The Ukraine Crisis Reflections in the Speeches of USA and Russian Political Leaders

Author(s): Ingrida Unikaitė-Jakuntavičienė,Rita Matulkaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2017

This paper focuses on the rhetoric of USA and Russian political leaders during the Ukraine crisis by analyzing changes appearing in their speeches during the different stages of the crisis. The goal of the analysis is to investigate the speeches delivered by political leaders of the United States and Russia, being important actors in the Ukraine crisis, by identifying both countries’ attitudes to one another, further intentions regarding the management of the crisis and changes of topics in each stage. The speeches of the following most influential politicians in foreign policy formation in the USA and Russia are analyzed: President Barack Obama, Secretary of State John Kerry and Vice President Joe Biden, President Vladimir Putin, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Medvedev. The speeches were collected from the official websites of U.S. and Russian government institutions. The analysis revealed that from the beginning of the crisis the main tool in the Ukraine crisis was rhetoric. Western parties began to take real actions only later: sanctions on Russia were imposed, international organizations started to play more active role, ceasefire agreements were signed. In terms of communications strategies used by both countries, the USA rhetoric and its communication strategy as well as Russian leaders were using a combination of proactive and reactive strategies.

"Chvála básnického umenia" (Laudes artis poeticae, 1461) z pera Levočana Christophora Petschmessingsloera

Author(s): Mária Novacká / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2008

The article deals with the activities of an important fraternity of pastors from Spiš (Szepes, Zips) region founded in 1204 who resided in Levoča (Lőcse, Leutschau), especially with the work of one of its members, Christoph Petschmessingsloer. In addition to providing information on the life of the author of The Praise for the Art of Poetry (Laudes artis poeticae) from 1461, the study describes the circumstances of the origin of this work. The greatest attention is paid to an analysis of the text of this lecture on the art of poetry and an assessment of its rhetorical characteristics that represented an introduction to Satires by the Roman satirist Decimus Junius Juvenalis. For its first part, the poetic praise of art and poetry is characteristic; the second part speaks of rhetorical and poetic technique, verse forms together with terms of poetic expression. The work is concluded with a mythological story inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses about nine muses that represent nine human activities and methods of the acquisition of knowledge.

Nicolas Sarkozy – charyzmatyczny pragmatyk czy populista w nowym stylu?

Author(s): Tomasz Młynarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2011

The beautiful and useful history of Skanderbeg

Author(s): Ermira Alija / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

Marin Barleti remains true to the humanist notion that everything useful is also beautiful: mankind and human potential are beautiful and useful for Barleti; the man and the power of his words are reinforced by the strength of Barleti’s heart and words, and it is precisely there that we also find the source of the metaphysics and transcendence of the work that elevate his style.

Інавгураційна промова як мовленнєвий жанр президентської риторики в українському і словацькому політичному дискурсі

Author(s): Natalia V. Kondratenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 01/2022

The inaugural speeches of two presidents – the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky on May 20, 2019 and the President of Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová on June 15, 2019 were studied by structural-semantic, linguocognitive and linguopragmatic parameters. The composition and structure of inaugural speeches are considered, the main semantic oppositions and concepts in the inaugural speeches of the Presidents of Ukraine and Slovakia are determined. The communicative intention, the main speech acts, and the communicative strategies on which the ritual presidential discourse is based are characterized.

Etický a estetický rozmer františkánskych kázní 18. storočia. Na príklade kázňovej tvorby Dominika Mokoša (OFM)

Author(s): Angela Škovierová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2023

Dominik Mokoš (1718 – 22.XII.1776) was a Franciscan monk and religious writer who also acted as preacher, vicar, teacher and chronicler in the second half of the 18th century in various regions of Slovakia (such as Nižná Šebastová, Stropkov, Kremnica, Pruské, Okoličné, Beckov) or as a missionary in various areas of Šariš, Spiš, Orava and Poland. He was one of the most prolific authors of homiletic literature in the second half of the 18th century in Slovakia. In his Marian, Christmas and lenten preaching, we can identify intertextual references to the Bible, patristic, medieval and humanist religious literature. This study focuses on how these sources were used by Mokoš in his sermons as well as how he applied formal stylistic embellishments and used rhetorical techniques in an attempt to attract the focused attention of his listeners.

