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Author(s): Lilia Zabolotnaia / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

The matter of Maria (Lupu) Radziwiłł’s inheritance represents one of the most neglected questions in the scientific study-domain. Historians usually approach only its hereditary side, whilst writers perceive the theme in a fictional context. According to the author, there is a number of terms and notions related to the topic that are often confused or used individually and are thus worthy of observance: 1) Maria (Lupu) Radziwill’s property derived from the dowry bestowed by her father Vasile Lupu; 2) weno (dota) – the dowry and the wedding gifts; 3) the Polish royals usufructuary bestowal on Polish land; 4) her spouse’s property.

"Harcownik w świecie zawodowców". Roman Zimand jako badacz literatury i pisarz polityczny

Author(s): Jan Olaszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2019

This article is about the journalist, literary researcher, and opposition activist Roman Zimand. The author tries to answer several questions about Zimand’s life and achievements. What were his specific achievements and his approach to academic work? What role did the political context of the Polish People’s Republic play? What was the relationship between Zimand and the academic community in which he operated? To what extent can he be considered a “total intellectual”? The article begins with a brief biographical outline. Then the author focuses on presenting Zimand’s output and the specifics of his approach to academic work. The next part concerns Zimand’s political writing and the combination of his political commitment with his scholarship. Then the author discusses the relations between Zimand, the academic community, and the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic. In the last part of the article, the author considers the possibility of viewing Zimand as a “total intellectual.”

"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak". Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"Mała wojna". Działania wojsk rosyjskich w Inflantach, Estonii oraz Ingermanlandii w latach 1700–1704

Author(s): Paweł Krokosz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

"Sunt mihi quae valeant in talea pondera". Opanowanie wschodnich nadbałtyckich prowincji szwedzkich przez armię rosyjską w 1710 r.

Author(s): Paweł Krokosz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

"Ustaše sa strane - s fesovima na glavi!" Jedna problematična teza o nasiljima u istočnoj Hercegovini 1941. godine

Author(s): Ivica Šarac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 6/2020

The article seeks to test a thesis - that was set during the Second World War and gradually grew into an unquestionable fact in a part of historiographical literature - "foreign Ustashe", primarily those from the western parts of Herzegovina, were the most responsible for crimes committed over Serbian-Orthodox community in the East Herzegovina during 1941. The article is composed of two parts: analytical elaboration in the first part and appendices containing extracts from documents of the District Court in Mostar.

"V hlave tridsať, v krížoch sto". Starnutie v autobiografiách v Bratislave a Viedni.

Author(s): Ľubica Voľanská / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 2016

Európa šedivie. Staroba a starnutie sa tak stále častejšie stávajú predmetom mediálneho, sociálno-politického i výskumníckeho záujmu. Subjektívne prežívanie tejto životnej etapy i starnutia ako procesu je však v stredoeurópskom prostredí v sociálnych vedách skúmané málo. Ľubicu Voľanskú zaujímali motivácie správania sa a činností starých ľudí, ich postoje k vlastnému správaniu a konaniu a k správaniu a konaniu iných, ako sú zobrazené v ich autobiografických textoch. V monografii sleduje ambivalentné vnímanie staroby vo verejnom a odbornom diskurze prepojené s vnímaním starými ľuďmi v súvislosti s hranicami staroby. Bežne kladené otázky: Kto je starý? Ako možno stanoviť časovú alebo inú hranicu, odkedy je človek starý? necháva zodpovedať svojich partnerov a partnerky vo výskume. Ich výpovede dáva do kontextu širokej odbornej literatúry, ktorá sa hranicou staroby a prežívaním staroby zaoberá.

(Не)възможната близост между двореца и българското военно командване в края на XIX и началото на XX век

Author(s): Peter Stoyanovich / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

Taking the Bulgarian throne in critical years for the country, Prince Ferdinand I was forced to ensure not only his personal survival, but also to quickly prove his great diplomatic and psychological skills in order to win the battle for the hearts of the largest and most influential stratum – the officer corps. In less than a decade, he was able to displace the talented dictator Stambolov and make dependent on his judgment the bulk of senior army command without directly interfering with army work and training. With this success, Prince Ferdinand proved his talents as a psychologist, ruler and tactician.

