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Comunişti români în Arhivele Cominternului. Noi informaţii, II

Author(s): Ilie Schipor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

The article brings to attention some of the results of the research carried out by the author in the former Comintern Archives (now the Russian State Archives of Social-Political History / RGASPI) in Moscow, which contain thousands of files with very important documents for the knowledge of the history of contemporary Romania.Particularly interesting is the information that the author extracts from the archives of the Representation of the Romanian Communist Party to the Comintern and its correspondence with Romanian communists and political emigrants, from the fonds on the participation of Romanian volunteers in the internationalist brigades in Spain (1936-1938) or the tragic fate of leading Romanian communists and political emigrants who were executed during the Great Stalinist Terror of 1936-1938. Last but not least, documents on anti-fascist propaganda and `re-education` work among Romanian prisoners held (in 1941-1956) in NKVD camps and for their recruitment into the USSR's post-war foreign agents are brought to light.

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I.V. Stalin, personaj literar

Author(s): Alina Ilinca,Liviu-Marius Bejenaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

Stalin did not keep a diary, publish his memoirs, or take a keen interest in writing a history of himself, but throughout his life as leader of the Soviet Union he strove to shape both his biography and the archive of documents that would be studied by his biographers. Our aim in this study is to present the epic dimension of Stalin’s personality, as he is portrayed in literary creations either personified or alongside other historical personalities, some only mentioned, others strongly individualized or the fruit of writers’ imagination.

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Orașul secret al uraniului românesc, Băița-Ștei ,,Sovromquarţit”-ul şi imixtiunile Securității în exploatarea primei mine de uraniu din România, 1952-1956

Author(s): George Dumitrescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

The article contains information about the first uranium mine in Romania, Băița-Ștei, 1952, which opened in the aftermath of the Soviet occupation after WWII. The article brings forward the measures applied by the Securitate to keep this activity secret, which also entailed violating some fundamental rights. The research analyses the strategic interest of the Soviet regime in taking over all the uranium for its industry. Furthermore, the study uncovers the exact quantities of uranium purchased by the USSR between 1952 and 1956.

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Între „dezgheț” și „perestroika” Din viața cotidiană a scriitorilor sovietici

Author(s): Cristian Chirca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

One of the most expressive scores of Soviet everyday life was performed by Soviet writers where the oppression of the regime was matched by the granting of unique privileges. Soviet writers, through their works and their everyday lives, add an important touch to the overall picture of Soviet reality. In the context of permanent surveillance (censorship), the activity of writers in both the creative and the everyday (private) areas was governed, among others, by a so-called Nikiforov Syndrome that allowed the presence of the state and its ideology both in the act of creation and in everyday life.

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Aspecte ale evoluției vieții politice și economico-sociale din U.R.S.S. în anii 1960-1980

Author(s): Vasile Buga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

Initiated with the best of intentions, the reforms promoted by the post-Stalinist leadership of the Soviet State failed, among other reasons, due to a lack of coherence and realism. Last but not least, the mistakes made and the lack of capacity to highlight any priorities, the delay in taking urgent measures to solve the economic and ethnic problems, the exacerbation of the struggle for power, and the improvisations led to the collapse of the system that seemed eternal and the dissolution in December 1991 of the U.S.S.R

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Gabriel Bălănescu (1913-1986)

Author(s): Florin Răzvan Mihai / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

Gabriel Bălănescu was among the legionary journalists well-known during Second World War, considered to be one of the journalists responsible for the country's disaster, after the removal from power of Marshal Ion Antonescu. A member of the Legionary Movement since 1932, he was an important contributor to the far-right and anti-Semite newspapers: Buna Vestire, Cuvântul, Sfarmă Piatră, Porunca Vremii. Following the outbreak of the Legionary Rebellion (1941), he was sentenced to 2 years in prison. He came to the attention of the authorities again in the context of the “Trial of nationalist journalists” (1945). He was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment and civic degradation for 10 years. Arrested a year later, when he was already holding leadership positions in the clandestine Legionary Movement. Sentenced again to 25 years of hard labor, he was released in 1964. Thirteen years later, he emigrated to the Western countries, where he was very active as an anti-communist and legionary journalist. He died in the United States.

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Victor Gomoiu (1882-1960)

Author(s): Flori Bălănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

An erudite spirit, graduate of the Faculties of Medicine and Law, Victor Gomoiu distinguished himself through pioneering work in the fields of medicine, culture, social assistance, and surgery. Considered the „father of the history of Romanian medicine”, he was a member of 17 science academies worldwide. He contributed to the development of plastic surgery, peripheral nervous system surgery, urology, and traumatology. His most renowned achievement is the hospital in Bucharest that bears his name, built through his efforts in the 1920s to provide medical assistance to the underprivileged. During World War II, he protected many Jews as Minister of Health. He was imprisoned by the communist regime between 1950–1954 and refused any form of collaboration.

