"Harcownik w świecie zawodowców". Roman Zimand jako badacz literatury i pisarz polityczny

Author(s): Jan Olaszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2019

This article is about the journalist, literary researcher, and opposition activist Roman Zimand. The author tries to answer several questions about Zimand’s life and achievements. What were his specific achievements and his approach to academic work? What role did the political context of the Polish People’s Republic play? What was the relationship between Zimand and the academic community in which he operated? To what extent can he be considered a “total intellectual”? The article begins with a brief biographical outline. Then the author focuses on presenting Zimand’s output and the specifics of his approach to academic work. The next part concerns Zimand’s political writing and the combination of his political commitment with his scholarship. Then the author discusses the relations between Zimand, the academic community, and the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic. In the last part of the article, the author considers the possibility of viewing Zimand as a “total intellectual.”

"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak". Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"V hlave tridsať, v krížoch sto". Starnutie v autobiografiách v Bratislave a Viedni.

Author(s): Ľubica Voľanská / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 2016

Európa šedivie. Staroba a starnutie sa tak stále častejšie stávajú predmetom mediálneho, sociálno-politického i výskumníckeho záujmu. Subjektívne prežívanie tejto životnej etapy i starnutia ako procesu je však v stredoeurópskom prostredí v sociálnych vedách skúmané málo. Ľubicu Voľanskú zaujímali motivácie správania sa a činností starých ľudí, ich postoje k vlastnému správaniu a konaniu a k správaniu a konaniu iných, ako sú zobrazené v ich autobiografických textoch. V monografii sleduje ambivalentné vnímanie staroby vo verejnom a odbornom diskurze prepojené s vnímaním starými ľuďmi v súvislosti s hranicami staroby. Bežne kladené otázky: Kto je starý? Ako možno stanoviť časovú alebo inú hranicu, odkedy je človek starý? necháva zodpovedať svojich partnerov a partnerky vo výskume. Ich výpovede dáva do kontextu širokej odbornej literatúry, ktorá sa hranicou staroby a prežívaním staroby zaoberá.

(Не)възможната близост между двореца и българското военно командване в края на XIX и началото на XX век

Author(s): Peter Stoyanovich / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

Taking the Bulgarian throne in critical years for the country, Prince Ferdinand I was forced to ensure not only his personal survival, but also to quickly prove his great diplomatic and psychological skills in order to win the battle for the hearts of the largest and most influential stratum – the officer corps. In less than a decade, he was able to displace the talented dictator Stambolov and make dependent on his judgment the bulk of senior army command without directly interfering with army work and training. With this success, Prince Ferdinand proved his talents as a psychologist, ruler and tactician.

[Inter]sections

Frequency: 1 issues / Country: Romania

[Inter]sections is the annual double-blind peer reviewed journal of American Studies at the University of Bucharest (ISSN 2068 – 3472). The language of the journal is English (US). Its first peer reviewed issue came out in 2009. From 2009 to 2012, it was a quarterly peer-reviewed publication. Between 2012 and 2014, [Inter]sections was on hiatus. It returned in 2015 as an annual double-blind peer reviewed open access publication.

1. Dywizja Kościuszkowców, red. nauk. B. Bębenek, A. Koseski, Wydawnictwa Akademii Humanistycznej im. Aleksandra Gieysztora, Pułtusk 2018, ss. 193

Author(s): Kamil Anduła / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

12th International Symposium on Knappable Materials (ISKM 2019), 18–22 November 2019, Budapest, Hungary

Author(s): Maria Gurova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

135 години Варненско медицинско дружество – юбилейна книга

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

145 години от издаването на в. „Знаме“

Author(s): Rositsa Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

At the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” has been presented an exhibition dedicated to the anniversary of the first issue of “Zname” newspaper. This newspaper is not only the one issued the longest time by the Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev, but also it was this newspaper, in which stands out the immense journalistic talent of the writer.

1957 – Militari francezi în România după 40 de ani

Author(s): Petre Otu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2017

This study analyses the manner in which the political regime in Bucharest, which was installed following Romania’s entry into the Soviet sphere of influence, commemorated in August 1957 four decades since the Battle of Mărășești by inviting a group of former members of the French Military Mission who were active on the Romanian Front between October 1916 and March 1918. The group of the former French combatants was led by General Victor Pétin, the chief of staff of the French Mission and subsequently the military attaché in Romania.The visit of the French veterans highlighted a certain openness of the regime in Bucharest towards Western countries and especially towards France, for whom Romanians had a special fondness. At the same time, the organizing of the commemoration of the Battle of Mărășești, marking four decades since the largest Romanian military confrontation during the Great War, symbolizes the beginning of a delimitation from the Stalinist vulgate of the 1950s regarding the character of Romania’s participation to the confragration and the events that eventually led to the establishment of the national unitary state in 1918.