Parresia ehk kuidas haukuda tõde

Author(s): Ott Puumeister / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 20/2023

The article deals with the concept of parrhesia in the context of political communication. We start by characterizing, based on Bruno Latour, the type of veridiction that belongs to the political mode of existence. However, this type of veridiction has nothing to do with ethics or “true life”. To find this connection, we will turn to Michel Foucault’s understanding of the Ancient Greek term parrhesia – frank, open, courageous, plain speech that makes the modes of living and speaking coincide. The cynics who bark, rather than speak the truth practice the most political form of parrhesia. Cynical parrhesia aims to fracture dominant discourses by making the latter confront its bios as a curved mirror. We will conclude with briefly characterizing Greta Thunberg as a contemporary cynic.

Squaring “The rhetoric of temporality”: Greimassian semiotics and de Manian deconstruction

Author(s): Shawn Normandin / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

A careful study of the writings of Algirdas Julien Greimas refutes many of Paul de Man’s influential criticisms of semiotics. Greimassian narratology neither reduces rhetoric to grammar nor simply conflates grammar with logic. Instead of forming “a closed totality”, the Greimas square is an open-ended analytical device; it is not the semiotic equivalent of the Schillerian chiasmus. Despite de Man’s claims for the disruptive agency of rhetoric, the elementary structure of signification organizes the possibilities of de Man’s own rhetoric. His essay “The rhetoric of temporality” is a narrative whose four major actants are symbol, allegory, irony, and mimesis. Though the discoursive level of de Man’s essay represses mimesis, it is active in what Greimas would call the argument’s surface grammar, which constrains, without completely determining, the narrative transformations the argument undergoes. While de Man’s analysis regards symbol as epistemologically inferior to allegory and irony, the persistence of symbol helps make “The rhetoric of temporality” a fascinating literary text in its own right.

«Гелиоцентризм» Юлиана Отступника

Author(s): Roman Svetlov,Nikita V. Kuznetsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

Heliocentrism played an important role in the formation of ancient theoretical astronomy. However, as we know, the geocentric theory won the competition. Nonetheless, in the writings of Julian the Apostate we can see the reminiscences if not of the heliocentrism of Aristarchus of Samos then elements of the cosmology of Heraclides Ponticus. The paper points out to what extent these “reminiscences” have a rhetorical character, emphasizing the influence of the heliolatry of the Chaldean Oracles on Julian. It also interprets to what extent the emperor-philosopher himself accepted “unorthodox” models of the universe. Perhaps the intuition that the cosmology of Neoplatonism of the Syrian and Pergamon school deviated from the traditional one for their epoch can be seen in Dmitri Merezhkovsky’s novel The Death of the Gods (Julian the Apostate).

Belagat Açısından Karşılaştırmalı Okuma Denemesi: Bakara Suresinde “Rızık” Kelimesinin Kullanıldığı Ayetler Örneği

