Važnost epideiktičkoga žanra u klasičnoj i suvremenoj retorici (Na primjeru analize božićnih poruka hrvatskih biskupa)

Author(s): Gabrijela Kišiček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2019

The paper presents an overview of the historical development and importance of the epideictic genre in rhetoric. Aristotle divided rhetoric into deliberative, judicial and epideictic, distinguishing between them according to their end goal, according to the means of argumentation, according to the dominant means of persuasion, and according to temporal orientation (deliberative rhetoric is directed to the future, judicial to the past, and epideictic to the present). The paper presents the rhetorical specificities of the epideictic genre and emphasizes the importance and value of this type of speech in both classical and modern rhetoric. As an example of current presence of epideictic rhetoric, Christmas messages of Croatian bishops are analyzed in order to show on concrete examples how epideictic speaking looks in contemporary practice, and at the same time Christmas messages are described as one specific and special type of Christian rhetoric.

POLİTİK DİLBİLİMİN TEMEL METOTLARI ve ARAŞTIRMA ALANLARI

Author(s): Yılmaz Büyükkutlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 43/2019

Today, linguistics studies focus on people's perception of the events around them, their culture, social status and gender. Political Linguistics has emerged as a result of such studies. Before political linguistics was accepted as a science, political communication studies were considered as a different aspect of rhetorical or stylistic research. In later research, studies on the superior and inadequate aspects of the politician were done. Rhetoric and stylistic approaches are dominant in political language analysis. Political linguistics includes intuitive discourse analysis and cognitive methods. Political linguistics can be divided into four relatively independent directions; critical analysis, content analysis, rhetoric analysis, cognitive analysis.

Stalininio laikotarpio dailės kritika Lietuvoje: doktrininė retorika ir meniškumo sauga

Author(s): Pillė Veljataga / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 99/2019

The article analyses the socrealistic indoctrination of the Lithuanian art and art criticism in the postwar period. It attempts to reveal the strategies of manipulation which were used by the players of cultural field: the socrealistic doctrinaires implementing the state cultural policy from one side, and the artists and art critics, which attempted to safeguard their creative activity from the ideological excesses, from the other. The latter soon recognized the manipulative strategies of the doctrinaires and, though formally adapting to the doctrine, through the use of compromise strived to retain the criteria of aesthetic value, maintain the level of the art, and its variety of genres.

Kadı Beydâvî Tefsirinde Mecâz

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

The Quran uses –in general- the Arabic words in its literal meanings. However, in certain cases metaphore becomes the focal point of the Quranic verses depending on the context. Thereof excegesis vary in highlighting the metaphor in their interpretation. Al-Kadi Al-Baydawi for example in his book” Envâru’t-Tenzîl ve Esrâru’t-Te’vîl was one of those who were interested in metaphor. This paper is meant to examine the rhetoric science in his book.

Kur’ân İfadelerindeki Üslûp Değişimine Kadı Beydâvî’nin Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2014

The Holy Quran has its own methods of various expression. One of them is the change in narrative style during the flow of expression by replacing mutual between personal pronouns, in the verbs of past and future tenses and in the noun and verb sentences, etc. It is also done with some literary purposes which add richness to the statement or meaning. Some exegetes who give importance to Quranic rhetoric, has investigated what may this purpose be. One of these is Kadı Beydâvî. His views about the matter will be examined in this article.

Масовите отклонения от книжовноезиковите норми в медиите – грешки или нови норми?

Author(s): Andreana Eftimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2020

In speech, there are phenomena that deviate from the literary norm and are widely used, ie.represent „mass“ errors that communicators over time stop evaluating as a deviation in theirlinguistic behavior. Typically, this type of errors is interpreted as a manifestation of a lowlinguistic culture and as a severe deficiency in literacy. In fact, it is very likely that this is a rulechange that has occurred, but has not yet been reflected in the codification documents. Thearticle analyzes mass mistakes in the media that are no longer recognized as defects in speech.

