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In questa sezione verranno presentati due saggi degli anni Settanta e Ottanta del secolo scorso, rappresentativi di un ricco filone di studi sulla manipolazione linguistica insita nella lingua dei testi ufficiali, giornalistici e propagandistici (e non solo) nella Polonia del socialismo reale.
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U našem dinamičnom vremenu posebno dolazi do izražaja nastojanje da se utroši što manje prostora (ako se piše) i vremena (ako se usmeno kazuje) za informaciju, etiketu, novinski naslov, reklamu i sl. Nekada su u svemu ovome presudni ekonomski razlozi, nekada tehnički, likovni, ali model neke konstrukcije ostaje i dalje se širi. Razumljiva je težnja informatorova da sa što manje jezičkih sredstava jasno iskaže misao. Ali je još Tomo Maretić, zalažući se za jasnoću i jedrinu stila, ukazao na to da i sabitost može biti isto tako mana stila kao i razvučenost
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The purpose of this study is the typology of shortened terms and terminological phrases in the language of the Navy using the lexico-semantic method. The examples discussed are excerpted from learning materials designed for cadets at Varna Naval Academy forming a large corpus representative of the domain they are used in. Shortening is used here as an umbrella term for initialisms, acronyms, clippings, blends and univerbates. The topic is worth discussing to meet syllabus goals and needs of learners who are going to function in a multinational environment and be faced with varieties of English as the primary language for international communication.
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The article looks at how the storyteller’s self-expression is directed to the second person addressee, using the example of three autobiographical works: these are Paradiis (Paradise, 2009) by Tõnu Õnnepalu, where the story of a fixed place and time is told to a young friend, Isale (To Father, 2003) by Jaan Kaplinski, seeking a dialogue with a father long dead and never met, and India armastus (The Love of India, 2006) by Ülo Mattheus, which consists of letters sent to the storyteller’s beloved during the several months spent in religious asylum. The comparison of the three texts seeks to clarify the role of the (second-person) addressee in each book, the compositional and stylistic meaning of the “you”, the possible influence of the storyteller’s thinking of the addressee on his self-presentation, and the voice and views of the “you” possibly elicited by the rhetorical address. In each book the storyteller relates differently to the “you”. Õnnepalu’s narrator keeps recurring to his memory of the addressee, yet there is no sign of active communication except some cryptic phrases. Mattheus’s narrator, however, addresses the “you” for the purpose of active communication, while the response keeps guiding the thematic course and tonality of the work and the relationship supports the self-analysis of the narrating “I”. In Kaplinski’s case the whole story has been written to create, based on documentary material, an idea of the explicit addressee, whose quiet voice belongs to an imaginary father figure. Thus, unlike Õnnepalu and Mattheus, Kaplinski depicts the pivotal communication process not as direct contact but rather as something imaginary. Now, each of the above three ways of address supports a different kind of storytelling. Õnnepalu addresses his “you” mainly from the position of a narrating “I”, while Kaplinski mediates a historical “I” based on family and development history, and Mattheus’s “I” could be classified as an ideological one, engaged in explaining the ideological foundations of his attitudes. Either way, all three texts use the second-person addressee not only for structuring the narrative but also for developing a dialogue: the imaginary “you” serves to amplify a self-based narrative into a self-critical reflection.
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Ako pođemo od rečenice kao osnovne komunikativne jedinice, koja je međuljudsko sporazumevanje i učinila jezikom i na taj način omogućila razvitak čovečije svesti, uočićemo da će se ona ispoljiti, možemo li reći, u tri svoja osovna oblika: inteligibilnom (intelektualna strana svesti), b) volitivnom (aktivna, ili recimo preciznije, najaktivnija njena komponenta) i c) emotivnom (u čistijem obliku senzibilna strana njena). Ako tako pojave posmatramo, shvatimo i to: da se sve tri komponente svesti, adekvatno tome i rečenice (odnosno čitavog jezika kao sistema), međusobno prožimaju: nikad misao u sasvim čistom intelektualnom obliku (postojaće uvek, bar u minimumu, i doza emocije), nikad volitivno bez misli i emocije, i, najzad, svaka emocija imaće i svoje intelektualne impulse.
