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(In)Efficient Use of International Law: Case Study of the Dayton System in BiH

Author(s): Tomáš Jungwirth / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2013

This paper aims to analyse the existent legal and political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the viewpoint of effective applicability of international law. It first deals with the general issue of the relationship between international law, domestic political structures and the individual, consequently moving to the specific case study of the Dayton system. The question arises whether such an excessive intervention was at all capable of establishing a stable institutional framework and of uprooting the enmities between the sides to the conflict. Certain criteria for the effective application of international law are drafted, in light of which the presented data are evaluated. A critical conclusion follows, defining the key setbacks of the Dayton system and hinting to possible alternative approaches.

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“Has regional cooperation led to the establishment of Balkania: Europe’s Southeastern Dimension?”

Author(s): Specified No Author / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2007

During the last decade there were many regional initiatives such as the Stability Pact and the Southeast European Cooperation Process aiming to establish strong linkage among countries in the Western Balkans, which in turn will bring lasting peace and stability to the region.. But we can hardly state that these regional arrangements have managed to build up strong “regional identity” which is a prerequisite for a sound regional cooperation as seen in other European regions, such as Scandinavia. Mainly, regional initiatives have focused on instant problem solving, rather than on launching a new long life quality for the region as a whole in economic and political sense. Thus, the regional cooperation phenomenon insofar has not produced any substantial results and sounds more like a good intention.

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15 Years of Walking but How Many Steps? Transitional Justice and the Role of the Print Media in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Stela Nenova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

Despite 15 years of major domestic and international peacekeeping and stabilization efforts, there are still major obstacles to state building in BiH. One of the clear signs of the internal divisions and tensions has been the recent alarming trend of efforts to curtail the development of free and independent media in the country to support the process of reconciliation with the past and the growth of a strong civil society. What has been the role of the media in BiH in the process of transitional justice? Have the print media encouraged a constructive social dialogue about the past or they have contributed to further divisions among BiH citizens? This paper looks at the role of print media in the process of transitional justice in BiH. The study investigates the role of the media as a unifying or dividing factor in the process of transition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper then looks more in depth into the case of BiH and the print media‘s role for transitional justice‘s successes and failures so far. It argues that the print media have had a more negative impact on the processes of transitional justice in BiH because of the persistent nationalistic rhetoric creating a divided image of Bosnian society.

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2017 EMERGENCE/DECLINE OF THE AD -TERRORISM PHENOMENON

Author(s): Nicoleta Annemarie MUNTEANU / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The activity of ad-terrorism, taking advantage of too easily influential media, is an active generator of negative feelings among the civilian population. 2017 was introduced on the list of time intervals for the most monstrous terrorist attacks, not because of countries such as Iraq, where 267 1446 dead, 1661 wounded and 12 abducted persons were executed, due to the over-mediation of attacks on the territory of European states such as the United Kingdom, which generated about 4% of the attacks by SI in 2017, but which represented the first media news media. Practically, the media is responsible for the gap created between helping, supporting and building security between the West and the Middle East through ignorance of massacres on the Asian continent and the outlook for the Muslim population in the area.

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27 Mayıs’ın “Zoraki Diplomatları”: 14’lerin Yurtdışı Faaliyetleri

Author(s): Ferit Salim Sanli / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 23/2018

While the May 27, 1960 coup ended the DP government, it brought new debates on the relationship between the army and politics. In this respect, the dispute between politics and civilians was immediately passed on 13 November 1960 with the view that the army continued to rule the country within the National Union Committee established after the coup d’état, resulting in the liquidation of 14 members of the committee. This group, which will be called 14’s, brought those “artificial” formations both at home and abroad, which did not come from the 14 people who were formed before May 27 or within the National Unity Committee and agreed with each other, but lived in November 13. However, this group, which cannot provide any coexistence due to artificiality, has entered into various activities while abroad, but it is inevitable that two different clubs will be formed within the group. One of the sides in two different positions, Alparslan Türkeş and Orhan Kabibay were the others. In the process, the two groups considered their activities, their ideas, and their close proximity to each other, that they were involved in two different “sects” in various aspects of the 14’s. The second half of the 60’s and the subsequent process will confirm this statement.

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A Brief Introduction in Historical Cycles of Mass Violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Mirza Buljubašic / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2018

This paper describes the history of mass violence such as wars and uprisings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is based on a historical overview of facts established by independent historical scholars and researchers. There are no attempts contained herewith to either confirm or deny the thesis that peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina is impossible or desire to promote the idea of the space of eternal conflict. To the contrary; this paper has the aim to describe the tragic repetition of history of mass violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the Old Continent was also veiled by continuous conflicts, making Bosnia and Herzegovina no different from Europe, academic literature fails to provide an overview of mass violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That is where the importance of this paper lies.

