"Byla to okupace, není-liž pravda?" Předložení jedné z hypotéz

Author(s): Igor Zavorotchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Based on material gathered by Czech historians and personal testimonies givenby eyewitnesses during oral history interviews recorded by the author himself,this article focuses on the significantly different interpretations of the Soviet military presence in Czechoslovakia after August 1968, as they appear in Czech or(post) Soviet sources. Defining this event either as an “occupation”, or avoiding,and even refusing to use this term, remains a fundamental dividing line. Theauthor attempts to understand the interpretation of these events as evidence of thedifferences in the wider meaning Czechs and Russians give to their own recenthistory.

"Harcownik w świecie zawodowców". Roman Zimand jako badacz literatury i pisarz polityczny

Author(s): Jan Olaszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2019

This article is about the journalist, literary researcher, and opposition activist Roman Zimand. The author tries to answer several questions about Zimand’s life and achievements. What were his specific achievements and his approach to academic work? What role did the political context of the Polish People’s Republic play? What was the relationship between Zimand and the academic community in which he operated? To what extent can he be considered a “total intellectual”? The article begins with a brief biographical outline. Then the author focuses on presenting Zimand’s output and the specifics of his approach to academic work. The next part concerns Zimand’s political writing and the combination of his political commitment with his scholarship. Then the author discusses the relations between Zimand, the academic community, and the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic. In the last part of the article, the author considers the possibility of viewing Zimand as a “total intellectual.”

"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak". Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"Mała wojna". Działania wojsk rosyjskich w Inflantach, Estonii oraz Ingermanlandii w latach 1700–1704

Author(s): Paweł Krokosz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

"Sunt mihi quae valeant in talea pondera". Opanowanie wschodnich nadbałtyckich prowincji szwedzkich przez armię rosyjską w 1710 r.

Author(s): Paweł Krokosz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

"Ustaše sa strane - s fesovima na glavi!" Jedna problematična teza o nasiljima u istočnoj Hercegovini 1941. godine

Author(s): Ivica Šarac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 6/2020

The article seeks to test a thesis - that was set during the Second World War and gradually grew into an unquestionable fact in a part of historiographical literature - "foreign Ustashe", primarily those from the western parts of Herzegovina, were the most responsible for crimes committed over Serbian-Orthodox community in the East Herzegovina during 1941. The article is composed of two parts: analytical elaboration in the first part and appendices containing extracts from documents of the District Court in Mostar.

"V hlave tridsať, v krížoch sto". Starnutie v autobiografiách v Bratislave a Viedni.

Author(s): Ľubica Voľanská / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 2016

Európa šedivie. Staroba a starnutie sa tak stále častejšie stávajú predmetom mediálneho, sociálno-politického i výskumníckeho záujmu. Subjektívne prežívanie tejto životnej etapy i starnutia ako procesu je však v stredoeurópskom prostredí v sociálnych vedách skúmané málo. Ľubicu Voľanskú zaujímali motivácie správania sa a činností starých ľudí, ich postoje k vlastnému správaniu a konaniu a k správaniu a konaniu iných, ako sú zobrazené v ich autobiografických textoch. V monografii sleduje ambivalentné vnímanie staroby vo verejnom a odbornom diskurze prepojené s vnímaním starými ľuďmi v súvislosti s hranicami staroby. Bežne kladené otázky: Kto je starý? Ako možno stanoviť časovú alebo inú hranicu, odkedy je človek starý? necháva zodpovedať svojich partnerov a partnerky vo výskume. Ich výpovede dáva do kontextu širokej odbornej literatúry, ktorá sa hranicou staroby a prežívaním staroby zaoberá.

(Pre)štampa(va)nje djela i autorska prava početkom 20. stoljeća u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Hana Younis / Language(s): Bosnian,English / Issue: 25/2020

This work focuses on the Walny vs. Kajon copyright infringement case, showing the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina within this field during the Austro-Hungarian rule. The author shows how copyright was legally regulated and how it could have led to infringement, through methods of (re)printing of Plan von Sarajevo und Umgebung. Participants of this legal case are well known to public, as writers, owners and editors of respectable journals and printing houses. For this reason, this case deserves some special attention.

