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The Use of Address Forms among Faculty Academic Staff of Bayero University, Kano

Author(s): Isa Yusuf Chamo / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2019

This paper investigates the use of address forms among the academic staff of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies at the Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The aim is to find out whether there is variation in the use of the terms between the members of academic staff of the Faculty which has six Departments (Arabic, English, History, Islamic Studies and Sharia, Nigerian Languages, Linguistics and Foreign Languages). An Ethnography research method and the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory are used to collect and analyze the data. Following the findings, three address forms are presented in more detail, namely titles, nicknames, and kinship terms. Special attention is put to the title Malam, which originally referred to a teacher or a person versed in Islamic knowledge, but nowadays is used more commonly than any other type of address forms. The research shows that age, gender, social status, degree of intimacy, and context of communication determine the use of the address forms among academic staff. The findings reveal that the staff members of The Faculty favor traditional address terms which are used in Hausa society rather than the terms Corresponding to their professional rank. In addition, these address forms are culture specific and the dominant culture is Hausa.

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Le camfranglais comme exemple de parler jeune

Author(s): Nataša Raschi / Language(s): French Issue: 53/2019

Bien que le français soit la langue officielle de nombreux pays africains, on trouve, selon les régions et le contexte sociolinguistique, maintes spécificités qui divergent du standard de la France métropolitaine. C’est ce qui se passe au Cameroun, où les règles locales sont privilégiées pour déterminer une langue qui corresponde à la construction de l’identité du pays. En particulier, le camfranglais est un langage composite développé par les jeunes Camerounais afin de communiquer entre eux. Le présent article dessine le cadre historique de cette langue et en illustre les nombreuses propriétés lexicales, morphologiques et syntaxiques.

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Hyperbole as the building block of Hausa court-songs

Author(s): Salisu Garba / Language(s): English Issue: 52/2018

Hyperbolic expression is one of the most common and effective foregrounding expressions employed as a literary device in the form of eulogy across the literary genres. But the most common ground for its usage, among the genres, and where its usage is more effective, is poetry. Hyperbole is manifested clearly in praise-songs, which in Hausa take the form of court-songs. This paper explores the forms and effects of literary devices employed by Hausa court singers. Attention is mainly given to Salihu Jankiɗi and his song Bubakar Ɗan Shehu Bakadire (Bubakar, Shehu’s son of Qadiriyya Sect) eulogizing Sultan Abubakar III, but also extoling Sardauna and the Sokoto Caliphate on the occasion of the durbar ceremony in 1965. The presentation includes various forms of the devices, such as irony, overstressing some facts and possibilities, cherishing both the religious and political ideals of Sultan Abubakar III, Sokoto and Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto, Premier of the defunct Northern Region, for whom the durbar was organized. The paper further highlights the ability of the artist to capture the political undertones of the durbar procession.

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Linguistic and Cultural Pitfalls of Patient-carer Communication in the Official Health Care Structures of North Cameroon

Author(s): Henry Tourneux,Hadidja Konaï / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2016

North Cameroon displays nearly sixty local languages for an estimated 3,500,000 people. Such a multilingualism is offset by the use of a major trade language, Fulfulde or Fula (spoken by Fulɓe or Fulani), which allows basic exchanges to take place in many settings. Owing to increased rates of school attendance, French has been taking on a greater but still limited role in interethnic communication. The question of language comes immediately to the fore in any medical consultation, yet there are also prior cultural factors in play which have a strong impact on the procedure.

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Arabic Patterns in Hausa Poetry: Stanza, Metre and Rhyme in Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Jibril Shu'aibu Adamu / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2015

The paper deals with prosodic patterns of the Hausa poetry and investigates its stanzaic, metre, and rhyme structure with reference to the patterns developed in the Arabic poetry. Using the corpus of poems written in ajami by four contemporary poets the use of Arabic-based patterns as well as their “deviated” or “defected” forms have been investigated. The analysis confirms the cross-fertilization between the oral and written poems tradition in Hausa.

