Czesław Miłosz. In the second, the phenomenon of the “survival without a nostos” of those who survived the Lagers is analysed from a broad comparative perspective by studying the works of Jean Améry, Robert Antelme, Tadeusz Borowski, Viktor E. Frankl, Vasilij Grossman, Imre Kertèsz, Primo Levi, Liana Millu, Krystyna Żywulska.

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Notes on the Work of Tomasz Kacper, the Architect

Author(s): Aleksander Stankiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2024

The churches erected in the first decades of the 17th century in the former Duchy of Samogitia, which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, are virtually absent from Polish scholarly discourse. They were not mentioned in Adam Miłobędzki’s monumental synthesis on the history of 17th-century architecture, nor in recent publications devoted to the enduring medieval forms in Central European architecture, even though their appearance might warrant such inclusion. In Lithuanian literature, meanwhile, they have not yet received an extended, critical analysis of their architectural form. Among these structures, the Bernardine churches in Kretinga and Tytuvėnai have attracted the greatest interest from researchers. These churches stand out for their craftsmanship and scale, comparable to the most significant early Baroque works from the first decades of the 17th century in Vilnius, yet are completely distinct from them. Particularly intriguing is the fact that – unusual for projects of this type from the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – their specific creator can be identified: Tomasz Kacper, or Kacperowicz, mentioned in sources from 1610 to 1645. The Bernardine monasteries and churches in Kretinga (circa 1609–1619) and Tytuvėnai (1619–1635), built by Tomasz Kacper, represent a distinctive style characteristic of architecture around 1600, combining elements derived from Gothic and Italianate architecture. The characteristic set of structural and decorative solutions employed in these buildings also highlights another significant yet under-discussed structure in the architecture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the Bernardine convent and church in Kaunas (1624–1634). This article is dedicated to examining all three of these projects and situating them within the broader context of monastic and European architecture.

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Kaunas ir jo apylinkės XVII a. viduryje švedų karinėje kartografijoje

Author(s): Laima Bucevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2024

The article analyses the depiction of Kaunas surroundings in the schematic map drawn up by the Swedish military cartographer Georg von Schwengeln in 1656. The map covers the area on both banks of the Nemunas River from Kaunas to the right tributary of the Šventoji River below Jurbarkas, and the left tributary of the Šešupė River. Kaunas and its surroundings are mapped in detail, but with significant localisation errors. The sketch reveals the hydrographic setting of the Nemunas River. The cartographer has marked 7 direct tributaries of the Nemunas on both banks, but only a part of them is named. The map also marks 15 settlements on both banks of the Nemunas. Various inscriptions providing evidence of the situation in the Kaunas area at the time of the map’s creation provide additional significant information. The contents of the map show how Kaunas and its surroundings were seen by Swedish military officers, what kind of precise information they had at their disposal, and how the map could have been used in the event of a possible military invasion.

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Kultūrinė atmintis Lietuvos radiofonuose 1926–1940 metais kiekybiniu požiūriu

Author(s): Titas Krutulys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2024

The article analyses the broadcasts of historical themes on Lithuanian radio from 1926 to 1940 using a quantitative content analysis method. It examines three radio stations: the State Radio, Klaipėda Radio, and Vilnius Radio stations. Archival sources and published radio programmes are used as the primary materials for studying them. This research aims to reveal the most characteristic themes of historical broadcasts found on the different radios, the most frequently mentioned historical periods, key personalities, and the nature of the broadcasts. The quantitative aspects are compared with data from the periodical press discussed in the historiography and the ideological principles of the nationalists who controlled the radio. Lithuanian radio was characterised by specific methods of disseminating cultural memory, which differed from other media of the time. The cultural memory conveyed was strongly influenced by the ideology of the nationalists.

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