(Re)interpretarea simbolisticii lui Hermes Mercurius: o paralelă între zeul Antichității și mercurul alchimic

Author(s): Andrei Victor COJOCARU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 26/2020

In this article, we propose a comparative analysis of the symbolism of the god Hermes, focusing in particular on two of his representations: that of messenger of the gods and that of phallic god. The first of these representations sums up two essential attributes of the god: on the one hand, bearer of the message/ word of the gods (Hermes the Arcadian) and, on the other, guide of souls (Hermes Psyhopompos) to and from the World Beyond. The second representation, that of phallic god, may not seem to have a direct connection with the two attributes mentioned above. At the level of literal interpretation, the two representations are indeed parallel to each other – appearing that they cannot (or should not) ever intersect. However, a closer analysis of the symbolic meanings will lead us to the hypothesis that the god’s aspects are rather complementary than parallel. In other words, the attributes of messenger of the gods and guide of the souls are not “contradicted” in the second representation, but, on the contrary, they are found in another symbolic form or they are, at least, supplemented by another symbolic form.

150 years since the foundation of the first archaeological museum society in Bucovina: Society of the Siret Museum

Author(s): Bogdan-Petru Niculică / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In the dynamic and natural evolution of any science there is a sacred segment, impossible to replace or avoid, whether it is a bachelor’s degreethesis, a doctoral thesis, a monograph or a treatise. It is about that primordial chapter, whichopens the way for discussion, bases and arguesthe research paths to follow, which specialistsrefer to as the History of Research. In this case,we turn our attention to a small segment of thehistory of Romanian archaeology, specifically oneof the great accomplishments of the archaeologyscience of year 2020: the marking of the 150thanniversary of the establishment of the first archaeological and museum society in Austrian Bucovina – Serether Museumverein / Society of theSiret Museum, founded in 1870 by Captain Josefvon Gutter of Siret; on this occasion we try to update, synthesize and order all available information relating to both the company and its founder.

1914 И КРАЯТ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕ:

ЯВОРОВ КАТО КОЛЕКТИВНА МЕТАФОРА

Author(s): Plamen Antov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

This article, which may conventionally be classified under the genre philosophy of history, develops two metaphors of high symbolic value. The first is the year 1914, as the start of World War I, the third and last in a se-ries of wars at the start of the 20th century in which Bulgaria was involved. It led teleologically to the year 1919 (Neuilly) which marked the symbolic – therefore absolute – end of the Bulgarian National Revival. The second metaphor is the figure of Yavorov in its his mytho-biographical projection – the poet’s suicide in October 1914 can be seen as a collective metaphor, as a metaphor of a collective ontological loss; but also as an attainment of a qualitatively new state; as the loss of the Revival’s monolithic national aspect and the acquiring of the tragic experience of Modernity and its social fragmentariness.

50 Years of Právněhistorické studie

Author(s): Kamila Stloukalová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

A „mételyező Dzsessz” és a magyar nóta háborúja

Az irredenta leghatalmasabb fegyvere

Author(s): András A. Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2020

Hajnáczky Tamás (szerk.): Magyar Cigányzenészek Országos Egyesülete. Cigányzenészek harca a két világháború közötti Magyarországon. Gondolat Kiadó: Budapest, 2019. 354 oldal