Intelektualista jako upadły prorok. Dyskretny, retoryczny urok Syrakuz

Author(s): Artur Żywiołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2019

The article makes an attempt at describing the socio-symbolic field in which the contemporary intellectual has to act. The intellectual has undergone the processes of his/her position and his/her role in academic (intellectual) life, which is one of the reasons of the failure of thinking (reason). The article also encompasses an attempt at answering the following questions: what is the role of the three basic components of classical rhetoric: logos, ethos and pathos, in thinking? Why has the contemporary homo academicus ceased to be a guide and a translator? What is the influence of affections on thinking and where did all the intellectuals go? (Frank Furedi). What is the relation between knowledge, affections, and power, and stupidity?

Perestroika and a Short History of the Concept of Hope in Soviet Official Discourse

Author(s): Jakub Sadowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The article analyses contexts in which the category of hope appears in the texts of Mikhail Gorbachev’s speeches and writings. His main programmatic texts and political manifestoes, in which the creator of the perestroika policy explained and justified its main assumptions, have been taken into account. Although “hope” does not belong among words with which Gorbachev’s reader is confronted on every page his writings, considered against the background of the Soviet authorities’ discourse, the last leader of the USSR uses this term in an extraordinary, courageous manner, testifying to a qualitative change in the way of the formulation of political messages in the Soviet Union.

Başkurt Türkçesinde Hayvan Adlarıyla İlgili Aktarmalar

Author(s): Nigâr Kalkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2020

Regarded as one of the fundamental characteristics of language by many linguists and partaking at the very front of factors that create polysemy are transfers of meaning. Transfers that are approached since old rhetorical studies as part of strong figures of speech, which provide impressive expression, are shaped in line with society's characteristics and trends. Transfers, which provide the word with a large number of meanings, are evaluated under the titles "Metaphor transfer" and "Name transfer". Metaphor transfer, name transfer are ways to transfer the mental imageries of language. The most common type of transfers in every language is metaphor transfer or metaphor. Name transfer is besides being psycholinguistic and a gradually comprehension of fact also a rhetorical skill. This study evaluates the transfers related to animal names of one of the Turkish dialects, the Bashkir Turkish, which has a strong expression in terms of nature and the concrete. The name transfer, which is defined as the explaining of a concept with a related or another linked concept, is defined as "metonimiya" in the Bashkir Turkish grammar. "Metonimiya", which is also evaluated as different naming or name change, counts as the shortest way for naming. In the grammar of Bashkir Turkish the metaphor transfer however is approached within polysemy under a sub-heading called "metafora" and evaluated in three groups, which are; "atama metaforlar (naming metaphors)", obrazlı metaforalar (living metaphors)”, “individual-sitilistik metaforalar (individual metaphors)”. The innovation in transfers is based on the production of something new with semantic clarity (relevance) by using a non-specific (non-eligible) characterization path. As long as we recognize the habitual use of the word and thereby the incompatibility (mismatch) demonstrated at the level of the literal interpretation of the sentence while passing through new semantic clarity and in a sense through its semantic depth, transfers will always stay alive. Semantic novelty can be connected to the imagination of the producer. The emergence of a new semantic clarity in transfers, beautifully shows what imagination, produced according to rules may be. When the Bashkir Turks, who express the plant known as honeysuckle "ayıw balanı (bear plant)", long plants without flower "quyan qŭlaq (rabbit ear)" and to beat around the bush "at qŭlŭnlatıw (to birth a horse)", and their imaginative transfers about animals are evaluated, we can see an emerging richness, which is also an indication of the richness of the cultural structure of society.

Weasel Words and the Analysis of “Postcommunist” Politics: A Symposium

Author(s): Michael H. Bernhard,Venelin I. Ganev,Anna Grzymała-Busse,Stephen E. Hanson,Yoshiko M. Herrera,Dmitrii Kofanov,Anton Shirikov / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

A weasel word is a term used in academic or political discourse whose meaning is so imprecise or badly defined that it impedes the formulation of coherent thought on the subject to which it is applied, or leads to unsubstantiated conclusions. In this symposium we consider several key terms central to the study of postcommunist politics and discuss the extent to which they fall into this category. The terms discussed here include regime terminology, the notion of postcommunism, the geographic entity “Eurasia,” socialism, populism, and neoliberalism. While the authors come to different conclusions about the extent to which these terms are weasel words, they also provide pointers for how to deploy terms in ways that are consistent with the underlying concept and thus aid in the cumulation of knowledge about the region.

