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This paper puts forth the thesis that the early translations into Modern Bulgarian (2nd quarter of the 19th century) were profoundly influenced by the methods of teaching Ancient Greek authors which had been used ever since the Byzantine period. A focus is put on a particular translation technique consisting in the abundant use of synonymic binomials to replace single lexical items of the source text. It is argued that this technique has its origins in a traditional teaching method known as “psychagogia” which was largely applied in Greek education during the Ottoman period (1453-1821).
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The text deals with the theatrical activity of Prof. Alexander Fol’s father, the theatre director Nikolay Fol, who was a remarkable figure in Bulgarian culture. Emphasis is placed both on his performances at the National Theatre and on his dramatic work. It is noted that he was an artist, intrinsically connected with the tendencies of looking for new forms in art between the two world wars. It is emphasised that Nikolay Fol implemented in his work European quests in the field of scenography, modern music, plastic art and choreography from the second half of the 20th century. His orientation was to the intellectual, laconic theatre, which contains significant ideas related to human existence and consciousness, to expressionist means of suggestion. In the spirit of German expressionism, his directorial decisions were towards the use of conditional decoration, large massive scenes, choirs that talk and dance in a modern style. His productions were monumental, they often touched the audiences deeply with many forms of expression. Critics defined his performances as bright, dynamic, entertaining, engaging. Attention is drawn to the fact that an important moment in Nikolay Fol’s biography is related to his belief that children’s theatre is extremely important for the development of adolescents, prompting him to become the founder of several children’s schools.
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The paper aims to present the personality of Vera Bojadjhieva-Fol – the mother of Prof. Alexander Fol. Her biography is studied in the context of 20th century Bulgarian culture and in interaction with her closest circle of relatives, friends and colleagues. A special emphasis is placed on her intellectual activity of long-time teacher, gifted writer, journalist and translator, on her activity in the field of women’s movement and on her professional networks. Her place among Bulgarian female educated elites is highlighted.
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The paper offers an analysis of the ancient written sources about the ethno-political and religious-political situation in Southwestern Thrace – between the lower course of the rivers Strymon and Nestos, and especially in the region of the Pangaion Mountain (Pınar Dağ or Kushnitsa) in the 5th century BC in the context of two sets of events: - Graeco-Persian wars and the march of the Persian army of Xerxes through the Thracian territories; - Athens’ early colonisation efforts in Southwestern Thrace. The concepts of sacred, sacred infrastructure and sacral communication are defined. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the possible sacral infrastructure of the region based on a system of sacred topoi and rituals registered by the ancient authors and specific forms of sacral communication among the local Thracian tribes, dominated by the Edonoi.
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Old and new finds belonging to EBA II and III are considered. Most of all, these are the artefacts from Mikhalich, Constantsia, Ezero, Dubene, etc. Some of them are imports into Thrace and are commented enough in the specialised literature. Others were made in Anatolian style. A stone cup in the collection of the village of Svezhen, Plovdiv region, may also be indicated as an example. It is made of serpentinite, probably of local origin. However, its decoration has a very good parallel in one silver vessel of Anatolian origin. On the other hand, some finds from the Anatolian region evidence to the two-sided process of influence and contacts during EBA III and later. The data give reason to confirm the conclusion that contacts with Anatolia are certain at least since EBA II, and this is discernible in the artefacts considered, while they are considerable during EBA III.
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On June 26, 1987 Professor Fol put the beginnings of Bansko Expedition. His programme was grounded on the idea of the roots from which the intellectual power broke off in the 18th c. to give birth to the Bulgarian Revival – a brave new idea against the common belief that Bansko was founded in the 15th century by refugees from the Ottoman invasion. The members of the expedition believed that far back in time a rich pre-history existed waiting to be revealed and read properly. Today we know much better the territory after historical research, terrain observations, regular archaeological excavations and interdisciplinary analyses of artifacts. The work presents the results. St. Ivan Sanctuary A small mound with two wooden crosses and wooden iconostasis with candles. Offerings of flowers and small coins. The research revealed a sanctuary of nearly three thousand years of life and unchanged practices. Kilns for building ceramics, 4th – 6th c. in the same area. Early Christian (4th – 6th c.) and Medieval churches and a large necropolis (10th – 13th c.) all of them built over a Thracian sanctuary – Shipotsko site. The building manner of the Early Christian church has followed some earlier Thracian building practices. Most probably serious demographic changes have not taken place. The religious site was visited also by pilgrims coming from the Rhodopian Mountain judging from the pottery left. Early Christian necropolis (4th – 5th c.) in Karagonsko site. Traces of a Thracian community recently adopted Christianity and still keeping some of their earlier inherent practices. An interesting find – one of the graves contained a complete bronze belt set from the time of Constantine the Great or heirs, found for the first time in the Southern Bulgaria – a dramatic meeting between the Thracian warrior and Rome? Ancient and Medieval town in St. Nickolas site. Early Byzantine fortress of Sitan Kale – once again earlier Thracian building traditions.