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Raymond’o Queneau kūrybos stilistika: „Exercices de style“ vertimo į lietuvių kalbą analizė

Author(s): Liucija Černiuvienė,Ieva Montrimaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2020

The article covers the stylistics of the work “Exercices de style” by the French writer Raymond Queneau and the translation of this work into Lithuanian. Through the analysis of translations into Italian and English as well, the article investigates the distinctive feature of Queneau’s texts – how they play with various language tools. The article distinguishes and discusses the play of literary devices (these are figures of style and rhetoric), the play of linguistic devices (grammatical tenses, barbarisms, neologisms), the play of language registers (colloquial language, jargon), the play of genres and discourses, and the play of narrative techniques. While playing with the language, the author seeks to entertain the reader – the exercises are rich in various elements of comedy, parody and irony. It is not possible to systematically apply one translation strategy to translate this work, therefore the translator Akvilė Melkūnaitė focused on conveying the logic of Queneau’s rules, making the translation strategies related to semantic and stylistic translation of the text diverse and successful, while the complicated conveying of cultural realia (e.g. jargon) is offset by other means of translation.

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Hallidayev koncept funkcija jezika i primjena tog koncepta u kritičkoj analizi diskursa

Author(s): Dajana Zečić Durmišević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2021

This paper examines the relationship between Michael Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis. Special attention is payed to the relevance and application of Halliday’s concept of the (meta)functions of language (ideational, textual and interpersonal) as a methodological tool in CDA, for it potentially enables a socially and politically engaged language analysis devoid of ideologically motivated result interpretation by the researchers themselves. Since the very beginning of both SFL and CDA, these two fields have intertwined for various reasons, or characteristics they have in common. The three characteristics deemed most important in literature are: functional orientation, perspective that language mirrors social reality and is, in turn, shaped by it, and the stance that the ideological motivation of text and speech can be proven and identified through grammar, i.e. linguistic representation analysed within its context (Hart, 2014).

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Stilistički motivi upotrebe anglicizama u austrijskom omladinskom časopisu „Xpress“

Author(s): Alisa Trbonja-Kahriman / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2021

In diesem Beitrag werden Anglizismen in der Jugendzeitschrift „Xpress“ analysiert. Die Überschwemmung des Deutschen mit Anglizismen ist sehr evident in den Medien, besonders in den Medien, die Jugendliche benutzen, wo es zahlreichhe Motive für ihre Verwendung gibt. Die Schaffung eines Lokalkolorits wurde als häufigstes Motiv auf der stilistischen Ebene konstatiert, wobei in der Jugendzeitschrift Anglizismen als Folge der Überschätzung des Fremden, Mangel an Selbstgefühl und Missachtung der eigenen Sprache verwendet wurden. Die Verwendung von Anglizismen findet zwar über Jugendsprache und vor allem in Massenmedien statt, aber es kommt nicht zur Beeinflussung und Bedrohung der Standardsprache, sondern bietet eher ein stilistisches Ornament.

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ANAPHORA ISSUE IN MEDICAL DISCOURSE

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

he assertion from which we start our study is that in the last decades the anaphor has been defined relatively homogeneously from one researcher to another, from two perspectives: a. The syntactical-semantic perspective; and b. The rhetorical perspective - in the linguistics of the text, cultivated in pragmatics, in cognitive sciences, etc. We approach the anaphor in our research, from a syntactical-semantic perspective, as a semantic relation between two linguistic elements, in which the element with subsequent occurrence in the speech does not have a stand-alone meaning, being interpreted by reference to the antecedent. The objective of the research is to analyze the anaphora in the medical discourse. The descriptive-linguistic, analytical and contrastive methods are used in the research. One of the main conclusions is that in the medical discourse, the typology, the ways of accomplishing the anaphora, according to the criterion of referential continuity, are particularly complex.

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„ДАНАС ЈЕ ИСТОРИЈА” Хроми хијазам Амона Гета и превладање стилистике

Author(s): Oleg Soldat / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 180/2021

