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Internetowa porada psychologiczna – perspektywa językoznawcza

Author(s): Adrianna Seniów / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyze the psychological counseling posted on the educational portal Librus Family from a linguistic perspective. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is to define the thematic scope of online psychological counselling: analyze its formal structure, the applied transmission reception strategies and linguistic mechanisms, with particular emphasis put on lexical and syn tactic phenomena. The methods used for research included stylistic research, critical discourse analysis and linguistic genology. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article indicates the increasing role of electronic media in the process of upbringing, presents the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. The analytical part focuses on the discussion of the internal architecture of Internet counselling texts with the indication of the linguistic mechanisms characteristic for them. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result of the analyses, it was found that the thematic scope of online psychological counseling relates to important problems troubling parents (depression, school phobias, speech disorders, child emotions). The internal structure of the online advice consists of seven components, the linguistic formulation of statements is typical for the popular science style, which significantly facilitates the perception of specialized content by parents. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Professional psychological counselling on a public educational portal is an important support for parents and can improve their parenting skills. It also completes the existing support offered by traditional educational institutions.

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Book reviews in the history of knowledge

Author(s): Alexey Pleshkov,Jan Surman / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

Academic reviewing, one of the communal academic practices, is a vital genre, in which epistemic virtues have been cultivated. In our article, we discuss reviews as a form of institutionalized critique, which historians could use to trace the changing epistemic virtues within humanities. We propose to use them analogously to Lorraine Daston’s and Peter Galison’s treatment of atlases in their seminal work Objectivity as a marker of changing epistemic virtues in natural sciences and medicine.Based on Aristotle’s virtue theory and its neo-Aristotelian interpretation in the second half of the 20th century, as well as on its most recent applications in the field of history and philosophy of science, we propose a general conceptual framework for analyzing reviews in their historical dimension. Besides, we contend that the analysis of reviews should be carried out taking into account their historical context of social, political, cultural and media-environment. Otherwise, one may risks presupposing the existence of an autonomous, disconnected community of scholars.

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Realizacja reguł gatunku w formie kolekcji w konkretnym przewodniku

Author(s): Maria Wojtak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The application of methods of genological analysis in relation to a specific text allows for a formulation of hypotheses about its genre and discursive identity, which broadens the research perspectives of descriptive genology. The analysed text is characterised by an intricate structure, combining a chain and box compositions that may be discovered by referring to the concept of genre in the form of a collection. It includes a profiled description of sanctuaries in a creatively modified convention of Bedeker descriptions and encourages readers to visit specific churches as architectural monuments and places of worship, juxtaposing the perspectives of tourism and pilgrimage. The analysis of a specific text gains a broader cognitive perspective in the article. It allows for reflections, which supplement knowledge about the categories functioning in descriptive genology, such as: genre in the form of a collection, relations between text and genre, as well as between text, genre and discourse, text mosaic and text collage, genre and text hybridizatio and a tourist guidebook as a genre of speech.

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Panika w wypowiedziach studentów. Struktura znaczeniowa i wartościowanie

Author(s): Małgorzata Święcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The aim of this article is a linguistic and cultural analysis and interpretation of the thematic field of panic in the statements of university students. The semantic and axiological structure of the word found in texts written by young people is presented against the background of data contained in several selected dictionaries of the Polish language. The subject of the description, in addition to how a feeling is defined, is its metaphorical models and their linguistic exponents. Research shows that the textual structure of meanings and the axiology of panic include the content necessary to understand the concept and significantly expand dictionary descriptions based on the thinking, knowledge and experience of university students.

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Inclusief taalgebruik in Nederland

Author(s): Matylda Andała / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2023

This article attempts to present an overview of the patterns and methods for inclusive language use in the Netherlands and the reasons behind it. The material for the analysis comes from public debates about inclusive language in the Netherlands in response to the contemporary trend towards inclusivity. By linking the material to metamodernist theory, I try to show that inclusive language is a method of describing contemporary reality by linking knowledge (from the past) to those things people experience in their daily lives, and therefore ensure that no-one is excluded in that narrative. In other words, inclusive language does not make distinctions between people based on gender, race, religion, age, or sexual preference. Aside from several available methods of inclusive language use, potential problems that can occur in such language use are also presented.