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A Dózsa-kép az 1840-es évek magyar irodalmában

Author(s): Márton Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 04/2014

The study examines the role that the peasant revolt of 1514, generally attached to the name of György Dózsa, played in the collective memory in Hungary in the 1840s. It contests the argument according to which alongside the traditional, conservative approach, which condemned the revolt, there would have emerged a revolutionary view, which already presented the events as examples to follow. It argues, rather, on the basis of several contemporary literary works, that there continued to exist in the 1840s an attitude which extended back to 1514 and was influenced by consequent waves of violence, and which, as a result, regarded the peasant revolt as a shocking example and rejected all forms of collective violence. This, however, was certainly not conservative in terms of ideology or the history of ideas, but reflected simply the norm. It was certainly not the reinterpretation of this conceptual framework which started then, and it is totally mistaken to suppose that the new tones in praise of Dózsa emerged with equal force: the examples which apparently prove this are to be assessed in a different way. What, indeed, can be regarded as a novelty is the sporadic yet total negation of the attitude regarded as the norm (as in the gesture of Sándor Petőfi , the most outstanding poet of the period), or its logical transcending (as the Christian salvational approach in the novel of József Eötvös). None of them amounts to a presentation of the Dózsa peasant war as an affirmative example, however, for both preserve a strong aversion to destructive violence.

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A Look into the Future: Cyber-aggression as the Problem of Interaction in Space Exploration

Author(s): Oleksandra Kachmar,Dmytro Dzvinchuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2018

In the article, the authors broadened on the definition and concept of cyber-aggression. The authors have carried out their inquiry on the cyber-aggression in terms of the possibility of broadening of human potential by using the high-tech devices. Such inquiry was built upon the “The theory of war and peace” by Oleg Bazaluk. The authors came to the conclusion that cyber-aggression appears to be a typical form of struggle for existence, which is inherent in man, the state and civilization. Cyber-aggression, considered as a “natural way of human intelligent activity broadening by using the high-tech devices” provides the following: a) the transformation of civilization into a planetary force; b) exploration of cislunar and deep outer space; c) Universe-wide competition. The authors proposed a behavior model, specially developed for the contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations, which stipulates the transparency of intentions and proves: a) that terrestrial civilization’s cyber-aggression is a method of space exploration, rather than a desire for war and violence; b) that the Earthly civilization’s technologies are determined by its cultural history and manifest peace and benevolence.

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A NUCLEAR TEST FOR DIPLOMACY: IRAN AND THE (NEW) EU-US SANCTIONS DEBATE

Author(s): Ioana Constantin-Bercean / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2018

Europe and Iran have had important political, cultural and commercial relations that date back several centuries, but these relations have been steadily strained since 2002 when the uncertainty with regard to Iran’s nuclear program became an issue of international concern. In the attempt to demonstrate its role as an important foreign policy actor capable of taking the lead in resolving a global crisis, through the leadership of France, United Kingdom and Germany (EU3) the European Union spearheaded efforts to obtain a solution to the deadlock between Tehran and the international community over Iran’s nuclear program. Nowadays, after the nuclear agreement with Iran was sealed, the EU can move beyond its exclusive nuclear focus with Iran, and shift to a relationship based on engagement, not containment. However, this goal encounters an unforeseen obstacle: the new American Administration, who wants to shift the US policy on Iran toward aggressive containment and away from the diplomatic openings created by the precedent one. Therefore, it looks that the divide between Europe and the US is set to deepen over Iran, as long as the Trump Administration’s heated rhetoric and actions will continue. The EU made it clear, through its High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy statements that it will continue to support the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Furthermore, the European leaders understood that a constructive relationship between Iran and the EU is essential for the latter, and it could help to achieve its common security and defense objectives while safeguarding its commercial and energy interests. This article aims to present the relation between Europe Union and Iran post-JCPOA and the European agenda on Iran and to explain how and whether the nuclear agreement could become the reason of a European-American cleavage.

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A PROPOSAL FOCUSED ON A METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CONVERGENCE OF THE TWO BANKS OF THE DNIESTR

Author(s): Eugen Strautiu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Following the armed conflict in 1992, the Moldovan society, on the left bank of the Dniester broke, from a political and administrative point of view, proclaiming itself a separate state under the name "The Moldovan Dniester Republic" – which is unrecognized until today at an international level.The negotiation process, started in 1992, did not produce significant convergence effects - although issues related to the everyday life of the population are resolved today at a faster pace than ever before.The present article aims at investigating, principally and (as much as possible) quantitatively, to what extent the political divergence has evolved over two decades and a half, and to what extent it finds itself in economic, military and civil society divergences. In conclusion, we will try to evaluate the chances of a convergence process between the two banks of the Dniester in the near future.

