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This paper is devoted to a presentation of results of simulation experiment aimed at assessment of estimation quality of data on commuting to work on the basis of information collected during sample survey conducted within the National Population and Housing Census 2011. The analysis uses the bootstrap method consisting in multiple sampling with replacement of samples from a given ’starting’ sample and studying distribution of values of parameter of interest estimated for them. The generalization was conducted using Horvitz-Thompson direct estimator with calibration weights computed by working subgroup for statistical and mathematical methods for censuses within the 2011 Census project and strata defined for such census. On the basis of suggestions contained in subject matter literature sizes and number of bootstrap samples were established and computation of relative mean squared error, relative bias and empirical relative bias for estimation of various values expressed in absolute numbers and percentage by categories and voivodships for each analyzed sample as total and by sex. Using the results relevant practical conclusions were formulated.
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The article discusses the problem of cyclicality of the price index of goods and services (CPI), recognizing that it is worthwhile to conduct research to better understand this phenomenon, since the behavior of prices is crucial to the functioning of the economy. To determine the cyclical nature of the CPI the author uses harmonic analysis, which allowed him to determine the strength and length variations in this ratio. The study covers the period of 2003—2012. The CPI calculated ”month to the same month of the previous year” shows fairly stronger periodic fluctuations than the calculated ”month to previous month”.
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The paper discusses the CPI substitution bias calculating. The bias is calculated using some known, superlative price indices for Polish data. Additionally, some price index formula are implemented that is not superlative, but it leads to the substitution bias reduction.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the spatial differentiation of economic development of voivodships and poviats in the period 2002-2011 using taxonomic indicators. The inference based on historical-political, territorial (distance from the center management) and economic, which allowed for the expansion of and more flexible assessment. Analyses are based on homogeneous characteristics. For measuring were selected statistically stable variables: average salary, number of entities in the REGON registry (per 1000 inhabitants), the unemployment rate and sold production per capita, the gross value of fixed assets and investments. Using diagnostic variables were established indicators of economic development of the various local government units. The result of the work is the ranking voivodships and poviats, taking into account long-term conditions.
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The article describes the statistical and econometric analysis tools which made possible to construct aggregate indicators characterizing economic situation. The analysis of these indicators is particularly important in the case of economic research – simultaneous observation of many economic information enables a deeper assessment of economic fluctuations and to reduce the number of false signals. The authors isolated variables having the character of simultaneous and leading for changes in economic conditions. They also present results of resistance testing for new information. Also confidence intervals for the aggregated business cycle indicators were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation.
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The study shows the role that Polish companies play in the international economic system, including the nature, size and directions of their participation in making the growing trend of globalization of the economy. On the basis of the Polish Central Statistical Office surveys were discussed the concentration of foreign capital in different areas of the Polish economy, including the country of origin of the capital, as well as the activities of companies holding shares in companies headquartered abroad. Types of activities and countries that are particularly attractive to domestic entrepreneurs investing abroad were indicated. Also companies were characterized in terms of common ownership relationships between them, in particular their activities within the framework of international groups. Apart from the basic characteristics of each of these communities, some of the effects of their actions, including financial results were described.
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The study presents the role that Polish companies play in the international economic system, including the nature, size and directions of their participation in making the growing trend of globalization of the economy. On the basis of the Polish Central Statistical Office surveys were discussed the concentration of foreign capital in different areas of the Polish economy, including the country of origin of the capital, as well as the activities of companies holding shares in companies headquartered abroad. Types of activities and countries that are particularly attractive to domestic entrepreneurs investing abroad were indicated. Also companies were characterized in terms of common ownership relationships between them, in particular their activities within the framework of international groups. Apart from the basic characteristics of each of these communities, some of the effects of their actions, including financial results were described.
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The paper refers to the article published in "Wiadomości Statystyczne" ("Statistical News") No. 8 of 1989. In economic studies, it is important to take into account the impact of the internal law of motion. The effects of trends are taken into account thanks to segmentation and correcting the observation as well as the use of the time variable or its function. The further part of the paper introduces observations of O. Lange and L. Klein on the description of the cybernetic reaction of the system and the solution of the autoregressive econometric equation.
