Contribuţii la istoria meşteşugurilor din Galaţi, în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Emeric Mihaly,Sara Mihaly / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 02+03/1969

Dans la première partie de leur travail, les auteurs nous présentent le tableau du développement de l'industrie roumaine à cette époque en précisant qu'en dépit des succès obtenus à la fin du XIX-ème siècle et au début du siècle suivant, des nombreux manufactures, ateliers capitalistes, ateliers artisanaux et même une industrie ménagère continuaient d'exister. Ensuite, les auteurs traitent du développement de l'industrie, voire des métiers, à Galaţi pendant la deuxième moitié du XIX-ème siècle, utilisant un matériel riche et varié, pour la plupart inédit. Ils font observer que durant la période susmentionnée le nombre des artisans a sensiblement augmenté à Galaţi. En effet, si en 1845 il y en avait plus de mille, en décembre 1889 leur nombre s'élève à 4558. Ainsi, de ce point de vue, la ville de Galaţi vient tout de suite après Bucarest, voire après Craiova. Les auteurs soulignent le fait que malgré l'augmentation en nombre de la majorité des métiers, quelques uns — comme la meunerie, la peausserie et les tanneries — marquent une régression assez notable à cause de la concurrence des artisans étrangers et surtout à cause des marchandises industrielles autochtones et étrangères. Néanmoins les métiers non seulement ne déchoient pas à Galaţi mais, bien au contraire, ils connaissent un essor remarquable.

Nepostradatelná úloha domácích podporovatelů operace Anthropoid. Kaplan ThDr. Vladimír Petřek a jeho známí i neznámí spolupracovníci

Author(s): Martin Jindra / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 02/2012

The most important factor in the success of the paratroopers dropped over the Protectorate was the help of the domestic resistance, without which the soldiers’ time on the occupied territory would have lasted mere hours rather than weeks. Many provided assistance and it took various forms, although in every case it would have meant (and often did mean) death for the resistance members and their entire families. Providing accommodation, a warm sweater or even a stick of salami would all have cost donors their lives. The tensest period followed the assassination of Heydrich, when thanks to the selfsacrifice of the long active ThDr. Petřek and his network, the paratroopers managed to hide in the crypt of Prague’s Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius.

 The Trouble with Diversifying the Faculty

Author(s): Walter Benn Michaels / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

This article presents the problem of politics of di erence realized within the American educational system, with a special emphasis on higher education. This politics is according to the author based on putting in the center of all educational actions the idea of diversity, as well in creating academic institutions. This key idea becomes in the American context a special significance, regarding the fact that the American society is based on ideology that celebrates multiculturalism and diversity as such. This article presents also an important for the contemporary situation in the United States problem of combining cultural and ethnic diversity on the economical category of di erence between various classes. Furthermore, it seems to be more significant in the light of the economic crisis in recent years that affected also American education in the same extent.

Třináct let za ostnatým drátem. Tragický osud a smrt Josefa Brykse, vězně dvou totalitních režimů

Author(s): Ladislav Kudrna / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 03/2011

Josef Bryks, a Czechoslovak fi ghter pilot who served with the RAF, was shot down in June 1941 over Germanoccupied territory and was arrested soon afterwards. He spent the rest of the war in German detention camps and prisons, from which he constantly tried to escape by all manner of means. He survived the war with the reputation of a “chronic escapee” and returned to England, from where he eventually took his wife Trudie to Czechoslovakia. Bryks’s military career was interrupted by the Communist takeover of 1948. In May 1948 he was arrested and in February 1949 he was sentenced to 10 years hard labour. He passed through several camps and prisons, causing trouble wherever he went, which led to his original sentence being lengthened. In the end he had become a Communist slave. He died of a severe heart attack in the Rovnost labour camp in August 1957. He was 41 years old. The widow of this prisoner of two totalitarian regimes, Trudie Bryks, fought long and hard for his rehabilitation after 1989. Only in 2009 was she able to place flowers on her husband’s grave.