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About Kosovo and Serbian guilt

Author(s): Dejan Ilic,Drinka Gojkovic,Nenad Dimitrijevic,Gojko Božovic,Aleksandra Pavlovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 55.1/1999

It doesn't take too much wisdom to come to the conclusion that the Serb regime of the last ten years hasn't done a thing to solve the issue of Kosovo. On the contrary, there are a lot of examples showing that the Serb regime has consistently neglected or conscientiously destroyed everything that Kosovo actually or symbolically represented in Serbian history and culture and it's clear that the solution of the Kosovo issue itself was not important to the regime either. […]

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ACCESS TO INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE IN KOSOVO – LESSONS LEARNT

Author(s): Gamurari Loredana / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Since 1999, the accountability for human rights violations committed in Kosovo during and after the war was addressed by ICTY, UNMIK and EULEX. However, a whole set of crimes committed in the aftermath of the war were not properly addressed. The research aims to understand whether international judicial mechanisms intervening in Kosovo until today, successfully planted the seeds for the blooming of post-conflict justice. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, including analyses of cases, reports and interviews. The findings show that both international and local actors in many cases could not ensure justice for war crimes committed in the country, which brought to the conceiving of the Specialist Chambers, an extraterritorial court with no local personnel, but under Kosovo national legislation. The paper focuses on previous experiences to understand if the lessons have been learnt, showing the challenges that the new Specialist Chambers will have to overcome to bring justice.

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Accommodating Minorities in Conflict Resolution: The Case of the Maronites of Cyprus

Author(s): Lorena Diz Conde / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2017

This article provides an overview of the Cyprus conflict as an introduction to the problem of the refugees that emerged after the division of the island in 1974. It particularly focuses on the case of the Maronites of Cyprus, an ethnic group that has been present in Cyprus for over millennia, geographically enclaved, a situation that eased the preservation of their unique language, the Cypriot Maronite Arabic. However, the mass displacement of population that occurred after the geographical division of Cyprus has had a deep impact in the development of the Maronite identity and the preservation of their culture and language. Following the occupation of their traditional settlements by the Turkish military, the largest part of Maronite community was forced to leave to the Greek-ruled part of the island. After analyzing the impact of the conflict on this national minority, the article provides an insight into the demands of the Maronite community in the negotiations of the settlement of the Cyprus conflict and the current initiatives that intend to preserve the cultural heritage of the Maronites of Cyprus.

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Accommodating Social Justice into Transitional Justice Mechanisms. The Case of Northern Uganda

Author(s): Andreea Cristina Nowak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

This article advances the idea that post-conflict societies encounter a twofold challenge in the transitional context; the first challenge is the past – how to heal the wounds, whilst the second challenge is to look forward and provide solutions for a sustainable future, where human rights are promoted and respected. I argue that the complex legal, political, economic and social situation in northern Uganda requires the reconciliation between past, present and future, by merging transitional justice (pastoriented) with economic and social justice (future-oriented), so as to meet the victims‘ needs and in the same time secure a stable transitional regime. The first section of the article will deal with the interplay between conflict and poverty in Uganda and the governmental measures taken in this regard. The following two sections will briefly examine the various transitional justice mechanisms employed here as well as the unfortunate situation relating to socio-economic rights. Based on the arguments advanced in the previous sections, the final part outlines some measures to accommodate economic and social rights within transitional justice mechanisms, suggesting that the later must be part of a broader set of policies for socioeconomic development and reconciliation.

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ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS

Author(s): Ioan Craciun,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Societal security, as developed by the Copenhagen Security School, is an extremely important area of the broader concept of a contemporary security approach that, in addition to military issues, also addresses a host of other threats from areas such as political,economic, societal or environmental ones. In the study of contemporary social security, a series of concepts specific to the theory of complex systems, such as complexity, self organization,chaos, etc., have been borrowed, which have substantially enriched the hermeneutics of the security discourse on the basis of non-traditional interpretations of social systems. This paper aims to present the basic concepts of complexity and their relevance to the theory and practice of contemporary societal security. At the same time, the paper presents some conclusions regarding the analysis methodology specific to the complexity science applicable to the field of societal security.