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The paper analyzes syntactic style intensifiers in three Croatian jeans-prose novels: Kratki izlet by Antun Soljan, Kuzis, stari moj by Zvonimir Majdak and Bolja polovica hrabrosti by Ivan Slamnig. It covers phenomena and procedures at the syntactic level (decomposed predicate, ellipsis, reticention, nominative sentences, parceling, inversion, repetitions and epithets) in which we find discrepancies from the usual sentence structure. Since jeans-prose is concerned with stylization of spoken language, procedures such as ellipsis and reticention are used to make impression of spontaneity and unpreparedness, while repetitions can reveal emotional state of protagonists besides contributing to easiness and relaxation.
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In linguistic realm of Istog with surroundings it is quite noticed the usage of " pre articled " nouns, especially those which show the origin of a human, exactly of an inhabitant , ex. i vréllsĭ (inhabitant of Vrella), i prĭgódsi (ihabitant of Prigoda), i lŭbóvsi (inhabitant of Lubova) i rakóshsĭ (inhabitant of Rakosh). It is still saved a number of gender-neutral nouns, especially those accompained with determiners, wheras exact gender-neutral nouns are: ujt and kry:t, so similar as in the spoken language of Deçan. Gender-neutral noun (kryt/kryet) moves to feminine during these noun cases : genitive, dative and vocative example: i,e kre:s, kre:s, pej kre:s, while in nominative and accusative case does not change gender. Neutral-Gender Nouns are also those nouns which derivate from adjectives ex: t’ kuçt, t’bárdh, t’ zi:t as well as the nouns which derivate Past Participle of the verb, for example: t’ rrítunit, t’ msúmit, t’ árdhnit, t’ pámit, t’shkúmit etc. All nouns belong to one of the genders , but in this speech , appears a type of nouns called ambigender (dual-gender) which change the gender when they pass from singular to plural and vice-versa, for ex. : mal- mâºle, breg-bríxhe, shtek-shtíxhe . As well as this, through this grammar shift, nouns whose plural is formed from suffixes - na, change too. example: bo:jbójna, u:j-újna, dry:-drýna, brî-brina etc. In some North-East gegë dialects, masculine nouns in the type of : káli, magári, déti, drúni, gúri etc. are formed only in definite form , whereas the same names in Istog are used in both forms , dependin in the context Ai e kĭsh ble: nĭ ka:l (indefinite form) Káli i tij e kĭsh kimën e ze:z! (indefinite form), etc. Those and other examples make us think that is not accurate Idriz Ajeti `s statement who declares that "These nouns in all Kosovo are pronounced all the same ". At masculine nouns which form their plural without an ending, are noticed some types of theirs , like : a) nouns that have equalized singular with plural form, by not changing even the accent for example: malsórmalsór, mertek-mertek, puntór-puntór, arsimtar-arsimtar, dru-dru, fërkëmfërkëm, dáj-dáj, hamar-hamar etj; b) some nouns which during the shift from singular to plural don´t take an ending but make the vowel of the word longer . Here are only masculine nouns which are formed with the suffix ak, ek and in indefinite form end in k , so when the consonant k doesn´t palatalize in palatal q , exactly with affricate ç, example: dyrek-dýrek, pishak-píshak etc. Pre verbal gender-neutral nouns, of the type: t bërtítnit, t íknit, t nxhéshnit, t écnit, t hâºŋrit, t pímit etj., as well as those which derivate from adjectives : t zít, t kèçt ect., don´t have a plural form, because when they are used in plural shift to feminine gender , although paralel uses of them are found: dý t bërtítne, dý t íkne, dý t nxhéshme, dý t écne, dý t hâºŋre, dý t píme etc. In Istog´s linguistic idiom is widely expressed the usage of vocative case , in the cases when someone calls someone else, or is directed for a request or a need he has. This case has the form of a definite nominative case, only that here is accompanied with relevant exclamations for both genders, for masculine: o, ore, more, whereas , for feminine these exclamtions take place: oj,moj, mori, example //O djalo-o/ŋutu more/ se na nxuni nâºta// Oj çíko / moj po a po nȋ:n mori/ bĭna dŏ u:j t ftŏft oj// etc.