Voják druhého a třetího odboje Miloslav Jebavý

Author(s): Petr Mallota / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 04/2011

A veteran of the anti-Nazi resistance, Miloslav Jebavý became one of the fi rst Czechoslovak citizens that the Communists sent to the gallows aft er their 1948 takeover. In his case it was for organising armed groups planning to join up to carry out an armed coup in March 1949. Their aim was to wrest power back from the Communist party and restore democracy.

" I LOS PADŁ NA MACIEJA..." KILKA UWAG O PÓŹNOANTYCZNYM STOSUNKU DO LOSÓW I PEWNYM EPIZODZIE Z POCZĄTKÓW KOŚCIOŁA

Author(s): Robert Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2011

In Late Antiquity the choice of a bishop was widely treated as an attempt to discover God’s will, and the method by which Matthias was chosen to replace Judas as the twelfth apostle, namely by drawing lots, as described in Ac 1,15–26, would seem to have provided a model solution for recognizing God’s intention. But such selections by drawing lots never gained wider acceptance. This paper explains this method’s lack of popularity and shows how Christian authors such as John Chrysostom, Theodoret, Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine justified the difference between the contemporary practice of episcopal elections and the biblical example. This leads to some observations about the attitude of Late Antique Christians towards the ideal community presented in the first chapters of Acts.

"Akritas" – Nikos Kazantzakis' Little-Known Unrealized Epic Project

Author(s): Michał Bzinkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2017

Kazantzakis’ Odyssey – apart from the abundance of philosophical as well as ideological influences of many different sources which the writer tried to unify into a universal cosmotheory – constitutes a large-scale attempt by a Modern Greek writer to respond to Homeric epic. Yet, the author of Zorba the Greek sketched another epic composition that, according to his vision, aimed at reaching further than his magnum opus. His ambition was to encompass the long-lasting period between Ancient and Modern Greece, namely that of the Byzantine empire and its radiating influence on Greek consciousness and identity. He entitled his project Akritas, thus directly alluding to the only epic poem in Byzantine Greek literature, Digenes Akritas, and its protagonist as well as to acritic songs from Cyprus, where the latter’s name appears. In the present paper I would like to shed some light on Kazantzakis’ approach to Byzantium and its significance in defining the Greek identity through this unfinished sketch that the writer in fact never began.

"Alexandria" în evul mediu românesc

Author(s): Ovidiu Pecican / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/1996

RÉSUMÉ: Le Roman d'Alexandre pendant le Moyen Age Roumain. Le destin roumain du Roman d'Alexandre pendant le Moyen Age, voilà qu'est-ce qu'on essaye de dégager dans le présent étude. On croyait que cet écrit médiéval commence son itinéraire parmi les Roumains pendant le XVIe siècle. Mais aujourd'hui on découvre qu'au sud du Danube, les Roumains et les Coumains du second Empire Bulgare le connaissaient déjà au debut du XIIIe siècle, et leur frères du nord du fleuve le savaient, leur aussi, vers la fin du même siècle. Un autre but de cet étude est de voir quelles sont les contributions des Roumains au developement des thèmes du Roman d'Alexandre pendant la période féodale. Dans le troisième lieu, dans les pages qui suitent on a essayé de dégager le statut du soit-dit Roman d'Alexandre dans la société de Transylvanie, Valachie et Moldavie médièvales, c'est-à-dire quel role ont eu les copies manuscrits du "roman". On a constaté que jusqu'au XIVe-XVIIe siècle, l'écrit etait consideré comme un livre d'histoire. Seulement après cette datte on a commencé le lire comme littérature de fiction. Toutes ces chose etaient juqu'aujourd'hui peu et seulement partiellement connues à cause du fait qu'on croyait que les Roumains ont connu le Roman d'Alexandre dans une période plus tarde.