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Ajhman u Jerusalimu

Author(s): Hannah Arendt / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 57.3/2000

Moja knjiga je još pre objavljivanja postala centar polemike i predmet jedne organizovane kampanje. Sasvim je prirodno što je ta kampanja, vođena svim dobro poznatim sredstvima stvaranja lažne predstave i manipulisanja javnošću, privukla mnogo više pažnje od same polemike, tako da je površna buka kampanje na neki način potisnula i ugušila polemiku. To je postalo sasvim jasno kada je čudnovata mešavina jedne i druge, iskazana skoro identičnim rečima — kao da su tekstovi u kojima se napada knjiga (a još češće njen autor) izlazili "iz mašine za kopiranje" (Meri MekKarti) — preneta iz Amerike u Englesku, a zatim u Evropu, gde knjiga još nije bila ni objavljena. […]

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Aktivnosti UNESCO-a u uređivanju oblasti medija

Author(s): Amila Grbo / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 80/81/2018

The United Nations are in the mission and function of achieving peace and freedom, especially in societies that are moving through the process of democratization and respect for the truth, freedom of expression and affirmation of human rights and freedoms. They continuously create and adopt various documents - declarations, resolutions, recommendations, etc., that oblige member states to respect and apply the regulations that make the content of these documents. This in fact ensures the development of the world community, oblige non-democratic regimes to respect the prescribed standards, and ensures the protection of peace and freedom. In this way, United Nations not only encourage states to maintain peace and cooperation and to reject conflicts within a state, but also between different countries, and also influence the development of consciousness that primarily contributes to achieving or preserving peace and democracy. In this text, in fact, exactly these activities of the United Nations in construction of the binding regulation will be discussed.

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Al Qaeda Confusion: How to Think about Jihad

Author(s): Michael RADU / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2007

Aujourd'hui, l'Al Qaeda est peut-être plus forte que jamais. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de répondre à quelques questions fondamentales concernant le caractère de l'organisation, sa structure, ses objectifs et ses relations. C'est ce que Mr. Michael Radu se propose dans cette article.

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Albanian Minority in Serbia

Author(s): Valbona Ahmeti Zylfiu,Dukagjin Leka,Ilir Zylfiu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The problem of the protection of minorities was raised as an issue in the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Since 1989, with the collapse of communist regimes, Europe has witnessed ethnic conflicts. Whole region was characterized by ethnic conflicts, as was the case in the former - Yugoslavia, which risked stability and unity of Europe. In such circumstances, international organizations, such as the OSCE, European Council, European Union, have coordinated their efforts to develop a coherent system for the protection of human rights - national minorities. Today, the countries of Western Balkan are multi-ethnic societies, and minority rights remain key objectives of the European Union in its foreign policy. European Union at the beginning of XXI century with numerous projects is committed to stability and economic development of the region. It is well known that the position of minorities is one of the main criteria of EU accession to this organization, and within these countries is part also the Republic of Serbia. Now, the Republic of Serbia is in the process of negotiations with the EU. Chapter 23 deals with the issue of minorities, and in the Republic of Serbia is living also the ethnic Albanian minority. The paper deals with the position of the Albanian minority in Serbia. To understand today the position of the Albanian minority in Serbia, we will treat the historical aspect of the ethnic Albanians in Serbia in the political, economic and educational context. After the end of the Kosovo conflict, the position of Albanians in Serbia has been constantly deteriorated. In this paper will be analyzed the armed conflict in the Presevo Valley, as well as the political, economic, educational position of the Albanian minority in Serbia. The results of this research will contribute to shed light on the position of the Albanian minority in Serbia, which is proclaiming hard its democracy and fulfillment of EU criteria’s for admission to this organization.

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Albanians and Their Neighbors: Unfinished Business

Author(s): / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2000

On April 7 and 8, 2000, senior Albanian politicians from Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Montenegro met with leaders of the democratic opposition in Serbia and leaders of the Kosovar Serb community; other political leaders from Macedonia and Montenegro; and representatives from Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, the United States, the Council of Europe, the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, the OSCE, the European Union, NATO, and the United Nations. This unprecedented meeting, which was held in Budapest, Hungary, marked the start of a major initiative by the Project on Ethnic Relations on “Albanians and Their Neighbors.” It is aimed at maintaining a region-wide, high-level dialogue on the most explosive ethnic-political issue in Europe today. This report captures and records the main theme of this opening discussion: the conflicting hopes and fears of diverse ethnic communities during a period of rapid and often violent change in the Balkans. Three issues dominated the meeting: the current and future status of Kosovo and its impact on the politics of the region; interethnic arrangements in Montenegro and Macedonia and the relations of Albanians with the majority populations in those republics; and whether Albanian leaders in the region aspire to the creation of a “Greater Albania.”

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