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The paper presents a survey concept of retail prices of goods and services, the problem of comparability of quotes from various periods and methods used in the event of a representative product change. Then an overview of the methods used to ensure comparability of price quotations was made, with particular emphasis on hedonic methods based on the use of explicit quotations adjustments due to differences in the quality of listed products, while moving away from the absolute comparability of quotes.
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The paper presents results of a study which attempted to use spatial econometric methods in indirect estimation of certain characteristics for small, medium-sized and large enterprises in the provinces of Poland. To improve the accuracy of the estimate, the taxonomy elements were taken into account, wherein the spatial autocorrelation was used to identify groups of similar provinces. The study was relied on data from the DG-1 survey conducted by the Statistical Office in Poznan, which provides the basis for most of the short-term indicators used to describe enterprise activity in Poland.
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The authors have presented issues of national accounts as a tool for integrating research results from all fields of statistics. The first part of the article contains a history of the development of national accounts and a discussion of their new standard ESA 2010 methodology, as well as the associated challenges. The article discusses the key role of the CSO in the development of finance statistics of central and local governments (GFS) and the directions of its development.
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The paper presents an empirical verification of selected macroeconomic variables interacting with stock index. Estimations were made using two econometric techniques. On the one hand the VAR methodology was used here, standard for this class of research, on the other hand a novel approach was used with panel data regression. The study was conducted in seven selected capital markets, which are at different stages of development. Due to the fact this gave an interesting range of results i.a. different signs of coefficients obtained for inflation, the exchange rate, depending on the range of markets for which estimates were made.
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Variables and economic relations behave differently depending on the state of the economy. In the case of parameter instability, their variability should be taken into account in the theoretical models. The observed two-way relationships between the variables of the financial market and the real economy are not fixed. Especially during economic crisis reflected fluctuations in the financial market can strongly destabilize the real economy. The main objective of the study was to identify structural changes, both visible on the financial markets and in the real economy and in the relations between them. The conclusions of the estimated MS-VAR model confirm that in the period 1995–2012 in the Polish banking sector experienced structural changes which had an impact on changes in the real economy of Poland.
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The directions of development of the system of investment of professional (educational) level of personnel and policy of human resources management are considered. The basis of effective activity of the enterprise, especially in a crisis situation, is an effective personnel policy and the strategy of motivation and promotion of the personnel derived from it promotes prevention of social conflicts. Continuous training and retraining of managers and ordinary employees, staff development based on the qualitative characteristics of its educational and professional level becomes the main element of personnel policy in the organization. The most important prerequisite for improving the efficiency of investment in education is forecasting labor market needs. An individual's investment in his or her own education may be ineffective if he or she does not have an assessment of the potential need of entrepreneurs for certain specialists. Inadequate assessment of the company's training and staff development needs will also negatively affect the effectiveness of the respective investments. Forecasting the situation on the labor market is necessary for the state to prevent structural imbalances in the labor market or mass unemployment. Higher education makes a significant contribution to the development of individual human capital. The contribution of higher education to individual economic growth is primarily related to improving the quality of work of employees with a high level of education and qualifications. The most important factor of success is the continuous theoretical and practical training of managers of a new type, with a high sense of responsibility for the results of the enterprise. This requires the intensification of research in this area, the development of specific ways and methods of implementing personnel policy, restructuring the formation and use of human resources management of organizations. In the most high-tech, prestigious and highly paid professional fields, preference will be given to freelance graduates. These considerations require the intensification of research in this area, the development of specific ways and methods of implementing personnel policy, restructuring the formation and use of human resources management of organizations.
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The multimodal transportation development is a priority of Ukraine's transport policy due to the unique transport and geographical position at the intersection of European and Eurasian roads, international transport corridors.However, there is no legislation on the multimodal transportation in Ukraine. Thus, it is relevant to determine the legal and organizational basis of multimodal transportation, legal status of participants in such transportation, state support for multimodal transportation and related infrastructure. Today, the transport system of Ukraine has the low level of development of transport infrastructure to ensure the proper volume of the multimodal transportation. There are not enough multimodal transport terminals in Ukraine. Due to the lack of state support and the lack of a favorable investment climate, there is no development of existing multimodal infrastructure facilities. The formation procedure of tariffs for multimodal transportation in Ukraine is imperfect. The article considers the main provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" and reveals its imperfections in the formation of a single tariff. The international experience of rates formation and the main stages of this process are studied. It is offered the methodical approach of formation of the multimodal transportation`s single tariff based on unification of key elements of technological process on which transport costs are formed. The conceptual bases of ensuring the transport infrastructure development on the basis of multimodality have been improved. It is given the author's vision of the terms "multimodal transportation", "intermodal transportation", "combined transportation".