1. Dywizja Kościuszkowców, red. nauk. B. Bębenek, A. Koseski, Wydawnictwa Akademii Humanistycznej im. Aleksandra Gieysztora, Pułtusk 2018, ss. 193

Author(s): Kamil Anduła / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

110. rocznica urodzin profesora Leszka Winowskiego (1910–1979), znawcy prawa kanonicznego, historyka państwa i prawa

Author(s): Włodzimierz Kaczorowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Prof. Leszek Józef Egidiusz Winowski was born on 23 January 1910 in Skałat, Tarnopol Voivodeship, in the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic. He studied in the Faculty of Law of Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov, where he earned the Master’s degree (1932), Doctor’s degree (1935), and in 1936 began his scientific work in the Chair of Church Law; from 1942 he was working in conspiracy in Lvov and cooperated with theBaltic Institute in Sopot; in Olsztyn he organized a branch of the Baltic Institute, which was operating in the Masurian District. In 1945, Leszek Winowski was employed in the Department of Law and Administration of Wrocław University and in 1974 he was granted the title of Full Professor. At the same time he worked in the Catholic University of Lublin, where he held the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences in the years 1945-1946 and – following its liquidation – he worked in the Faculty of the Canon Law where he lectured in Roman law and ecclesiastical law. In 1957, L. Winowski resigned from his work in the Catholic University of Lublin. Between 1957 and 1968, he was employed in the Teacher’s Training College in Opole, still working for Wrocław University. As regards the fields of scientific studies developed by Prof. Leszek Winowski, one candistinguish three main directions dealing with the legal situation of dissenters from the earliest Middle Ages, the state and law of Islam, and lastly – history of the Church in Silesia. Prof. Leszek Winowski was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. He was a member of many scientific societies. He died in Wrocław on 16 November 1979.

12th International Symposium on Knappable Materials (ISKM 2019), 18–22 November 2019, Budapest, Hungary

Author(s): Maria Gurova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

135 години Варненско медицинско дружество – юбилейна книга

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

145 години от издаването на в. „Знаме“

Author(s): Rositsa Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

At the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” has been presented an exhibition dedicated to the anniversary of the first issue of “Zname” newspaper. This newspaper is not only the one issued the longest time by the Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev, but also it was this newspaper, in which stands out the immense journalistic talent of the writer.

150 години от издаването на вестник „Свобода“

Author(s): Rositsa Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2019

In 2019 we are celebrating three anniversaries related to the prominent Bulgarian revolutionary and writer Lyuben Karavelov – 185 years since his birth, 140 years since his death and 150 years since the first issue of his newspaper Svoboda. On this occasion in November there was an exhibition in the central foyer of the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius”.

1769 m. įvykiai Šiaulių ekonomijoje: maištas ar sukilimas? Istoriografinių tradicijų sankirtos

Author(s): Ramunė Šmigelskytė-Stukienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2012

A revolt of any type is considered an uprising in the Lithuanian historiography on peasant history. Apart from the uprisings of 1794, 1830–1831 and 1863, the peasants’ revolt in the Economy of Šiauliai in 1769, the riot of peasants in Skuodas in 1711, as well as the peasants’ revolts in Jurbarkas and other rural districts in Samogitia in 1750–1760, are also referred to by the term of uprising. The article discusses the historiography of peasants’ revolts, the meaning of the concepts ‘riot’ and ‘uprising’; it discusses whether the terms ‘riot’ / ‘uprising’ were used synonymously or it is possible to identify the application of any typology of revolt against the government (tyranny) in Lithuanian historiography. The discussion on the interpretations of peasants’ revolt in historiography leads to a conclusion that the high number of typologies of peasants’ revolt reflects the variety of methodological approaches applied in the 20th century historiography. When social processes are analysed through the prism of the class struggle in the works of the authors of Marxist historiography, an armed revolt of peasants is considered one of the supreme forms of the class struggle. Influenced by conflict sociologists, the Western European historiography brought forward the concept of economic dissatisfaction of peasants as the key reason behind social conflicts. In the works of the representatives of structural anthropology, any revolt of the masses arising “from below” is considered a riot. The works by the representatives of the theory of comparative historical sociology group peasants’ revolts by intensity, domination of social / political motives; the works by the supporters of conflict theory group them by the object of revolt (landholders, the state, the Church), whereas the works by the representatives of rational choice theory arrange them by the level of organisation of participants in a revolt. The legal sources and political writings of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refer to a ‘riot’ as the resistance to the established law, order or government. The public movements of other type used to be defined by this concept as well: upheaval, disorder, conspiracy, rokosz, military alliance, or even confederation. The concepts ‘uprising’, ‘unrest’, ‘riot’, ‘rebellion’ used to refer to the revolt of peasants in the Lithuanian writings of the 19th–20th century had no differences in meaning. The synonymous use of the concepts ‘riot’ and ‘uprising’ shows the attribution of the positive meaning to the concept ‘riot’. Like ‘uprising’, ‘riot’ meant the movement striving for lawful goals targeted against abuse, exploitation or tyranny...