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Percepții și analize ale relațiilor lui Nicolae Ceaușescu cu intelectualitatea din România în perioada 1969-1987

Author(s): Florin Abraham / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

This is a review of the book `Ceausescu and the writers. Real-time political and literary analysis`, by Anneli Ute Gabanyi, Litera Publishing House, Bucharest, 2023, 640 p.

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Victor Grossman: un soldat bonom disciplinat

Author(s): Flori Bălănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

This is a review of the book `A socialist defector: from Harvard to Karl-Marx-Allee`, by Victor Grossman, Corint Publishing House, Bucharest, 2024, 544 p.

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Agenda INST

Author(s): Vasile Buga,Carmen Stratone / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2024

NIST scientific life

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Устност, език, текст и вариации в Словото за празници бабини на Йосиф Брадати

Author(s): Adelina Angusheva-Tihanov,Margaret Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic Issue: 69-70/2024

The article explores the Sermon against Old Women’s Feasts compiled around 1756 by Josif Bradati. The sermon is a part of Josif’s collection of sermons against witches, sorceresses and women’s vanity. There are only two extant seventeenth-century witnesses of the text, one attested in MS 1/154 from Odessa State Academic Library, and the other -- in MS No. 324 from the National Library in Sofia. This publication offers an edition of the text from the latter, with variant readings from the former, which was previously published by Mochulskij in 1903. The first part of the article presents a short account of the manuscripts which contain Josif’s collection designed for the spiritual improvement of women. The second and the third parts discuss the content and the language of the Sermon against Old Women’s Feasts. The article examines ‘orality’ imbedded in the text not only as a specificity of the author’s and the copyists’ linguistic choices vis-à-vis their audience, but also as a vehicle for preacher’s suggestive and critical interactions. The author used it as a way to include the voice of the dangerous Other while maintaining distance from it. Five main themes (namely, the true and false teachers; the spiritual blindness; the feasts; God’s punishment for sins; women-malefactors) are developed in the text at different levels and through different prisms. They are loosely connected through the repetition of a rhetorical question admonishing against pagan feasts and superstitions. While the author repeats these feasts in various combinations seven times in the text, in his representation of the local witches and their practices he resorts not to the oral tradition but to the written apocryphal sources, which stand closer to his own monastic and clerical milieu. The study offers the first ever systematic and detailed analysis of the language of the text, and concludes that it testifies to the consistent effort of the author and the copyists to follow the norms of the traditional written language by using well-known literary witnesses as a model while occasionally allowing vernacular usages. The copy in Odessa manuscript attests more vernacular elements on the level of morphosyntax, while the language of the copy in MS No. 324 from the National Library (Sofia) is more conservative.

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POLOG DURING THE PERIOD OF THE 11TH CT – 1355

Author(s): Elfat SULIMANI / Language(s): English Issue: 22-23/2024

The object of study of this paper is the Polog valley during the period of the 11th ct. to 1355. The concept Arbëri and Polog will be addressed in particular, as well as the involvement of this region within the ethno-geographic borders of medieval Albania. Thus, the achievements in the fields of archaeology, history, linguistics, prove that Polog valley has been involved in the east side of the Albanian lands during the Middle Ages and the presence of the Albanian ethnos in these settlements.This paper will also address the political situation of Polog in the 11th ct to 1355 using the data extracted from the sources of the time. These sources inform us about the political position the valley held during the Bulgarian, Byzantine, Serbian, Epirote and Nicaean rule.The historical data presented in this paper enable us to get to know the main routes that crossed Polog during the Middle Ages used for internal economic and cultural communication as well as with neighboring countries. We have also identified the settlements and religious facilities and their properties in Polog.

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THE REVIVAL OF SERBIAN NATIONALISM IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

Author(s): Isak SHERIFI / Language(s): English Issue: 22-23/2024

With the establishment of Yugoslavia as a state that consisted of several nations such as Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, Albanians, Macedonians and Serbs, there will constantly be attempts to dominate other nations. For Serbia, the Yugoslav state will only be a tool for Serbian domination, which, in turn, stimulated Croatian national opposition. Nationalism will come to the fore mostly from the years 1844 with the infamous "Nacertania" program until the end of the Second World War. Serbian nationalism will also be emphasized during Tito's leadership, with the program of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1986 and its implementation by Slobodan Milosevic. The Serbs never stopped these forms of war even with the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo and the Albanians who lived in other territories in the former Yugoslavia, but they managed to adapt them, depending on the political currents in the world, and continued the ethnocide that can be taken as an example flagrant application of silent fascism that acted in the institutional framework, without any serious reaction from the outside.

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Realism and Multipolarity in the XXI Century. Challenges for the Balkans

Author(s): Marko Babić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The aim of this paper is to offer an insight into the phenomenon of multipolarity, a phenomenon that appeared on the global scene after the end of a unipolar moment that has lasted since the early 1990s. The paper is an attempt to present the main thesis of multipolarity as well as the correlation between multipolarity and realism as a theory in international relations. For this purpose, the most important explanatory achievements of realism have been reviewed. This was a springboard for analysing one of the world players and an active participant of the new multipolar order in the form of China, using all the realist instruments suggested, in its relations with selected countries of the Balkan region.