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Rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts in the humanities: the case of Lithuanian, English, and Russian

Author(s): Erika Gobekci / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

Over the past few decades, research article abstracts have been receiving increased attention of scholars. While abstracts in English have been extensively researched, there are few studies on abstracts in Russian and no studies on abstracts in Lithuanian. This study investigates the rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts across different humanities disciplines in Lithuanian, English and Russian. My aim is to detect similarities and differences in abstract structure and corresponding linguistic features within the three different academic writing traditions. I seek to answer the question which writing tradition, the Anglo-Saxon or the Continental, is closer to Lithuanian academic writing. This study employs contrastive qualitative and quantitative analysis and corpus-based methodology. The results highlight aspects of abstract writing that may be relevant for researchers while preparing abstracts of their research articles in these three languages.

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A Stylistic Approach to Thomas Campion’s There Is a Garden in Her Face

Author(s): Halit Alkan / Language(s): English Issue: 115/2023

Literary works come into existence through authors’ use of language units in particular ways. Style is considered as the choice of linguistic characteristics from all the probabilities in language. Stylistics attempts to create an interaction of readers with the language of a literary text to clarify how a reader understands the text. This study examines how Thomas Campion manipulated basic linguistic features to form stylistic effects in order to produce meaning in There Is a Garden in Her Face. The analysis involves lexical, semantic, grammatical (syntactic), graphological, and phonological (sound pattern) levels. It helps to clarify the context of the poem. The stylistic analysis shows that the poem is very carefully constructed. All three stanzas in the poem are grammatically parallel to each other and deal with the lady’s beauty whose face is compared to a garden of heavenly paradise where every kind of delicious fruit grows there. The unity of the poem is secured by the refrain describing a beautiful lady’s lips. The graphological deviation shows a system of capitalization to foreground important words such as “Roses” and “white Lilies” in the poem to represent love/passion, and innocence/purity. The phonetic parallelism reinforces the system of parallel meaning in terms of alliteration and assonance. The poem is based mostly on similes and metaphors to make the imagery of the flowers and fruit growing in a garden much more vivid. With this, the lady’s physical features are portrayed. The noun cherry is used with the adjective sacred which portrays that the lady’s lips have not been touched or kissed by anyone. The same line which is repeated at the end of each stanza foregrounds that this beautiful lady is unattainable unless if she says her lips are fully ripe to become most valuable. Here, female beauty signals the ideals of Elizabethan beauty: white skin, blushing cheeks, and red lips. This study shows how Campion has been able to manipulate language which is an integral part of a literary work. Campion has created changes through a systemic use of language to get his message across to readers. This study may help researchers understand how Campion used stylistic tools in his poem.

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ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ РЕКЛАМИ ЯК ВИДУ МАСОВОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ

Author(s): Oksana Buhaiova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2023

The purpose of the study is to outline the factors, based on the analysis of Ukrainian-language social advertising texts, the consideration of which will contribute to increasing the impact of social advertising on the audience. The research methodology is based on the use of a functional method, which made it possible to outline the importance of social advertising in ensuring the stable development of civil society; methods of analysis and synthesis – in order to identify the role of speech media in socio-advertising communication; the generalisation method – in order to record the general features of social advertising texts and, based on them, to determine the lexical-semantic and stylistic techniques that exert the influence predicted by the advertiser on the audience. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it highlights and argues the speech components that affect the effectiveness of social advertising as a tool that allows you to direct the attention of society to important problems and adjust its actions in solving them. Conclusions. Social advertising as an important component of mass communication requires its own approach (different from other types of advertising) to the structuring of texts, which is due to its pragmatic goal – to form public opinion on various issues relevant to society. It is important to form the texts of social advertising in accordance with the linguistic mentality of the recipients, their psycho-emotional experience and expectations. The objects for the pragmatic influence of social advertising texts are primarily the subconscious states of a person, their deep needs, the change of which becomes a driving force for actions – conscious reactions. Reference to the opinion of an authoritative person; tolerant coverage of discussed topics; brevity, capacity, and comprehensibility of the text of the appeal; appropriate use of the lexical-grammatical and stylistic arsenal of the language: parts of speech and their forms, thematically marked, related lexemes, synonyms, antonyms, as well as metaphors, comparisons, repetitions, wordplay – taking into account these aspects when structuring social advertising texts will contribute to the optimisation of this type of mass communication, increasing its effectiveness.