Author(s): İsmail Bayer,Esra HACIMÜFTÜOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Religion, environment, tradition, needs, and character determine the framework of people's eating habits. In this context, a special area is reserved for nutrition in the Qur'an. One of the prominent words in the relevant field is “rizq,” referring to things that Allah gives to all creatures for their own benefit. Broadly, children, spouse, action, knowledge, and wisdom can also be evaluated in this context. This study aims to reach detailed data on the subject by examining the verses where the word rizq is mentioned in Surah al-Baqara in terms of language and rhetoric. In every language, but especially in the Arabic language, the words that make up the sentences, the forms of the words, the syntax of the sentence, the forms of expression, and the style are important while determining the meaning. First, the comparison method was applied in the determination of the eloquence subtleties that were taken as a basis in the study. By this method, we compared verses, sentences, and words with other related verses and possible/fictional sentences in different linguistic dimensions; determined the differences between them, and tested the results by applying them to the relevant text. Considering every linguistic structure in the Qur'anic style and investigating its meaning is essential for understanding the Qur'an. In such a reading, the presence as well as the absence of language elements should be taken into consideration and used effectively in determining the meaning. The words used in the Qur'an are fundamental because their presence or absence, the structure of words that they are used together, and the whole text constitute an important and different aspect of the conveyed message. In this paper, ten verses where the word rizq is mentioned in Surah al-Baqara are examined within the framework of the study method. Their application provides examples to a certain extent for the understanding of the specified method. Various data has been obtained about the concept of rizq as reflected in general social life. As rizq, the foods must be healthy and tasty as well as halal in terms of their ingredients and acquisition. The desire for foods of human body may vary according to various factors. However, prohibitions on food are based on reasonable, scientific, or religious reasons. The moral and philosophical dimensions of the subject are always present in the background of these justifications. One of the duties assigned to human beings is to obtain rizq within the framework of the possibilities and capabilities given to them in the world and to distribute it, if any, to those they are responsible for, creatures, and other needy people. It is a requirement of faith to utilize the rizq by considering its raison for existence and to ensure that the way of acquisition is legal and ethical. Legitimate acquisition, sharing, and distribution of what is acquired is primarily related to the sense of conscience. Therefore, it is not in the nature of faith to interfere with what is given to animals, plants, and other people as rizq. From this point of view, infaq plays an important role in understanding the concept of rizq. The Qur'an strongly expresses the desire of man to be fair and generous in the sharing of rizq.

ALÎ NAZÎF’İN MİFTÂHU’L-BEDÂYİ’DEN TERCÜME VE TELİF YOLUYLA ÜRETTİĞİ BELÂGATE DAİR ESERLER

Author(s): Ahmet AKDAĞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

The tradition of writing works on literary arts and some poetic terms in Persian literature has begun with Raduyani’s Tercüman al-Balaga and reached an important stage with Rashid al-Din Vatvat’s Hadaik al-Sihr fi Dakaik al-Sihr. Vahid al-Tabriz’'s Miftah al-Badayi is one of the works on literary arts and some poetic terms written under the influence of Vatvat’s work. This work was translated into Turkish by Ali Nazif, with the title Tercüme-i Miftah al-Badayi in 1300/1882-83. Six years after writing his translation, Ali Nazif wrote Zinet alKalam based on this work. In Zinet al-Kalam, the author made some additions to his previous translation and omitted some parts of the translation. When both works are analysed in detail, it is understood that Zinet al-Kalam is not an independent work, but rather a work produced from the translation of an earlier work. In the Ottoman copyright tradition, it is a common practice to add to, subtract from or summarise the source text when translating a work from another language into Turkish. Since it is not sufficient to consider these works as translations, the term original-translation has been proposed by researchers to express these works. Ali Nazif’s Zinet al-Kalam is also a work close to original-translation. However, this work is a original work based on the author’s previous translation of Miftah al-Badayi. In the first part of this study, the time period in which Vahid al-Tabrizi lived, whose century of life and date of death are suggested to be different from each other in the sources, was tried to be determined based on various clues and information about his works was given. In the second part, that the method applied in the translation of Miftah al-Badayi is analysed, and Zinet al-Kalam as an original work produced from this translation is emphasised.

РИТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ВОПРОС КАК ФИГУРА РЕЧИ В ПОЭЗИИ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Alexander Aleksandrovich Lebedev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2024

The article examines the role of rhetorical questions in the poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich. Thestudy is based on the analysis of various poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich, with “Epinikion” being the most significant one. The relevance of the work is explained by the insufficient study of rhetorical question as a fi gure of speech in the context of poetic syntax and diachronic rhetoric. The paper offers a brief excursion into the history of studying the personality of Feofan Prokopovich and highlights the important connection between the author’s rhetorical and poetic views, with a particular focus on the specifics of interrogative constructions in the context of poetic creativity comparedwith questions used in everyday speech. The article contains statistical data related to the use of rhetorical questions by eighteenth-century poets and analyzes the functionality of rhetorical questions in the poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich, their role in creating the emotional expressiveness of texts, and the specifics of their use both in the text of “Epinikion” and other lesser-known poems. The study resulted in identifying general trends in using rhetorical questions in poetic works by Feofan Prokopovich, as well as defining and clarifying potential influence on the subsequent poetic and rhetorical works of later authors.