A hálózatelemzés alkalmazásáról a történettudományban

Author(s): Bálint Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3-4/2012

In Western European historical research, the “network” concept has gained ever greater ground in the last 20 years; history has developed its own network analytical methods. In Hungary, however, only a handful of researchers have applied network analysis. First, this article surveys the development of network analysis in general (Georg Simmel, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Lewin, Jacob Moreno, George Homans, Siegfried Nadel). Second, it presents the conceptual background of network theory (clique, cluster, etc.), with special regard to Albert-László Barabási and Mark Granovetter (defining strong-ties and weak-ties). The spatial and temporal representation of networks poses no simple challenge to historians. In order to illustrate this, the article draws on the visual depictions and analyses in Dauser, Regina–Hächler, Stefan–Kempe, Michael–Mauelshagen, Franz–Stuber, Martin (ed.), Wissen im Netz. Botanik und Pflanzentransfer in europäischen Korrespondenznetzen des 18. Jahrhunderts. [=Colloquia Augustana. Band 24.] Berlin, 2008. The application of network theory in historical research is presented through the pioneering work done by Wolfgang Reinhard, followed by the main achievements of the network analytical “school” in Augsburg to date. Finally, the article presents in further detail three specific areas where network analysis may be applicable: (a) network theory in Medieval and Early Modern Studies; (b) network theory in the analysis of diaspora-type social groups; (c) network theory in the analysis of social associations.

A Historical Sketch of the Roma in the Bulgarian Lands at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century

Author(s): Svetlana Ivanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2012

The paper aims at presenting new information concerning the Ottoman (short timar) tax registry TD 370 from 1530, comprising the Ottoman administrative unit region (beylerbeylik) of Rumelia (the Eastern Balkans, mostly the current-day Bulgarian lands). The historical record TD 370 offers a copious picture of the structure of the Ottoman society and the integration of the Roma into its different strata during the first half of the 16th century. An attempt for interpretation of the data on the geographical distribution and the quantitative parameters concerning the Christian and Muslim Roma, the Roma travellers and Roma settlers making their living through cultivating is offered. In addition, tax obligations and occupations of the Roma in the non-agrarian sphere are discussed as well as the integration of a substantial part of the Roma in the military organisation of the muselems.

A hundred years after the Balkan Wars: lessons and messages

Author(s): Sinisha Daskalovski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

A Journey from the Altar to the Narthex: Metropolitan Christophor and the Monastery of Bachkovo

Author(s): Emmanuel Moutafov,Tereza Bacheva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In late 2019, an altar column and table were entirely uncovered with a Greek inscription on it at the catholicon of the Monastery of Bachkovo while mounting the restored 17th-century ciborium. The first part of the inscription was copied from an authentic source, an antimension or a book/codex, while the second was added containing typical of the period errors revealing the literacy skills of the scribe. The inscription is published here for the first time, but has been known since the first half of the 20th century. The donor’s inscription on the Holy Table in Bachkovo, containing the name of Metropolitan Christophorus, logically raises the question about its connection with the other donor’s inscription, used to date the construction of the Church of the Most Holy Mother of God Petritsonitissa, above the west door to the narthex: were they inscribed by the same hand, were the murals at the naos and those at the narthex painted at the same time?

A Journey Intramuros. Processions and Other External Rites in Liturgical Manuscripts of Thessalonica

Author(s): Ilias Karalis / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The article aims to provide an accurate presentation of lites and two other outdoor rites, Indictus and in trullo (Saint Sophia) acclamation, performed in the urban fabric of Thessalonica in 15th century. Secondly, it draws attention to the investigation of the impact that these ceremonies had on the faithful. Information will be drawn from the works of Symeon, archbishop of Thessalonica (1416/7-1429).

A kubai kapcsolat. Az amerikai maffia havannai tevékenysége a Batista-rezsim és Fidel Castro forradalma idején

Author(s): András Lénárt / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2020

US organized crime appeared in Havana in the 1930s, as one of the results of the close collaboration between the governments of Cuba and the United States in the first decades of the 20th century. In this period, the Italian and Jewish groups of the American mafia played an important role in Cuban politics, society and the Cuban economy. This extraordinary cooperation, especially with Fulgencio Batista, ended with the arrival of Fidel Castro, although the mafia did not disappear without a trace from the life of Havana. The aim of my paper is to highlight the most important characteristics, mobsters and events of the presence of organized crime in Havana.

A magyar gazdaság mozgatórugói a középkorban. Az MTA BTK „Lendület” Középkori Magyar Gazdaságtörténet Kutatócsoport hároméves (2015–2018) beszámolója

Author(s): Boglárka Weisz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2019