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Иноязычные заимствования в современном Русском литературном языке

Author(s): Jan Gregor / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2005

Der Artikel befasst sich mit einer Komplexbeschreibung des charakteristischsten Prozesses, der im gegenwärtigen Russischen erfolgt, und zwar mit Entlehnen der Wörter fremder Herkunft . Es werden verschiedene allgemeine sowie spezifi schere Ursachen, Faktoren und Bedingungen beschrieben, die im Hintergrund dieses Prozesses stehen. Die Mehrzahl der Lehnwörter im heutigen Russischen bilden Wörter, die aus der amerikanischen Variante der englischen Sprache stammen. Ins Russische gelangen sie besonders mittels der Massenmedien, vorwiegend durch die Presse; in bestimmten Fachgebieten werden die Fremdwörter fast ausschließlich benutzt (Finanzen, Berechnungstechnik ...). Einige der Entlehnungen sind im Russischen von Gesichtspunkt der Kommunikation aus ganz unentbehrlich und ihre Verwendung höchstens berechtigt (z. B.: телефон, брокер, акция, компьютер ...); viele von ihnen können jedoch mit einem russischen Äquivalent ersetzt werden: Dazu kommt es allerdings aus vielen Gründen oft nicht. Die Sprecher ziehen gern Anglizismen und Amerikanismen den einheimischen Wörtern nicht selten vor, obwohl sie selbst und besonders ihre Zuhörer sie oft nicht (ganz) verstehen. Das gegenwärtige Russisch zeichnet sich mit Übersättigung von Fremdwörtern infolge deren Massenentlehnen aus einziger Quelle - den USA - aus: es handelt sich um die Folge der Amerikanisierung der russischen Lebensweise. Im Zusammenhang mit den gesamtgesellschaft lichen Prozessen geht es im Falle der fremdsprachigen Lehnwörter zweifellos um eine normale Erscheinung. Nichtsdestoweniger ist die Anwendung von fremden Entlehnungen oft nicht begründet, besonders bei der Existenz eines russischen Äquivalents von dergleichen semantischen und stilistischen Geltung.

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К 100-ЛЕТИЮ АКАДЕМИКА НИКИТЫ ИЛЬИЧА ТОЛСТОГО

Author(s): Ekaterina Yakushkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

15 апреля 2023 г. исполнилось 100 лет со дня рождения академика Никиты Ильича Толстого, выдающегося ученого, основателя Московской этнолингвистической школы, воспитавшего плеяду учеников не только в России, но и в разных славянских странах, в том числе в Сербии.

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LA SATIRE ET L’HUMOUR : PROCÉDÉS SCRIPTURAUX OU VERTUS CORRECTIVES CHEZ VOLTAIRE

Author(s): Hind ATAFI / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

To expose injustices or vices, one can either directly provoke horror and indignation by stating the facts, or use satire, which consists of making people laugh so that the reader will condemn the facts. Voltaire favours the second solution. Humour, irony, comedy are his main means. To fight against prejudice and fools, they must be ridiculed, i.e., belittled, downtoned, made to seem external and absurd. But, at the same time, the comic must not prevail, otherwise we would laugh without giving it any further thought. The banter should simply underline the taunt. Voltaire's tales count therefore as irony by their very nature: he teaches us not to be fooled, not even by the literary devices that underlie irony.