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The research focuses on analysing the function of slang in modern cartoons (Madagascar 2, Kung Fu Panda, Shrek, Open Season, Cars) as well as translation strategies used to convey accurate meaning. Our data from film scripts (163 examples containing slang terms) has proved that slang, as an important part of cartoons’ verbal component, should be and mainly retained in translation. Excerpts from original cartoons scripts show slang use, that may function both for the protagonists’ characterisation and for the mapping of humor (carnivalesque) world picture. Componential analysis of meaning – breaking down the sense of slang terms into their minimal distinctive features – was used to determine the meaning of lexemes and reconstruct semantic domains actively verbalised by slang. The assumption has been made that due to the universality of domains slang can be potentially translated in most cases. Componential analysis is particularly applicable to semantically related lexemes (in one language or comparable ones). A thorough analysis of slang translation showed the employment of the following strategies: stylistic compensation (50.3%), literal translation (44.7%), omission (4.9%) and cultural equivalence (0.1%). As seen, a substantial proportion of the slang words can be translated from English into Ukrainian without significant loss of meaning. The neutralisation of slang appears to be inevitable in some cases.
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In the Qur’ān, it is stated in thirteen places that the Prophet was asked with the sentence “They ask you ... Say:” and answers are given to these questions. Nine of these questions are related to judgment and five of them are related to the unseen. Questions about the unseen are about past, present and future. In these verses, questions about the nature of the unseen are left unanswered, only information about how is provided. As a person who lived in the past, the question about Zulkarneyn was conveyed in ambiguous expressions and admonition themes in the Qur’ān’s own narrative style. Questions about the law consist of basic issues that determine the characteristics of Islamic society, from family law to war law, from halal food to alcohol and gambling. The answers given to these questions have escaped from particular events and turned into norms of universal law. There are also some criticisms about the questions in some answers. This study is limited to the questions and answers that come with the “They ask you ... Say:” sentence. Questions and answers are classified under the headings of law-unseen. While analyzing the related verses, the occasions of the revelation mentioned in the sources are explained. Considering the volume of the article, the subjects of the verses were considered only in terms of question-answer relationship. In this study, it is concluded that the questions pointed to by with the “They ask you ... Say:” sentence are a stylistic feature that the Qur’ān uses to pass universal answers.
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The article deals with a Czech lexeme zvíci, which is quite frequently used in a contemporary Czech language. This type of words was created in the 14th century; it is composite word consisting of a noun viecě and a preposition vz- form the origin. The article refers about formal and semantic changes and using of the lexeme zvíci (and simi-lar words) from the Middle-ages to today. Many quotations from synchronic and also diachronic corpus of Czech language are included.
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This book analyzes in contrastive way Czech and Bulgarian translations of phrasemes of two Serbian prose works: The Bridge on the Drina by Ivo Andrić (1945) and Dictionary of the Khazars by Milorad Pavić (1984). It tracks and describes the formal, semantic and stylistic variations of Czech and Bulgarian translation solutions while trying to answer the question, to what extent the greater typological linguistic proximity is playing bigger role at the accuracy of the translation of phraseology (Czech is thus closer to Serbian than Bulgarian) and to what extent the genetic and cultural-historical propinquity is more important (Bulgarian to Serbian is thus closer than Czech).
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The article presents stylistic interpretations of the poetry of two representative contemporary poets, one Croatian and the other Bosnian-Herzegovinian. The aim of the paper is to find the key to the stylistic interpretation that would enable discovering the fundamental characteristics of the author’s style and provide an insight into the deep structures of literature via analysis of literary language. Therefore, a linguistic stylistic analysis is performed, one that investigates the intensification of language on the levels of phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexis and semantics. A specific interpretative approach is taken in the stylistic interpretation of each chosen poem. The author has interpreted five poems by Danijel Dragojević so as to discover the essential value of his poetics. The interpretations have demonstrated shared stylistic features between the five selected poems, such as a narrative quality of the poetic discourse and scarcity of poetisms. The poetry of Mak Dizdar is represented with two poems from the poetry collection Kameni spavač: Zapis o štitu and Zapis o zemlji. The authors detects the archaic quality of Dizdar’s poetic discourse, inspired by the inscriptions on the medieval tombstones (stećci) pertaining to the Christian Bosnian Church.
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The question of the authorship of the literary corpus preserved under the name of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus (913-959) has preoccupied scholars for more than a century. Uncertainty in the emperor's authorship arose for the most part due to the multitude of style levels of his writings, which in recent research has resulted in a disputation of the authorship of Porphyrogenitus involving most of the works attributed to him. This paper deals with the stylistic features of those parts of the Corpus Constantineum in which, according to experts, Porphyrogenitus had his own creative share. The results show that Constantine wrote using approximately six different style levels, and that the appearance of different stylistic expressions was conditioned by the literary genre, the subject matter and the circumstances addressed by the work in question. The common stylistic features present in the segments of the emperor's writings covered in this paper point to the fact that, in this case, it is possible that they were written by the same author, one who varied his writing style.