We have tried to open some new and possibly undisclosed vistas on the famous scene in the movie Schindler’s List, by Steven Spielberg, by probing the famous question: can and should the Holocaust be represented. To the best of my knowledge, the famous speech of the main antagonist of the movie, Amon Goeth, “Today is history”, has not to this moment been treated in this manner, as the bearer of the insightful theories of style and philosophy. This is what we tried to remedy in this paper. We try to accomplish this by broadening the conceptual frames of the classical stylistics coming from structuralism of De Saussure, and by applying Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of the speech genre, to this particular scene. Starting hypothesis, relating to the gap between Western and Russian semioses, was that classical semiosis, best represented by Peirce and Umberto Eco, would not tolerate this broadening of the diegetic script towards the biblical levels of the meaning, which are absent in this capacities of Western semiosis. We assumed that this was the subconscious plan of the director, namely, to represent the German plan: to make Holocaust not only reach the biblical proportions, but biblical style and meaning as well, and thus to immortalize itself. During the analysis we have encountered certain similarities in the distribution and the behavior of the figure of speech asyndeton, in the diegetic script of the movie, and the attitudes of the modernity, as they are represented in Catherine Pickstock’s book After Writing: Liturgical Consummation of the Philosophy. Together with Bakhtins’ work, Pickstocks’ analyses served as our guiding and starting point of the observation and manipulation of the deigetic text. After having discovered the aborted patterns of the stylistic reconfiguration, towards which Nazi propaganda unsuccessfully aimed at, in order to accomplish the paschal rite de passage through controlling of the historical necessity, we moved toward the pictures of history, harboured in the depos of the Nazi understanding of what Jews and Germans are. We have found essential contradictions in this respect with the Nazis, stemming from the serious ontological error of confusing ancient Roman ancestral history and very deformed and reduced Judeo-Christian perspectives, which represent the only possible epistemological interface which can manouvre the Holocaust into description. Thus, we conclude, that this description is not only possible, but it is necessary, just like its counterpart, representation.

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DUA (ALKIŞ) VE BEDDUALARDAKİ (KARGIŞ) YÖNELİM METAFORLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): Yeliz Saygili Savaş,Muhammet Yasin Çakir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2021

The original associations formed in minds thanks to metaphors are of a size that show that the possibilities of language are not limited in the individual's self-expression. Orientation metaphors as a type of metaphor; It emerges when individuals use direction oriented words that are oriented in space/space during their communication. In this study, the classification of the material identified, the functioning of the orientation metaphors and how it took place in blessing-curse were discussed within the framework of cultural grounds, thus it has been tried to determine to what extent the Turkish thought system is reflected in the language. In the study, in which George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's Contemporary Metaphor Theory was used as a method model, the works of Levent Sami Akalın’s Türk Dilek Sözlerinden Alkışlar Kargışlar, Doğan Kaya’s Folklorumuzda Beddua Söyleme Geleneği ve Türk Halk Şiirinde Beddualar, Halil Ersoylu’s Türk Dilince Dualar Beddualar Sözlüğü, Yaşar Kalafat ve Necdet Yaşar Bayatlı’s Türk Kültürlü Halklarda Alkışlar Kargışlar, Ahmet Keskin’s Türk Kültüründe Alkışlar (Dualar/İyi Dilekler) ve Kargışlar (Beddualar/Kötü Dilekler), Orhan Şaik Gökyay’s Dede Korkut Hikâyeleri, Metin Ekici’s Soylamalar ve 13. Boy Salur Kazan’ın Yedi Başlı Ejderhayı Öldürmesi, which were the source of the work with the rich blessing and curse material included, were used.

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C'EST DANS LE TRIVIAL QU’IL FAUT CHERCHER DE L’ÉPIQUE

Author(s): Sabine van Wesemael / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

Proust and Flaubert have a sense of humor. Their characters are full of irony, but in contrast to Flaubert, Proust and his narrator-protagonist are constantly the subject of self-ridicule. That is why the narrator-protagonist is revealed on numerous occasions as a coward in love and as a petty “bourgeois” who finds it difficult to adapt to the customs and habits of aristocratic society. We also find significant self-ridicule in the parts in which Proust, often implicitly, refers to the great classics, of which Flaubert’s Madame Bovary stands out. Marcel and Emma Bovary have a common feeling and understanding of the trivial, but while Flaubert’s heroine sees pain and despair in her daily routine, Proust’s protagonist narrator sees a source of artistic inspiration. The main goal is to transform the banal by connecting the poetic, the metaphysical and the trivial.