"An Offer Not to Be Refused": Ideology and Communist Party Membership before 1968 in the Narratives of the Czechoslovak Officer Corps

Author(s): Jiří Hlaváček / Language(s): English / Issue: 08/2018

This study focuses on the reflection of the relationship between the army and ideology in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. The main attention is paid to the issue of membership of Czechoslovak People's Army officers in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia before 1968. Through the analysis of oral-historical interviews, the author follows the narrative and legitimizing strategies of rejecting or accepting party membership, which was one of the conditions of career growth in the military during the period under review. An important factor in (re) constructing narrators’ memories in this case is the current media image of the communist regime in Czech society.

"And the Kingdom of the Bulgarians with the Great Victories" (Letter from the Oecumenical Patriarch Germanus II to the Papal Cardinals of 1232)

Author(s): Trendafil Krastanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/1995

"AUTOBIOGRAFIJA" USAME IBN MUNKIZA - JEDINSTVENI JEZIČKI SPOMENIK

Author(s): Darko Tanasković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 26/1976

Autobiography (Kitab al-I'tibar) of the Syrian Emir Usama ibn Munqid (1095-1188) is known as a very important historical source for the first Crusades. It gives a great number of invaluable data on the political and social situation in the 12th century Syria, and especially on the relationship between the Crusaders and the local Moslem population.

"Bereichert euch!"

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 39/1953

Originally published in: "Prawda", Moskau, 13. September 1953 (Original title: O merach dalnejschego raswitija sselskogo chosjajstwa SSSR. Postanowlenije Plenuma ZK KPSS, prinjatoje 7 ssentjabrja 1953 g. po dokladu tow. Chruschtschowa N.S. (über die Maßnahmen zur weiteren Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft der UdSSR. Beschluß des Plenums des Zentralkomitees der Komlnunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion, angenommen am 7. September 1953, zum Referat des Genossen N. S. Chruschtschow))

"Bilo je to godine devetsto i treće..."

Author(s): Stjepan Laljak,Dinko Šokčević,Stjepan Matković,Zlatko Matijević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2005

The article presents the causes and consequences of politically motivated riots in Croatia in 1903.

"Božje utvrde" Kraljevine Slavonije

Author(s): Krešimir Regan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2013

Since the middle of the 13th until the end of the 16th century, numerous defensive structures were erected on the territory of the Kingdom of Slavonia (by the roads, on mountain slopes and ridges, near river crossings). Among the most active builders were members of the clergy of the Bishopric of Zagreb (the Bishop of Zagreb, the chapter of Zagreb, the chapter of Čazma, the chapter of Vaškan), Catholic monastic orders (Benedictines, Paulines) and Catholic military orders (Templars, Hospitalers, Sepulchrales), who erected a number of burghs, fortified settlements, convents and churches, as well as many renaissance castles and fortresses, in order to protect their own vast domains. This article intends not just to elaborate the historical and archeological topography of these defensive structures, but also to show their peculiarities when compared to other types of fortifications of the age. Therefore, all sorts of defensive structures, their time of origin and spatial disposition are presented, with special emphasis on their significance in the shaping and development of Croatian and Central European cultural heritage. Although historical sources mention far more „God’s fortresses“, this paper deals with 37 such edifices, including both those wholly or partially preserved as well as those whose appearance could be reconstructed with the help of old drawings or photographs.

"Braća, a ne neprijatelji"

Author(s): Ivo Kolbe / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 10/1934

Какви су се то неријешиви проблеми убацили између ова два народа, па да им не даду да у једном заједничком прегнyћy покушају nронаћи путеве и средства што воде неком љепшем и пунијем животу? - Јер, зар нијесу ово времена у којима сагоријева народно стрпљење, постављено пред једну мучну непознаницу сутрашњег дана, који се је поредао у слиједу дана пуних одрицаља и пуних патња! .Зар је овим народима довољна трка за обеhањима, што се тако тешко испуњују? Зар дневни бучни говори, параде, музике, и слетови, могу испунити празнине у желуцу, сакрити крпеж дроњака, и унијети топлину у голе домове? И зар се немирној мисли човека може отети право на слободно стварање и слободно суђење?