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MÉCANISMES DE L’HUMOUR DANS LES BLAGUES ROUMAINES D’AVANT 1989

Author(s): Cristi NEDELCU,Alice Ionescu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

Under the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, humor served as a defense mechanism that allowed Romanians to cope with the regime's restrictions on freedom and the grim daily reality that blatantly contradicted official propaganda. The political joke, while highlighting the gap between the State discourse and people's experience, constituted a real weapon against lies and alienation, and expressed the people's tenacious refusal to give in to attempts at "brainwashing” by communist propaganda. The paper provides an overview of the types of jokes specific to the totalitarian period in Romania and an analysis of the mechanisms underpinning the creation of humorous effects / the role of the social context and which the (anti-) communist jokes reflect.

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HUMOUR EN TEMPS DE CRISE : QUAND LE COVID FAIT RIRE

Author(s): Faten SOMAI BAYA / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

The issue addressed in this paper is the humour displayed on social networks in times of crisis, especially, during Covid 19. The objective is to examine and identify the linguistic function of this type of discourse, which we call “humorous facts”, and to study its rhetorical and pragmatic scope in the virtual environment of Facebook.

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DISCOURS COMIQUE CAMEROUNAIS ENTRE COLORATION CULTURELLE COMIQUE ET SARCASTIQUE

Author(s): Jacqueline Eve YONTA / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this paper is to analyze the discursive peculiarities of Cameroonian comic discourse and its meaning, based on lexico-semantic, morphological and semiolinguistic approaches. Cameroonian humour is characterised by its cultural colouring and the style of its authors. The comedians of this cultural area, particularly, Major Assé and Wakeu Fogaing, do not limit themselves to delighting their audience, but always set out to address the problems that undermine the Cameroonian society in particular and the world in general. Beyond the legitimacy conferred on them by their audience to say or do something, to denounce social ills, the authors have to forge their own style. This is how they manipulate the materiality of language, straddling wordplay, figures of speech, coinages, the implicit, etc. They also reveal, using subtlety, humour and sarcasm, their position on the situations depicted.

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CONCEPTUALISATION DES ÉMOTIONS DANS LES LOCUTIONS SOMATIQUES : APPROCHE CONTRASTIVE ROUMAIN-FRANÇAIS

Author(s): Ilona BĂDESCU,Daniela Dincă,Alice Ionescu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2022

The paper analyses the (metaphorical) expression of emotions in Romanian and French idioms containing the Romanian nouns obraz and its French counterparts joue (cheek). After having examined the lexical and semantic combinations of the lexeme obraz, ranging from its lexicographic definition and its semantic values in the body idioms, we sought their equivalents in French, in order to draw a comparison of the conceptual cores actualised by this part of the body in the two languages. Admittedly, the present work focuses on the conceptualisation of emotions in body idioms containing the Romanian obraz / French joue. The corpus on which our analysis is based is made up of Dictionnaire phraséologique français-roumain authored by Elena Gorunescu, as well as of the Romanian-French corpus entitled Corpul omenesc în expresii (domeniul român-francez) [Human body idioms (Romanian-French)] where we identified the body phraseological units in the envisaged pair of languages.

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Jewish Hebrew Studies in the Czech Lands in the Pre-Enlightenment Periods - Part IV. Moshe Shemuel Neumann and his Efforts to Revive Hebrew

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Jewish Hebrew Studies in the Czech Lands in the Pre-Enlightenment Periods - Part IV. Moshe Shemuel Neumann and his Efforts to Revive Hebrew

Author(s): Bedřich Nosek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1995

This article examines the life and work of Moshe Shemuel Neumann, a Jewish scholar and grammarian who lived in the Czech Lands in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neumann was influenced by the Prague Haskala and the works of Maimonides and Mendelssohn. He wrote two Hebrew textbooks, "Sefer Macagal Yashar" and "Hinnukh Leshon cIvrit", which aimed to revive and modernize the Hebrew language. He also translated and commented on Maimonides' "Millot ha-Higgayon" and wrote a drama, a collection of documents, and other works in Hebrew. The article analyzes Neumann's grammatical approach, which was based on logic and compared Hebrew with other languages.