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The study investigates the evolution of the Higher School of Commerce - Varna in its struggle to obtain formal state regulation and greater academic autonomy. The first step was taken with the drawing up, discussion and adoption of the regulations and the syllabus of the School, approved on 28 September 1920 by order of the Ministry of Trade. A new turning point in the development of the educational institution was the Law on Public Education of 1924, which - for the first time in the history of Bulgarian legislation - regulated the existence of higher economic education – the legal basis for the operation of HSC - Varna, by virtue of which the latter passed from the administration of the Ministry of Trade into the administration of the Ministry of Public Education. Based on the new Law there were drawn up and adopted the Regulations of 1925. On the following year – 1926 – there began the efforts to enact a Bill on the HSC, which took its teaching staff many years and strenuous intellectual labour. The model followed was that of Sofia State University, and the legal grounds - the passed laws on the higher economic educational institutions that emerged later on. Since the end of 1936, in the drafted laws in Varna there were methodically and consistently included several new and very significant demands: to change the name and expand the educational profile, to open new departments, to introduce a departmental structure, etc. Eventually, the reform was achieved, after the Rector Prof. Stancho Cholakov became Minister of Education. The nationalization and the introduction of the new structure of the Academy of Varna was conclusively accomplished with the "Decree" promulgated on 4 August 1945. At last, the long pursued reform was a fact and it opened a new period in the development of the educational institution.
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This study examined the relationship between house prices and the business cycle. Specifically, we examined the effect of house price and stock price in the French business cycle. After presenting the transmission channels from house price to the business cycle, we analyzed the cyclical properties of house prices and compared them with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) cycle. The question arises: are fluctuations in economic activity more sensitive to a real estate price shock (property wealth effect) or a stock price shock (stock market wealth effect)? We collected the data over the 1980Q1-2015Q4 period and investigated the effects of house price and stock price shocks on French GDP by employing the Structural VAR model. We found the evidence that house price strongly affects the GDP cycle. Indeed, their response is significantly more important than the stock price, suggesting that the housing market might contribute to the persistent propagation of the shocks hitting the economic system. The study has important implications for both academia and policymakers and offers new insights into the French experience.
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After the Genocide from 1994, Rwanda has shown surprising economic growth with a steady annual increase of GDP of 8%. This success was due to the determined government policies involving investment in health and education and energetic implementation with the support of developed partners. The main goal of this research is to analyze the economic progress and how a change in the governance of the country managed to have a positive impact on Rwanda’s evolution over time. Rwanda’s progress doesn’t stop here, as the president want to transform the country into an upper middle-income by 2035 with a per capita income of $4.035 and into a high-income country by 2050 with a per capita income of $12.476. The methods used in this research paper are: conceptual analysis; observational trial based on a longitudinal approach; quantitative research. Even though Rwanda is one of the smallest countries from Africa, with good governance and by implementing the right policies, it managed to become one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies. As follows, the main purpose of this paper is to emphasize the progress of a poor country gaining a significant role in the economy of the African continent.
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This paper explores the challenges and opportunities of post-Maidan Ukraine’s transformation and European integration. It suggests that despite a series of hindrances to post-Maidan Ukraine’s state-building, ranging from separatism to residual oligarchic influence and authoritarian legacy, the country has demonstrated strong resilience and persistence in asserting its European orientation. The paper offers a more dynamic structure - agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics behind post-Maidan Ukraine’s state-building. It contends that despite constraining external conditions, domestic actors remain the key agents to shape the process of country’s transformation and approximation towards Europe. Therefore, the implementation of fundamental economic and political reforms has a great deal to do with the governments’ ability to overcome bureaucratic resistance to change, eliminate systemic corruption and diminish major oligarchs’ considerable influence in Ukraine. This study enquires into the dynamics of post-revolution Ukraine’s democracy consolidation and European integration amid the mounting confrontation in the EU-Russia contested neighborhood.
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