Osmanlı Dönemi Arap Şiirinde Formel Bir Yapı: Tatrîz

Author(s): Mehmet Zahid Çokyürür / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Tatrîz, which is included in the category of artistic arts in Arabic literature, first appeared on the stage of history as one of the six arts mentioned by Abu Hilal al-Askerî (d. after 400/1009). In the ongoing process, it has undergone a significant change and transformation in terms of its nature. The historical serencam of art; In the first place, it developed as the ordering of words that are equivalent in prostration and meter before the rhyme, then listing more than one mubtada at the beginning of the word and listing an adjective in the news part in a way that is harmonious in meaning with the number of mubtadas. Although these early forms of tatrîz were applied especially in Arabic poetry of the Ottoman period, a new identity, also called teşcîr, which is defined as the reading of the beginning parts of the poem lines with the letters of a person's name or identity, has become abundantly encountered in poetry. This genre, which is mainly adapted to ghazal and sometimes eulogy-type poems, has been postponed, along with other literal arts, by some modern Arab literati on the grounds that the meaning is sacrificed to the wording or the richness and depth of the meaning are relegated to the background. The main theme of this research is the tatrîz texture in Arap poetry of the Ottoman period, and in the research, the new generation tatrîz character of the period was determined and the negative perspective against literal arts such as tatrîz art was evaluated specifically in this art.

OBAMA'S AND BIDEN'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS THROUGH DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Jelena Žanić Mikuličić,Tony Pinčetić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper will compare and discuss linguistic devices used by Barack Obama and Joe Biden in their inaugural speeches using discourse analysis. Barack Obama delivered his first speech on January 21, 2009, and the second on the same day in 2013. Joe Biden held his inaugural speech on January 20, 2021. The speeches were taken from the White House website. The paper highlights the authenticity that politicians Barack Obama and Joe Biden express in their public speeches and the characteristics that can be attributed to their expression. Their speeches rely on literal and figurative meanings. They are their tool to raise awareness, emphasize social, economic, and cultural perspectives, and get closer to the audience and listeners.

EXÉGÈSES PASCALIENNES DANS LA ROUMANIE POSTCOMMUNISTE

Author(s): Marius Popa / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

The present article aims to analyze three of the most important exegeses dedicated to Pascal in Romania after 1989, signed by Horia Lazăr (1991), Vlad Alexandrescu (1997) and Călin Cristian Pop (2011). After presenting a brief history of the reception of the French philosopher in the Romanian cultural space (containing an inventory of the translations and monographs that were dedicated to him), we proposed an analysis of the way in which the mentioned researchers approach the problem of the Pascalian paradox, emphasizing the original and particular methodologies of each of them. The three books are important contributions to what we could call a tradition of Pascalian studies in Romania, bringing at the same time innovative ideas on the international level and being very well anchored in the current dynamics of Pascalian studies in the Western world.

СТРУКТУРА И РИТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ СУБСТАНТИВНЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ С ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНЫМ ПОДЧИНЕНИЕМ В ОРАТОРСКОЙ ПРОЗЕ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Anfisa Vladimirovna Rozhkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2024