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Atasözlerinin Tasniflendirilmesi Üzerine Tematik Bir Yaklaşım: Antalya Örneği

Author(s): Atila Kartal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2021

Proverbs are essential documents of in Turkish folk culture, including written and oral Turkish literature. They reflect people’s accumulated wisdom through concise sentences loaded with deep meaning. They also encompass a massive philosophy of life in short expressions, independent of the burden of words. Proverbs guide, educate, warn, and instruct. They are concise formulaic expressions that delve into every topic of the human experience, from education to teaching, agriculture to folk calendar, nature to the universe, literature to art, hunger to satiety, bravery to cowardice, and generosity to stinginess. Proverbs are a part of Turkish national culture; and lay at the core of our oral and written culture. The first examples of written proverbs we know of date back to the Orkhon Inscriptions and Divânu Lugâti't-Türk. What’s more, they are still timeless – and evolving both in meaning and influence. Sometimes the words within many of these formulaic expressions have change. Some have gotten richer by taking on regional color. Others have been long. Nevertheless, they have the power to say a lot with few words, are among the wealthiest sources of knowledge and language we have. This article – with reference to written sources – will offer you information about proverbs haling from Antalya, Turkey, with a categorical focus on those that highlight personal feelings, thoughts, and lives. Next, we have made an attempt to assess the findings will be assessed through the lens of variant, theme, function, subject, and synonym, and offer insight into their place within the broader scope of Turkish proverbs in general.

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Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’ın Romanlarında Baykuş

Author(s): Üyesi Ece Serrican Kabalcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar is one of the most prolific writers in all of Turkish literature. He made extensive use of themes from daily life throughout his work, including aspects of social life, colloquial speech, neighbourhood life, and the expressive richness of traditional Turkish performance arts. Gürpınar also used humour, namely to direct to criticize people who believe in traditional dogma and superstitions a little too much. He himself believes that you can resolve with reason and science. His novels feature owls in them – which, in Turkish culture, are believed to bring death and bad luck. The study before you surveys nineteen of the author’s novels (out of forty) containing references to owls, and quotes the chapters alluding to those references as well as studies how Gürpınar interpreted them. Our findings show us that almost all of them deal with death and bad luck, and that he focus on the owl’s negative characteristics – with one exception: Deli Filozof, in which the owl is the narrator of the book yet not directly mentioned. In short, almost all of Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’s references to owls take root in Turkish folk beliefs.

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СТИЛІСТИКА ВЛАСНИХ НАЗВ “ОНІМНОЇ ПЕРИФЕРІЇ” УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ПОСТМОДЕРНІСТСЬКОГО ТЕКСТУ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ РОМАНУ В. КОЖЕЛЯНКА “ДЕФІЛЯДА В МОСКВІ”)

Author(s): Marta Maksymyuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the research is to examine the stylistics of proper names of the “onomastic periphery” in the Ukrainian postmodern text. Research methods - induction, deduction, descriptive, contextual-interpretive and component analysis. Scientific novelty. In modern linguistics, the potentialities of the names of proper prose texts of famous Ukrainian writers have not yet been sufficiently studied. Therefore, in our opinion, the study of proper names in literary texts requires special attention, and a thorough analysis of literary and artistic anthroponyms, toponyms and other classes of onyms used in the works of modern Ukrainian writers opens up opportunities for further generalizations in the field of relevant linguistic stylistic problems. The onym space of an artistic text is an integral structure that performs certain artistic tasks depending on the ideological, thematic and genre direction of the literary work. Proper names reflect the individual authorial style of writing, as well as individual artistic and linguistic picture of the world in general, implement the author's concept of worldview, contribute to the construction of artistic image. Conclusions. The onymic space of the novel by V. Kozhelyanko is attested not only by anthroponymy and toponymy, but also by the proprial units of the onymic periphery. The onimic periphery of the postmodern text is widely represented not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, is an organic element of the text of the novel, performing, in addition to the immanent nominative, characteristic, deictic functions, it becomes an element of the writer's language game, ideally "fitting" with irony, parody, allusions into aesthetics works.

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Įvardžių jis, ji variantai standartinėje lietuvių kalboje: diamezinė dimensija

Author(s): Jogilė Teresa Ramonaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 16/2021

The paper deals with variants of personal pronouns, specifically the third person singular nominative case jis/jisai ‘he’ and ji/jinai ‘she’ in Lithuanian. The existence of such variation has been so far ignored by most linguists. The variation of the use of these short and long variants is analysed within the language “architecture” framework first introduced by G. Berruto (1987) and involving different dimensions, of which the diastratic, diaphasic and diamesic are discussed in more detail. The use of pronouns is studied using the data from eight different written and spoken Lithuanian corpora and the proportions of such use are compared. The analysis shows that the variation in the use of pronoun variants is overwhelmingly associated with the diamesic dimension, i.e., the written language typically uses the short variants only while in the spoken language all four pronoun variants are used. The proportion of the long variants increases as the spontaneity of speech increases. There is a difference, however, in the use of masculine and feminine forms as the long variant of the masculine pronoun is used in one third of the cases while the long variant of the feminine pronouns is found in as much as 80 percent of cases in the spoken variety. Other dimensions do not seem to impact this variation to a notable extent given the data available.