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CONDOLENCE, as an act of courtesy, belongs to acts of speech which might give rise to face threatening acts (FTA) and the resulting conflicts. On the one hand, the face of the mourner, who must find his or her way in the new extremely difficult situation, is threatened; on the other hand, the face of the speaker, whose task is to react properly to the fact of someone’s death, is threatened. What is helpful in avoiding conflicts is politeness strategies used by both senders and recipients. They constitute the research material excerpted from Polish and German obituaries and entries in books of condolence. The author of this paper has proved that both parties signalize there both positive politeness, which arises from the need of appreciation and support, and negative politeness, which is connected with the need of unlimited autonomy of acting. The nature of the performed analysis is pragmalinguistic and is based on the politeness theory of P. Brown and S.C. Levinson [1987], the focus of which is the concept of face understood as an image or representation.
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Studies in African Languages and Cultures (until 2018 known as Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures) founded in 1984, is owned by the University of Warsaw. The journal is a forum for the publication of original works in various fields of African studies. Primarily focusing on African linguistics, including ethno- and sociolinguistics, it also covers African literature, African culture and history of Africa. It promotes research based on sources in African languages.
The journal comprises articles, monographs, and reviews, as well as bibliographies, lexicographic studies and other source materials. Some issues are devoted to specialized topics or events.
The SALC is an international, peer-reviewed, both printed and, since 2009, online journal that is published once a year in December. The journal content which is freely available on the journal website appears on the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Licence.
All issues of the Journal are archived on the current website which is stored on the servers of University of Warsaw and will be always accesable for free.
Philological Studies and Research – Applied Foreign Languages Series is an annual research journal, published by the Department of Applied Foreign Languages, University of Pitesti. The journal promotes pluridisciplinary philological research and aims at correlating the objectives and results in the field of fundamental theoretical research with those in the field of applied research. It addresses researchers in language sciences and teaching staff working in the Departments of Applied Foreign Languages within Romanian and foreign universities.
Sections: Linguistics, Foreign Languages Didactics, Languages for Specific Purposes, Intercultural Studies, Varia.
The main objectives of the journal are to promote interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity and to encourage innovative thinking and intercultural exchange. The articles are published in English, French, Italian, German, Russian and Spanish.
The Journal publishes open access articles under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License (CC BY NC ND). All copyrights are retained by the author(s). The Journal charges no publication or peer-reviewing fee.
More...![Stylistyka i rytmika polska. Podręcznik dla szkoły i samouków Kazimierza Wóycickiego [1917]](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2020_55202.jpg)
Kazimierz Dominik Wóycicki urodził się w Warszawie w 1876 roku, jego rodzicami byli Tadeusz Wóycicki herbu Rawicz i Jadwiga Wyssogota- Zakrzewska. Zainteresowanie polską kulturą i literaturą oraz jej historią przejął zapewne od dziadka – Kazimierza Władysława Wóycickiego (1807–1879) – wydawcy, pamiętnikarza, varsavianisty, autora trzytomowego opisu cmentarza Powązkowskiego, a także uczestnika powstania listopadowego.
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Anthropomorphized nature is the frequent thematic reservoir of intentional children’s literature because clearness, conciseness and emotional effectiveness of life stories of personified animal characters suggest themselves as the enhancement of the parallel between events in the countryside and in the human society. Insects as the smallest representatives of the animal world then resemble, through their tininess and vulnerability, the “ant” optics of a small child appearing in the adult world. Using examples from the Czech literature for children since the 19th century till the present, the paper deals with the ways in which insects are represented, from parallels with the human society to parody shifts.
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This paper deals with the role of Swahili and English in Tanzania. It gives examples of current language use illustrated by written records of middle class people’s verbal interaction. On the strength of the evidence given in the paper it is safe to say that English is advancing and regaining lost grounds. Simultaneously, Swahili is stagnating as long as there is no active Swahili promotion campaign which focuses on the implementation of the language policy formulated after Independence. For the time being, the market forces dictated by foreign companies and a pro-Western political establishment go for a growing role of English in Tanzania. These forces do not care about the Tanzanian people that have only limited access to English in an inefficient education system and are incompetent in this language. This pro-English trend is going to make many Tanzanians step by step to “linguistic strangers” (de Cluver 1993) in their own country.
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