Metaphor and Irony in the Public Criminological Discourse of Lithuania

Author(s): Dalia Gedzevičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This article discusses metaphor and irony as discursive strategies employed by the Lithuanian media while construing the imagery of crime, criminal, and criminality. The method applied to analyse metaphor and irony in Lithuanian criminological discourse combines the framework offered by conceptual metaphor theory with corpus linguistics. First of all, metaphorical and ironical expressions were inventoried, and then conceptual paradigms were reconstructed from them. The conceptual-level analysis revealed that the relations between the conceptual domains of metaphor and irony are processed by different types of mapping (similarity [metaphor] vs. dissimilarity [irony]). Despite differences in the processing of cross-domain mapping, metaphor and irony realised in public criminological discourse carry out the same or very similar rhetorical and social functions. The main function of these discursive strategies is the vivid expression of emotional attitudes and values directed at the criminal—the text adresser evaluates the criminal and crime negatively, dissociates from the offender, and isolates him symbolically from our community. In this way, the contemporary Lithuanian media constructs and shapes the community’s approach to particular social phenomena—crime, criminal, and criminality.

A humanizmus az igei tudomány szolgálatában (I.)

Author(s): Dezső Buzogány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

When speaking of Reformation and Humanism, we tend to connect them to each other. But as we come closer to the essence of each, we discover their substantially different nature. The gist of Humanism is the human nature. On statues and paintings of the Renaissance the man is portrayed as a great, powerful, almost almighty person. On the other hand, Reformation places God, Christ, salvation, reconciliation etc. at the centre of its teaching. Humans are included too, but only as sideliners, as weak, infirm, needy, helpless figures. Nevertheless, Reformation has benefited to a significant extent from Humanism via its emphasis on the grammar for mastering the languages of the Scripture (Hebrew and Greek), dialectics striving to a better understanding of the scriptural message, and rhetorics as a substantial technical help spreading the Gospel. Therefore, teaching these disciplines at the universities of the Reformation has become of major importance during the 16th century.

Termékenységkultusz és paráznaság Hóseás próféciájában. Hós 4,12–14 értelmezésének kérdései

Author(s): Norbert Magyar / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

In his well-known metaphor, the Book of Hosea describes the relation between YHWH and the people of Israel through the marriage imagery. Contemporary scholarship treats this metaphor in different ways. The diverging interpretations derive, on the one hand, from the dissimilar understandings of the cultic circumstances of Hosea’s age, involve high uncertainty. Moreover, the text of Hosea is regarded as one of the most challenging compositions in the Hebrew Bible. Finally, from a redaction-historical point of view Hosea is again a very complex book that needs careful approach. The most debated question concerning Hosea and the fertility cult seems to be the existence or absence of an institution of sacred prostitution within the ancient world. A decisive conclusion in this regard is impossible at the moment. While recent studies tend to question the existence of this practice, our analysis allows interpreting Hos 4,14 as a description of a sacred prostitute. The proposal that this woman, termed הָ שֵׁ דְ ק ,should be regarded as person having a devoted cultic role, is worth considering. Nonetheless, based on the meagre amount of data at our disposal, this study argues that her sexual activity did not stem from this role itself, but from her loose morals and willingness of attracting partners. Within the necessary limits of a case study, the resources and texts reviewed by us hig.