The relevance of this study arises from the limited exploration of the syntactic structure in the works of Feophan Prokopovich. The focus of this research is on 318 substantive combinations drawn from five of the author's oratorical pieces. The objective is to analyze the structure of these combinations, provide a lexico-semantic characterization of their components, and identify their rhetorical functions. The research employs various methods, including survey analysis, classification, and stylistic analysis. The findings reveal that constructions featuring definitions paired with either dependent or main nouns are the most prevalent. In the majority of cases, a direct order of main and dependent nouns is observed. Definitions that accompany dependent nouns appear in both pre-position and post-position roughly equally, whereas those associated with main nouns predominantly occupy the pre-position. While the analysis identifies core models responsible for a significant number of constructions, there remains a substantial variety of patterns with flexible arrangements and differing numbers of components. The ways in which nouns and adjective definitions are expressed, along with their structural organization, suggest that these combinations serve as valuable rhetorical resources. Techniques such as inversion, chiasmus, metaphor, synonymous series, amplification, and repetition align with the text’s content and contribute to the oratorical objectives, such as honoring the monarch, his heirs, the state, and its warriors and victories. Furthermore, the figurative nature of many combinations is linked to the Church Slavonic tradition. The results of this study are significant for future investigations into substantive combinations within the history of the Russian literary language and for the exploration of the stylistic uniqueness of Feofan Prokopovich’s works.

Interrogativity: Problematological Model and Applied Technique

Author(s): Cosmin-Constantin Băiaş / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

Our paper deals with interrogativity from a philosophical as well as an educational perspective. Firstly, the rhetorical-argumentative theory of problematology is presented from the philosophical perspective of the problematological model. On the other hand, the question formulation technique shows a possible connection with educational or academic practice. What is finally obtained from connecting the two, through problematology as a philosophical construction and education as a practice of questioning, is that different ways of reasoning are encouraged and used in the socio-humanistic disciplines: creative thinking, critical thinking and thinking through questions.

CURRENT INFLOWS IN SPEECH SCIENCES AND DIRECTIONS/DISCIPLINES THAT DESERVE SPECIFIC CARE IN STUDYING ALBANIAN

Author(s): Tomorr Plangarica / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

In the context of efforts to find the proper motivation or explanations for a certain kind of apathy in the Albanian language of thought in completing different areas of lingustics with subdisciplines and with trends in contemporary reviews that study the aspect of the language use, given a certain lack of attention to such entities, as the discourse and/or text and opinions (that in the current stage have “ occupied” significant areas in the European and transatlantic language of thought) one is obliged to exempt as impact factor the lack of pressure that social development exerts or should exert on the language of thought, urging it to be focused also on this problematics, which is very relevant to every day speaking practices.

Un model de comunicare politică descendentă: Symmachus, or. II

Author(s): George Ivașcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

In recent historiography, numerous studies have underlined the importance of panegyrics for decoding different aspects of the official political discourse. In this article, starting from the concept of top-down political communication, proposed by the French historian Guy Sabbah, we will analyse the structure of the encomiastic discourse held by Symmachus at Augusta Treverorum (Or. II [1st of January 370]), in line with the ideological aspirations of emperor Valentinianus I’s regime. With this methodological approach we can gain a better understanding of the importance of this formal propagandistic milieu in the performance of political communication in Late Antiquity. In this context, Symmachus is one of the most important witnesses for documenting the political relations between the Imperial Court and amplissimus ordo at the end of the 4th century.

РИТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НАУЧНОЙ РЕЧИ М. В. ЛОМОНОСОВА

Author(s): Natalia Ivanovna Danilina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2025

The article aims to analyze to what extent and for what purposes the theoretical propositions outlined in Mikhail Lomonosov’s rhetorical works are applied in his natural science discourse. The material examined consists of essays written in the genre of “discourse”. The relevance of this research lies in the text-oriented approach of contemporary studies of scientific discourse, while its novelty stems from the lack of prior research on Lomonosov’s work from this perspective. It is shown that Lomonosov’s choice of a specific genre was influenced by extralinguistic factors, since he was to deliver a speech at a formal public meeting of the Academy of Sciences. The rhetorical structure of these works is evident in both the composition (including a panegyric-style introduction and conclusion) and the use of lexical and syntactic rhetorical elements throughout the text. The main categories of rhetorical techniques identified include “decorations”, “extension”, and “questioning”, with their functions being both merely rhetorical and supportive of contact with the audience. The overall conclusion drawn is that the rhetorical form used to present information in the context of a formal public speech did not conflict with the serious content of Lomonosov’s work and was compatible with the scientific discourse of the XVIII century.