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The Resolution on the Srebrenica Genocide and Dayton Peace Agreement: In Which Direction Is It Heading?

Author(s): Dragan Dakić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This study explores the legal consequences and importance of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution (hereinafter: the Resolution) regarding the Srebrenica Genocide, which was adopted in light of the atrocities that occurred in 1995. The main aim is to assess the Resolution’s ability to initiate a supervening impossibility of performance (ius cogens superveniens) concerning the Dayton Peace Agreement. Utilising a qualitative approach, the research analyses the text of the resolution, the voting process, and the pertinent legal frameworks as well as the relevant scholarship. The findings highlight that although UNGA resolutions lack binding authority, they can significantly aid in the evolution of Customary International Law (CIL). The aforementioned Resolution’s focus on accountability and genocide prevention emphasises its contribution to the development of international legal standards and its interpretative role. The investigation reveals that the Resolution contains elements that could be interpreted as binding, hinting at its intended nature. However, the binding nature of the Resolution, in terms of its components and interpretative role, cannot void nor terminate the Dayton Peace Agreement. For such an outcome to occur, the Resolution would have to establish a peremptory norm of general international law through general principles of international law or Customary International Law. In this context, the research clarifies that the Resolution possesses the legitimacy to support the formation of Customary International Law. Nevertheless, this does not suggest that the potential of Customary International Law automatically overrides the grounds of ius cogens superveniens for invalidating the Dayton Peace Agreement. Instead, the Resolution’s reliance on the binding sources of international law, which include peremptory norms along with the judicial interpretation that applies these norms, plays a vital role in this scenario. At the same time, any potential conflict between those principles and the Dayton Peace Agreement, despite being classified as peremptory principles, appears to be overly broad at this juncture.

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STUDENTSKI PROTESTI 1968. – CRNOGORSKA PERSPEKTIVA

Author(s): Vukadin Nišavić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

The paper analyzes the phenomenon of student protests in 1968 in the socialist republic of Montenegro. It is a completely new topic in Montenegrin historiography and the work is based mostly on unpublished archival materials of the State Archives of Montenegro and the Archives of Yugoslavia. The research confirmed that the student population in Montenegro reacted to the protests in Belgrade, as well as that it highlighted a number of demands towards the Montenegrin party leadership. The activities of the League of Communists, the degree of control the party had in relation to the youth, as well as the appearance of the youth as a special social group within Montenegrin society were also analyzed.

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RIMSKA I VIZANTIJSKA DALMACIJA NA PROSTORU CRNE GORE DO SREDINE XIII VIJEKA

Author(s): Dragutin Papović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

The paper shows the territorial expansion and administrative-ecclesiastical organization of the Roman province of Dalmatia and the Byzantine themes of Dalmatia and Upper Dalmatia on the territory of present-day Montenegro. A special segment is made up of relations between Byzantine Upper Dalmatia and the state of Duklja. Their intense ties led in the middle of the 11th century to the intertwining of the two national traditions. This was also reflected in the relations between the Archdiocese of Dukljan-Bar and Dubrovnik. The paper also shows the relations between the Byzantine Duchy of Dalmatia and Croatia with Duklja, as well as the Dukla-Dalmatian state heritage in the state of Nemanjića and in the Catholic Church until the middle of the 13th century. The work was created on the basis of relevant literature and published sources.

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SPOLJNA POLITIKA FRANCUSKE U VRIJEME LUJA XIV

Author(s): Milivoj Bešlin,Adnan Prekic,Miloš Tirnanić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the key directions of French foreign policy during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715). The research focus was on the most representative elements of French foreign policy, especially diplomatic and military activities, with which Louis XIV tried to establish the absolute hegemony of France in Europe. The paper predominantly relies on contemporary literature, through which the position of France in European politics is explained, the most important military and diplomatic activities are analyzed, and the importance of the internal organization of the French state in these processes is pointed out. Apart from a detailed analysis of Louis XIV's military and diplomatic activities in which he tried to create conditions for the establishment of French supremacy in Europe, a special research focus was placed on the model of the so-called reunionist policy of the French king, with which he tried to unite the territories of the German states and the Spanish kingdom.

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DRUGAČIJA PERSPEKTIVA CRNOGORSKOG 20. VIJEKA

Author(s): Edin Smailović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Milan Šćekić, Izmišljanje istorije – Osvrt na tumačenje istorije Crne Gore 20. vijeka, CENTAR ZA GEOPOLITIKU, Podgorica, 2024. str. 284.

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STAMBENI PAKAO

Author(s): Jovan Muhadinović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Aleksandar R. Miletić, Stambeni pakao – sistem kontrolisane stanarine u Jugoistočnoj, Istočnoj i Srednjoj Evropi 1914–1930, INSTITUT ZA NOVIJU ISTORIJU SRBIJE, Beograd, 2024. str. 317.

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