20 поредни години светът отбелязва 25 ноември – ден за елиминиране на насилието над жени

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

The association of Women lawyers in partnership with the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” celebrated 25 November, the International Day of Elimination of Violence against Women.

5 dywizja piechoty w latach 1945-1949

Author(s): Witold Jarno / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The article describes the history of the 5th Infantry Division in the first yearsafter the ending of World War II. The division was created in 1944 and tookpart in the battles of the Second Polish Army on the Eastern Front in 1945.After the war finished, the division became part of the Military District No.V Poznan and was deployed in garrisons in the Lubusz Land. It opened a newperiod in its history, in the difficult first post-war years. The article discusses its organizational changes, training of soldiers, educational activities, participationin agricultural work and in the battles with the Polish independence undergroundin the eastern Polish territories. The modernization of the Polish armyin 1949 brought significant changes in the organization and dislocation of thedivision, at the same time opening another chapter in its history

60-ТАТА ГОДИШНИНА НА МУЗЕЯ НА ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО ВЪВ ВАРНА

Author(s): Kolyo Hubenov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The following article is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Museum of National Revival in Varna. The text begins with a short summary of the museum’s history from its founding in 1959 until 2006, when the exposition was moved to its current address – 21 Dr. L. Zamenhoff St. The second part of the material presents the exposition along with its more interesting or important cultural valuables, the types of collections held in the repository and the exhibitions the museum has organized in the last 13 years or has been invited to participate in. In the References are presented books and articles that have studied the different themes from the museum’s expositions or have published some of its cultural valuables.

65 години списание „Библиотека”

Author(s): Petar Velichkov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

The National library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” commemorated formally the 65 anniversary of “Biblioteka” magazine – with an exhibition and premier of the newly released Thematic index for the period 2006–2018. Among the guests were members of the Editorial staff – Associate Prof. Anna Angelova, director of University library, Dr. Silvia Naidenova, director of the Central Library of BAS, Elizabetha Georgieva, director of the National library “Detko Petrov” in Tsaribrod, Serbia, Mr. Vesselin Todorov, Executive director of SIELA NORMA Ltd, Associate Prof. Vasil Zagorov from UNIBIT and others. The event was attended also by authors of the magazine – the doyen of Bulgarian Book science prof. Ani Gergova, prof. Stoyanka Kenderova, prof. Alexandra Kumanova and others.

A Bridge to the West: Yugoslavia as a Transit Country for Czechoslovak Emigrants from the 1960s to 1980s

Author(s): Jan Pelikán,Ondřej Vojtěchovský / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Based on the analysis of documents from the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav archive collections, the paper deals with the emigration of Czechoslovak citizens to the West through the territory of socialist Yugoslavia. Even though this phenomenon appeared already in the 1960s with the boom of Czechoslovak mass tourism on the Adriatic coast, our chronological focus lies on the 1970s and 1980s. During this period of so-called “normalisation”, the Yugoslav road became one of the most important paths of emigration to the Western countries. The paper argues that despite the efforts of Czechoslovak communist government to hinder the emigration, the urgent need to grant the raising consumption demands on the side of citizens, drove Husák’s leadership to gradually loosen the requirements for tourist trips to Yugoslavia. Thus, in the mid-1980 far more than half a million of Czechoslovaks were allowed to spend their vacations on the Yugoslav sea per year, even if thousands of them used this opportunity to flee to the West.

A Brief Incursion in the Realm of Institutional Organization of the American Cultural Diplomacy from World War I to 1946

Author(s): Bogdan Antoniu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

The institutional organization of the American cultural diplomacy from the end of the First World War and the full engagement of the United States in the Second World War was an experimental, reactive, and unsubstantial policy. Even though the idea of using culture or arts as diplomatic tools was rejected by many governmental officials, there were many personalities like President Roosevelt, who foresaw that the power of art and culture represents an important part of states’ foreign policy. In fact, since the Cold War till now, cultural diplomacy has acquired special significance becoming an important instrument that operates among the other diplomatic methods.