"BRIDGING THREE GENERATIONS: TIMELESS GAMES AND TOYS" AT SALVA

Author(s): Vasilica Găzdac / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2017

The aim of the project "Bridging three generations: Timeless Games And Toys", was to gather three generations (Grandparents – Parents and Kids), through games and toys of the oldest generation to help pre-school children learning and playing games and toys of his/her grandparents. In this digitized world, one of the most challenging problems is to establish ties, bonds and bridges between the oldest living generation and post-millennium generation.

"Continuities and discontinuities. Educational program of The Planned Parenthood Association in Krakow (1957 – 1993)"

Author(s): Barbara Klich-Kluczewska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

The article presents the program of sexual education prepared and offered by Krakow Branch of the Planned Parenthood Association in the wider context of socio-political situation in Krakow (1956 – 1989). Since the beginning of the Association’s existence, the special attention was paid to the development of educational program, which concerned the different aspects of „family life“. The article is going to answer the questions about its goals, the educational tools used to achieve them and its social targets. To accurately determine the position of the Association in the city‘s community I will analyse its foundation and activities in wider context of the pre-war traditions of the organisation and the activities regarding premarital counselling undertaken by the Krakow Catholic Church.

"Contra varietatem pugna latissima." Un recueil juridique moldave et son convoi (BAR Ms. sl. 636, XVIe siècle)

Author(s): Ivan Biliarsky,Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on a manuscript from the Library of the Romanian Academy, Ms. sl. BAR 636 (16th century), with the purpose of making a comprehensive description and analysis of its varied content, which is that of a true monastic encyclopaedia and a panoply of letters fighting against heresies, in defence of Orthodoxy. The study delves on the juridical (Canon law), dogmatic, liturgical and historical sections of the manuscript and also on its anti-heretic polemical texts. The political context of Moldavia during the reign of Prince Alexander Lăpuşneanu (1552–1561, 1564–1568), when the manuscript was completed, allows for a better understanding of the relationship between Church and Ruler and to discern the importance of the Romanian–Slavic literary contacts in the Middle Ages.

"Cumhuriyetin İlanından Sonra Türkiye’de Ses Eğitimin in Tarihsel Gelişimi".

Author(s): Nuran Ayaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 10/2017

This research was conducted in order to explain the historical process in a short, simple and plain way, compiling it together with the source scans of the information which has been going on for years, and to benefit the students who are still growing and the people who are interested in this field. For this, firstly the earliest historical development of sound education was briefly mentioned about the birth and study of it according to the schools, and the way of voice education firstly came to Turkey and tried to explain the way that it spread rapidly after the Republican period.

"Czeski błąd" i polski "Kret". O różnych filmowych obliczach lustracji

Author(s): Piotr Pomostowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20/2012

The issue of settling accounts with modern history is a topic often taken up in contemporary Polish cinematography. The delicate and intriguing problems of lustration, memory, guilt, and forgiveness are, however, not only a Polish concern. In 2009, Kawasaki’s Rose, directed by Jan Hřebejku, was presented during the Berlinale. Almost a year later, Rafael Lewandowski’s debut film The Mole was released in Polish cinemas. Both the Czech and the Polish productions constitute attempts at facing the embarrassing problem faced by Poles and Czechs in terms of the problems mentioned above. A closer look at the phenomenon, viewed from two different perspectives (Polish in The Mole and Czech in Kawasaki’s Rose), provides a particularly interesting angle for analyzing this subject. In the article, the works of Rafael Lewandowski and Jan Hřebejk are compared in an effort to answer the question of what image of society emerges from these films. How do different historical and cultural conditions influence the process of shaping people’s attitudes in the face of similar problems. The author performs a film study analysis on these works, based on interviews with their authors and important reviews of them. Literary works that are topically connected with them, including Revised Edition by Péter Esterházy and The Curtain by Milan Kundera, constitute an essential context.