The Politics of Mourning and the Crisis of Poland’s Symbolic Language after April 10

Author(s): Joanna Niżyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2010

This article analyzes the deep political and cultural impact of the plane crash on April 10, 2010. The tragedy that cost the life of a president, Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and a group of leading parliamentarians across political divides took place near the traumatic lly laden site of the Katyń forest and has led to a crisis of communal symbolic language. The crisis has been apparent in the radical polarization of Polish society over the rhetoric of the main political parties and their interpretations of the crash. However, the crisis transcends the political arena and indicates that Polish society no longer shares a unifying meta-narrative to form its sense of national identity. The author analyzes this process of societal polarization by looking at the stages of mourning—shock of the symbolic absurd, communitas, and the Wawel controversy—and the utilization of the communal affect in the presidential campaign led by the president’s twin brother, Jarosław Kaczyński. The campaign is characterized by the appropriation of the crash as Law and Justice’s “foundational myth” coupled with the language of indeterminacy and deferral to define a political program. At the same time, the crisis is fueled by the utilization of a reductive version of the Romantic paradigm, in which the late president is sacralized (as in Rymkiewicz’s poem) and by the proliferation of conspiracy theories that antagonize the society towards the current government and Russia.

Slavenka Drakulić: Dissidence and Rhetorical Voice in Postcommunist Eastern Europe

Author(s): Noemi Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2001

What the communist regimes in Eastern and Central European countries left for posterity are scars of oppression. In spite of communist appeals and propaganda, for decades people fought to reinforce democratic values, freedom, and human rights, within and beyond these countries' borders. Moreover, due to communism's oppressive politics, some of the most eloquent representatives of civil societies chose expatriation and dissidence as a political, cultural, and rhetorical way to articulate democratic beliefs from behind the Iron Curtain. [...]

JEZIČKO-STILSKA ANALIZA I RETORIČKA SREDSTVA U HUTBAMA IMAMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Hurija Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2019

This paper offers a stylistic analysis and exploration of the rhetorical devices used by the chief imams in their khutba sermons at Friday prayers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The khutba is a key tool in the mission of Islam. It involves elements and features of both the sacred and oratorical styles, but its basic purpose is persuasive and conative, viz. it aims to promote active change. It therefore deploys all the elements of discourse, with a stress on the use of proofs. Qur’anic quotations, hadiths, and statements from Islamic and Western thinkers are thus drawn upon as proofs, alongside sayings and anecdotes. Other devices also used to persuade or support the argument include rhetorical questions and repetition.

Тодоров в диалог с Бахтин

Author(s): Karine Zbinden / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

В търсене на смисъла: Цветан Тодоров и художниците

Author(s): Jana Damianova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Consent and cooperation in the Greek context: Rhetoric and praxis

Author(s): Maria Anagnostaki / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The core alternative measures in Greece have traditionally been implemented without supervision in the community. Since the early 1990s, however, new community measures have been introduced, following European developments and under the pressure of prison overcrowding. This article examines how issues of consent and cooperation in the supervision of offenders have been addressed in practice in relation to four community measures that are currently available in Greece: treatment interventions for substance abuse offenders, the community service order, the suspended sentence with probation and home detention with electronic monitoring. Different types and scales of approaches in relation to consent and cooperation are observed in different stages of the criminal procedure and between different community measures. An explanation of these variations is proposed with reference to the framework of the different ‘visions’ of community sanctions and measures – managerial, punitive, rehabilitative and reparative. Official language – rhetoric – is utilized in this exploration, while possible further action – praxis – is proposed.

Tri metafora konceptuale në ligjërimin politik në Shqipëri

Author(s): Elsa Skënderi Rakipllari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.1/2019

The aim of this paper is to shed light to the employment of some conceptual metaphors and metaphorical scenarios in the Albanian political discourse. The theoretical framework of the paper is focused on concepts related to the political discourse, ideology and the analysis of language devices that serve for the rhetorical strategy. The empirical data for this research is collected from the minutes of the plenary sessions of the Albanian Parliament and from various speeches of important political leaders. The conceptual metaphors in this discursive variety are either used in the same way that other Albanian speakers use them or connotatively especially for the sake of polemics, irony and satire. Through a Critical discourse analysis, it is noticed that there are some very generic conceptual metaphors in the Albanian Political Discourse, such as POWER IS FOOD, GOVERNING IS A VEHICLE, and MEDIA IS A CALDRON etc. The present paper draws the conclusion that the Albanian politics suffers the populist syndrome and thus conceptual metaphors could be interpreted as a communicative trick employed not only to address the political adversary but also to interpose textual features that are very common to the daily informal speech of the people.