LES EFFETS DU COMMUNISME SUR LA CONSCIENCE DU PEUPLE ROUMAIN

Author(s): Adriana Vîntu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2009

Le fort mouvement social et culturel qui a eu lieu suite à la chute du régime communiste en Roumanie est susceptible de représenter un cas de lutte sociale à la base d’une revendication collective, telle qu’Axel HONNETH la présente dans son livre, Lutte pour la reconnaissance. L’auteur souligne l’importance des schémas de reconnaissance ou d’approbation de la part des semblables et les circonscrit dans le triptique amour-droit-solidarité, avec ses formes correspondantes de mépris: violence physique, humiliation, atteint à la dignité. La lutte pour la reconnaissance du peuple roumain vise premièrement une reconstruction identitaire et peut avoir une valeur éthique seulement dans la mesure où elle part d’un réel intérêt de celui-ci de connaître son propre destin. Elle prend alors la nuance legitime d'un savoir qui passe nécessairement par un moment herméneutique.

RESHAPING IDENTITIES: ROMANIA, BORDERLINE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Maria-Antoaneta Neag / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The European construction is about to redefine and complete its structures in a globalisation era. In this world of movement, digitalisation, rapid means of transportation, European integration, to what extent do we know what is defining for a people/country/nation? The concept of European identity still remains blurred. EU, and globalization in general, have had unexpected effects when it comes to identity matters. The umbrella paradigm inevitably limits or simplifies national identities. Each Member State is undergoing a process of reshaping in order to transform its national identity into an EU “brand”, in other words, some aspects of the national substance are threatened to be lost in favor of a simplified and easily recognizable image. As several scholars already mentioned, Romania is a complex country, difficult to define using only geographic criteria. The frontier metaphor fits Romania as both historically and culturally, it was the borderline of several empires: Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Several civilisation models crossed the country leading to the formation of a diverse and complex identity. The aim of this research is to capture, by means of oral history techniques, the Europeans’ perceptions about Romania. Today, we are facing another identity challenge: Romania, borderline of the European Union.

Opanowanie Dynowa przez UPA 16 listopada 1946 roku. Dokumenty polskie i ukraińskie

Author(s): Artur Brożyniak,Paweł Fornal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

Kolaboracja na terenach wcielonych do Rzeszy Niemieckiej

Author(s): Ryszard Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

The article analyzes the phenomena of collaboration and collaborationism in all territories incorporated into the Third Reich. Nowhere, apart from a specific situation in Luxembourg, one may find in those territories national collaboration, that is to say the creation of state institutions collaborating with the Germans. The reason was the lack of initiative on the part of Germans. All territories incorporated into the Reich were treated offi cially or unofficially as parts of the Third Reich, and that is why the possibility to create there state semi-sovereign institutions was not planned. The support of collaboration in the annexed territories looked different. Simultaneously when integrating with the Reich the attempts were made to develop collaborative attitudes by Nazifi cation. The process of Nazification was very unequal and was taking place differently in every analyzed territory. In the Polish incorporated territories the process of establishing the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party) and transmitting organizations were nearly instantly being initiated. They acquired members nearly solely from the circle of the representatives of the pre-war German minority members who were politically active before 1939. The membership in the Nazi Party was elitist in the east and amounted to 2–3 per cent. In the west the intermediary solution was adopted, that is to say – the national socialist movements were being created which constituted the step in the path to the membership in the Nazi Party. The membership in those organizations in Luxembourg, Alsace and Lorraine was a mass scale phenomenon, and was not restricted by ‘racial’ limitations. After the end of the war, there were no precise criteria how to differentiate between the collaboration attitudes in the incorporated territories from those which are described as adjustment and passive and active resistance. It resulted in accusing a large part of the native population of collaboration without differentiation between that group and the German minority which in fact participated in that process on a mass scale. The indicator factor of collaboration in the eastern territories was rather the membership in Nazi organizations, than the active engagement in the activities of the German state apparatus, party structures and terror apparatus.