1791 m. spalio 20 d. „abiejų tautų tarpusavio įžado“ istorinė reikšmė ir aktualumas

Author(s): Eglė Burbaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2009

International conference „Historical Importance and Relevance of ‘the Mutual Vow of both Nations’ of October 20, 1791“, dedicated to commemorate this new memorable date, was held in the Constitution hall of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on October 20, 2008. Its participants were Seimas’ members, foreign diplomats, historians and guests from Poland. The conference aimed to attract society’s attention to the commemoration of the 20th of October, the day which reminds us of the Constitution of 1791, the mutual vow of Lithuania and Poland and which was included in the list of memorable days. The importance of the commemoration of the 20th of October was repeatedly emphasized during the conference because the mutual vow of both nations could be treated as a new pact of the union which helped to develop Lithuania’s new identity and establish friendly bilateral relations.

1944–1953 metų partizaninio karo Lietuvoje istoriografija

Author(s): Mindaugas Pocius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2006

The article surveys the historiography of the 1944–1953 Lithuanian partisan movement, which strived to restore the independent state of Lithuania; it also aims to summarise the results of the research concerning this movement, its problems, development, and tendencies. According to the author, the historiography of 1944–1953 resistance movement could be divided into two major periods: 1) the Soviet historiography till June, 1988, when the national reform movement Sąjūdis was formed in Lithuania and 2) historiography of national rebirth and the independent state of Lithuania (June 1998–2004). The author points to the fact that the historiography of the resistance movement also evolved independently in foreign countries (where Lithuanians lived in emigration) before and after the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania. Thus, researches of emigrant historians could be distinguished as a separate part of the resistance movement historiography.

1957 – Militari francezi în România după 40 de ani

Author(s): Petre Otu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2017

This study analyses the manner in which the political regime in Bucharest, which was installed following Romania’s entry into the Soviet sphere of influence, commemorated in August 1957 four decades since the Battle of Mărășești by inviting a group of former members of the French Military Mission who were active on the Romanian Front between October 1916 and March 1918. The group of the former French combatants was led by General Victor Pétin, the chief of staff of the French Mission and subsequently the military attaché in Romania.The visit of the French veterans highlighted a certain openness of the regime in Bucharest towards Western countries and especially towards France, for whom Romanians had a special fondness. At the same time, the organizing of the commemoration of the Battle of Mărășești, marking four decades since the largest Romanian military confrontation during the Great War, symbolizes the beginning of a delimitation from the Stalinist vulgate of the 1950s regarding the character of Romania’s participation to the confragration and the events that eventually led to the establishment of the national unitary state in 1918.

1965 m. lapkričio 13 d. baltiečių jaunimo žygis į Jungtines Tautas

Author(s): Daiva Dapkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2019

After Lithuania lost its independence, Lithuanians living abroad represented Lithuania in the West, concentrating on the so-called Freedom Case of Lithuania. Efforts through various political diplomatic actions were made to constantly remind the world of the occupation of Lithuania and other Baltic countries and the aspirations for the independence of these nations. Various means of political-propaganda activities were used in the aim to achieve Lithuania’s independence: from lobbying and influence on local politicians to various protest demonstrations and public political actions. One of the largest political campaigns organized by young people of that time was “the march to the United Nations” which took place in New York in November 13th, 1965, gaining widespread public support and strengthening the bond and cooperation of the young generation of the three Baltic nations (Lithuanian-Latvian-Estonian). The Manifesto adopted a resolution/referral to the United Nations urging them to take all available measures to restore the independence of the Baltic States. After the march, Baltic youth delegations attended missions of the United Nations members and presented them with a declaration and a referral to the United Nations.

20 поредни години светът отбелязва 25 ноември – ден за елиминиране на насилието над жени

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

The association of Women lawyers in partnership with the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” celebrated 25 November, the International Day of Elimination of Violence against Women.