A Centenary of Legal Education at the University of Lublin. The Early-Stage Challenges

Author(s): Magdalena Pyter / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Catholic University of Lublin (until 1928 named University of Lublin) is the oldest university in Lublin and one of the oldest Polish universities. It was established in 1918, at a time of huge significance to the Polish statehood. It was then, after 123 years of captivity, that Poland regained its independence. The founder of the university, Father Idzi Radziszewski, assumed that the new academic centre would educate lawyers alongside the specialists in theology, humanities and church studies. Therefore, the moment when the university was established was also when the Faculty of Law and Socio-economic Sciences came into being. Despite the enormous enthusiasm that accompanied the establishment of the university, its various faculties, and the emerging opportunities to educate law students, severe difficulties were looming over the new legal faculty. The most acute of these difficulties were the lack of professorial staff and the lack of authorization to award law degrees and diplomas. If it were not for the appropriate actions taken by the University and Faculty authorities, these problems could have led to the rapid shutdown of the Faculty. In the former case, the professors of other Polish universities were asked to assist the didactic endeavours of the Lublin Faculty of Law through temporary or full-time employment at the Catholic University of Lublin. A positive response came from various academic centres, among which the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv deserves special recognition. It were the Lviv professors in particular who commuted to Lublin to work at the Faculty of Law, and in many cases also performed diverse administrative functions. The latter problem was also solved with the help of the Lviv University. When the graduates of the Lublin Faculty of Law were not able to obtain their graduation diplomas locally, these were issued by the Lviv Faculty of Law. As a result, during the first few years of the academic activity in Lublin, the students educated at the Catholic University of Lublin earned a diploma from the University of Lviv. It was a solution that led to certain organisational complications, yet it was the only feasible option in the circumstances when the state authorities constantly delayed granting KUL full rights to confer academic degrees. Naturally, the outbreak of World War II was another challenge for the existence of the University and the Faculty. After twenty years of its early-stage organizational effort and activity, the University of Lublin had to suspend its operation for a few years, to finally resume its life it in more advantageous times. To this day, the Catholic University of Lublin has been functioning and developing dynamically, and the problems that occurred several decades ago contributed to its development. This difficult history paved the way for the university and the Faculty of Law to function and thrive for over a hundred years.

A Collective Find of Molds for Casting Bronze Objects from the Middle Rhodops

A Collective Find of Molds for Casting Bronze Objects from the Middle Rhodops

Author(s): Damyan Damyanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2007

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUMISMATIC EVIDENCES ASSOCIATED TO MINING ACTIVITIES IN PARTHIAN AND SELEUCID DYNASTIES

Author(s): Hassan Karimian / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Knowledge of the number and location of mines of the ancient periods has been the subject of common research between archaeologists and archaeo-mineralogists. The scientific significance of the subject becomes apparent when the direct relation between the power of the ancient rulers and number of the mines they owned is perceived. The gold and silver mines, like today, were accounted as the main economic credit and backing of the ancient states. Although mixing silver with other metals was used to produce diverse metal artefacts, silver on its own was most popular for minting coins. Since coin was a symbol of the sovereignty of rulers and an indicator of the economic power of ancient civilizations, silver mining was probably one of the main activities of the ancient craftsmen. The main aim of this research is to investigate the conditions surrounding, and the techniques used for, extraction of silver from different mines during the reign of Alexander of Macedon, Seleucid rulers (336-129 BC), and Parthian kings (247 BC-224 AD). The kings, whose coins are studied in this research, ruled in Iran from 4th -1st BC. This research is focused on the laboratory results obtained from XRF tests on 24 coins belonging to the mentioned kings.The analysis of the results revealed that despite the advanced technology used for recovering silver from zinc and lead mines in the Seleucid era, the Parthian craftsmen were not highly skilled in this field. In other words, the silver recovery technology was more advanced in the Seleucid era than the Parthian period

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TO APPROACHING LATE ANTIQUE VILLA TRANSFORMATIONAL TRAJECTORIES

Author(s): Dodd James / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The mutation of the villa in the Western Roman Empire is a key element to our understanding of the transformation of the rural landscape between Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period. The archaeology of this transitional phase has long been identified and has been dated to between the 3rd century in some regions and as late as the 6th and 7th centuries and in other areas; however, it is only in the last 20 years that work has begun to examine the phenomenon in detail, with a number of regional studies emerging and a few larger but primarily non-empirical studies undertaken. Despite this, an overarching unified conceptual approach is lacking with little or no attention payed to the trajectories of individual sites. This paper intends to develop and demonstrate a new approach to the phenomenon of villa change, establishing a clear classification system, augmenting the work done by Chavarría (2004) and Ripoll and Acre (2000), categorising the different elements of transformation and applying this to the development of site trajectories It will also discuss the basis and feasibility of a standardised terminology to refer to these diverse features, replacing the biased catch-all phrase ‘squatter occupation’.