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Hibridiniai anglų kalbos kilmės veiksmažodžiai su priesaga -inti lietuvių kalbos žargone: morfologija ir adaptacinės ypatybės

Author(s): Robertas Kudirka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 16/2021

The article analyses 198 hybrid verbs of English origin with the suffix -inti and 187 prefix derivatives from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system, because there weren’t any borrowed verbs without Lithuanian affix detected: phonetically adapted borrowed verbs from English are rare and used as adverbs. A small part of the verbs has no basic words, they are morphologically adapted with the suffix -inti. Word borrowing can be semantically based on the new meanings, but a number of verbs can be interpreted as trendy variants of non-standard language. Most of the verbs with the suffix -inti has basic words. The adaptation of the new borrowings is directly related with the popular suffixes of the Lithuanian standard language. Slang lexicon tends to copy standart language models and integrate into Lithuanian language derivative paradigms. Slang prefixes derived from basic verbs with the suffix -inti are formed regularly, slang derivatives take over the prefixes of the standard language.

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La risemantizzazione nella terminologia delle arti visuali

Author(s): George Dan Istrate / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2021

The terminology related to the visual arts includes within it many terms that are used in both specialized and common language. However, only a part of the terminology of this field can be characterized by univocity and monoreferentiality, given that some lexemes have multiple meanings, which constitutes, in principle, a factor of ambiguity. In fact, in these cases, through a terminological metaphor, the transfer of the name of one object to another is carried out, based on a similarity between them. The phenomenon can be considered a fundamental process in the formation of the metaphorical terminological lexicon. The transfer mechanism combines two notions by virtue of their common elements, neglecting the differences. Specialty studies believe that each metaphor will therefore contain three elements: the entity to be named, the one that gives it its name, and the comparable characteristic, which makes the analogy between the two possible. The analogies on the basis of which the semantic transfer is made in the visual arts are of a referential type and refer, in general, to the shape, that is to the appearance of an object, sufficient to characterize it externally. In the sector we want to analyze, the most frequent lexicalized translations concern the human body (colo, rib, rib, foot, shoulder, head, nail), plants and trees (almond, leaf, stem), animals (goat, truss , mare, stork, bull, dovetail, bear), the geometric shape (band, ovolo, pillow, cube, strip). All these terms are created on the basis of a replacement procedure, possible thanks to an analogy between one word present and the other absent, but necessary in the specialized lexicon to name a new object. Practically, through the attribution of a new meaning to an existing lexical element, resemantize (or semantic redetermination) occurs.

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Report from the 13th International Conference on Researching and Applying Metaphor: Metaphorical Creativity in a Multilingual World (Hamar, Norway, 18–21 June 2020)

Author(s): Julia Ostanina-Olszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2021

The RaAM 2020 conference on metaphor research was held online on 18–21 June 2020, hosted by the Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences (INN) in Hamar, Norway. The aim was to exchange ideas and research findings of historians, culture studies specialists, and cognitive linguists from all around the world. The theme of the event was Metaphorical Creativity in a Multilingual World, including the following areas: multimodal metaphor, metaphor in spoken discourse, metaphor in gesture, metaphor in cross-cultural communication, metaphor and translation, metaphor and film, metaphor in education. Among the large group of researchers, specialists from Lithuania and Latvia presented their findings in metaphor research based on local data (Lithuanian media, posters, advertisements and billboards, film translation into Lithuanian).

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Przekraczanie granic dialektu – przypadek śląski. Analiza funkcjonalna

Author(s): Zbigniew Greń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The article presents the results of a functional analysis of Silesian texts used in internet communication. The linguistic corpus consists of texts from portals and websites related to Upper Silesia, Opole Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia (including the Czech part). If the Silesian isolect is used as the main means of communication, all communication functions can be performed. Texts in the Silesian code particularly often fulfill metatextual and representational functions. For some functions, language stylization is used. As stylistic means in Silesian texts, lexical means from other codes are primarily used, i.e. from standard Polish, Czech, English, and German; lexemes with a clear slang character are included in the output codes. The communicative functions of these stylistic means are primarily poetic and expressive.

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