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On the basis of a rich comparative material from the Slav languages the essential noun forming models in the category presented by gender couples, have been established: 1. The most widely spread is the model, where the masculine form is transformed as a basis, to whish is attached the feminine formant, for instance the cases with suffices: - in Bulgarian and Polish (приятел - приятелка; przyjaciel - przyjaciotka)', -ица/ -ница прщател>-прщател>ица, приятель приятельница in Serbian and Russian). Besides, a diversity of the cases may appear connected with the competition of the suffices, compare with Czeck (pfitelnice - pfitelkyne). Basic suffix for feminine formations in all Slav languages is -ka (with its extended suffices).
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Russian revolutions of 1917 still attract the attention of the historians. Was Russia able to avoid those cataclysms? Why was the Proletarian revolution accomplished in an undeveloped rural country? These and many other questions have answers sought in the perspicacious books of the Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. He is the man who saw the truth that the revolution was the internal destiny of the Russian people and that Bolshevism could only be defeated with intellectual overcoming and not with guns.
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Data about scientific events in the field of the humanities in Bulgaria in 2019
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The object of the present study is an unpublished account from 1632 preserved in the Propaganda Fide Archive in Rome. The source provides a detailed description of three miracles which occurred in Bulgaria, namely in Sofia, Trăn and Nikopol. The document is important because it offers new information which allows us to better understand the complex relations between Christians and Muslims in the Balkan Peninsula. The author of the study considers the Ragusan merchants from Sofia to be the spies who brought this fresh and updated information to the Imperial Court in Vienna. He argues that the unknown author of the account was most likely Ciriaco Rocci, the Apostolic nuncio to the emperor.
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The strategic change of United States’ arrangement, from the fight against terrorism to the competition with China and Russia, leads to their confrontation in several regions of the globe. In this confrontation, the Great Powers rely on the use of proxy, and this fact will alleviate the potential of a direct conflict among them, but the competition will have profound implications for the nations’ stability. A series of states are susceptible to serve as theatres of competition in the energy field, others – as strategic points in the global geography. Conflicts will arise in those countries in which they hadn’t existed before, and will deepen in those countries in which they already exist. In both cases, global instability will increase.
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We are examining the administration of the Greek-Orthodox community in Thessaloniki during the Ottoman period, and its evolution in the 19th century. We are observing self-governance institutions in place since the Byzantine era. Powerful Greek-Orthodox families of Salonica and the Church play an important role in the administration of the Greek-Orthodox community. By the 17th century, changes can be seen in the makeup of the community’s administration as new members from the city’s professional guilds become part of it. This development enhanced the role of secular elements in that administration. By the second half of the 18th century, the creation of a class of merchants in the Greek-Orthodox community helped it gain a leading role in the administration of its affairs. We are also examining, by relying on Ottoman documentary evidence, the districts inhabited by the Greek-Orthodox of Thessaloniki in the first half of the 19th century, and how these developed in the latter part of the century following the city’s new town plan. The changes brought about by the Ottoman authorities in the second half of the 19th century with respect to the administration of the Greek-Orthodox communities under Ottoman rule were significant. Nonetheless, socially and financially powerful groups continued to partake of the administration of the Salonica community. The participation of the Greek Orthodox (powerful financially and socially groups) in regional councils (the so-called vilayet idare meclisi) brought about changes in the relations of the Greek-Orthodox with the local representatives of the Ottoman authorities. By the end of the 19th century, these developments had led to the emergence of new socialities between communities, and new mentalities and behaviors.
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