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Literary Structure of the 17th Century Hebrew Lyrico-Epic Poetry

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Literary Structure of the 17th Century Hebrew Lyrico-Epic Poetry

Author(s): Jiřina Šedinová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1989

The paper is closely connected with that published in Judaica Bohemiae, vol. XX/1984, No. 1. The analysis of the literary structure of Hebrew lyrico-epic poetry of the 17th century is based on religious poetry (selihoth) by Efraim Luntschitz, Yom Tov Lipman Heller, Shimshon Bacharach, Moshe Birgel, and others. The authoress studies the composition of the selihoth, their verse and strophical structure, language, syntax and also refers to the context of contemporary Hebrew literature.

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THE MACHINE METAPHOR IN TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH TO SERBIAN

Author(s): Tatjana S. Grujić / Language(s): English Issue: 81/2023

This study explores the machine metaphors in English to Serbian translation of scientific writing. It has already been demonstrated that the metaphors based on the source domain of machines structure identical target domains in English and Serbian producing a strikingly similar set of correspondences. However, the translatability of metaphors based on the source domain of machines has not been examined so far. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the amount of overlap between English and Serbian when it comes to translation of machine-based conceptual mappings in scientific writing. The analysis was conducted on the corpus of several hundred examples of metaphorical conceptualizations based on this source domain in English and their counterparts in Serbian translation. The illustrations extracted from the corpus were grouped according to whether the source language (English) metaphors were: a) retained; b) removed; c) entirely eliminated, or c) added in the target text (Serbian). The results show that machine metaphors are remarkably stable in translation, and that even when translation modi- fications are introduced, they are mainly limited to the selection of a different representative within the same source domain.

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PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR "TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY" IN SERBIAN AND ENGLISH

Author(s): Nina Manojlović / Language(s): English Issue: 81/2023

The conceptual metaphor time is money/ (valuable) commodity is considered to be fairly new and its origins are a matter of debate. Some researchers believe that cultural changes brought about this particular conceptualization, while others claim that the inherent finiteness of time is the basis for viewing time as something valuable. The aim of this paper is to examine the pragmatic aspects of concretizations of the said metaphor in Serbian and English. Namely we aim to investigate, within the framework of cognitive-inferential pragmatics, the possibility of certain expressions being an instance of descriptive and/or interpretative use of language. The theoretical framework is relevance theory and two approaches to metaphoric expressions taken into account are explicature analysis and modified explicature analysis. The analysis comprises examples of conceptual metaphors time is a (limited) resource (since we believe it serves as a basis for further elaboration and profiling value when it comes to mapping on the examined target domain) and time is a valuable commodity with special attention dedicated to examples of the conceptual metaphor time is money. The results show that speakers of English and Serbian conceptualize time in a similar way when it comes to the source domains resource and valuable commodity (attested metaphors include time has a price, time is for sale, etc.). When it comes to the pragmatic aspects of our analysis, the results point to the adequacy of both interpretative and descriptive approach to the interpretation of metaphoric expressions, depending on the entrenchment and routinization of an expression.

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EXAMINING SERBIAN EFL LEARNERS’ METAPHORIC COMPETENCE: METAPHOR IDENTIFICATION AND TRANSLATION

Author(s): Tamara Janevska / Language(s): English Issue: 81/2023

The paper presents the results of a study devoted to the examination of students’ metaphoric competence. The participants received no precoding training, or structured metaphorical in- put. The study was based on The Economist’s climate change coverage, a film titled “Climate change technology: Is shading the earth too risky?”, which was a part of an English composition assignment. We transcribed the oral data and, following the MIPVU (Steen 2010), identified sentences which contained at least one lexical unit that was metaphorically used. The students were asked to complete a questionnaire that was organized in accordance with our research goals. Namely, our study tested the students’ ability to distinguish between metaphorical and literal meaning in order to check their intuitions about what constitutes a metaphor. They were also asked to translate the given sentences into Serbian so that we could examine how they deal with metaphor in translation. The results suggest that the differences in translation are caused by the availability of the conventionalized metaphorical senses across the SL and TL lexicon. The research offered insight into students’ metaphoric competence prior to any exposure to Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff, Johnson 1980), which could be contrasted with the results obtained after a structured metaphorical input.

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