Українська ідентичність у творчості Василя Курилика на прикладі серій «Український емігрант» та «Українські жінки-емігрантки»

Author(s): Khrystyna Beregovska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

The purpose of the work is to raise the question of the Ukrainian identity in the artwork of Canadian Ukrainian artist William Kurelek, using as examples of his series "The Ukrainian Pioneer" and "Ukrainian Pioneer Women " as well as to characterize the problem in the context of the author's artistic searches. Methodology. General scientific and interdisciplinary methods of research - analysis, synthesis, generalization, formalization and a comparative method were used to carry out the set of tasks. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is the analysis of art-stylistic features and the identification of the features of Ukrainian identity in the works of W. Kurelek. Conclusions. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of his "multi-series" art, for the first time, four types of concept of identity were presented, which the author portrayed in accordance with selected contexts: national, social, personalized (personality) and identity as a "sense of community". In particular, the characteristic features of Ukrainian identity are analyzed in detail using six examples of W. Kurelek’s works of his series “The Ukrainian pioneer” and some works of his series “Ukrainian pioneer women”. In his art, we find a single formula of Ukrainian identity, which the author understood as a set of ethnic, national, gender, and religious characteristics inherent in one or another person, demonstrating his identity in the corresponding group affiliation.

УКРАЇНСЬКА НАЦІОНАЛЬНА ІДЕЯ В ПОШУКАХ ПРЕДМЕТНОЇ ВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

Author(s): Valentyn Vasylovych Ivanenko,Vitaly Vladimirovich Kryvoshein / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

Problem setting. At the present stage of the nation, the problem of subject determination of the Ukrainian national idea becomes more urgent and requires understanding both in society and in the scientific community. Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of research of the Ukrainian national idea are mainly focused on generalizing the historical experience of the Ukrainian state-building through the prism of forming the national idea and understanding the process of formation and content of the Ukrainian national idea. Paper objective. The purpose of the study is to clarify the substantive certainty of the Ukrainian national idea at the present stage of nationalization. The following tasks are solved for its realization: to follow the meaningful evolution of the concept «Ukrainian national idea», to define its historical connotations. Paper main body. It is found that the formation of the Ukrainian national idea begins in parallel with the processes of nationalization - already in the 16-17 centuries. The first attempts were made to formulate the outline of the national idea of the Ukrainians, however, the active search for the formula of the Ukrainian national idea dates back to the 19 century. public associations of the first quarter of the twentieth century, especially during the Ukrainian Revolution. It is proved that with the gaining of independence there is a kind of Renaissance of the Ukrainian national idea, which took place against the background of the revival of national traditions of the Ukrainian people, the achievement of its spiritual unity. It has been found out that the national idea is a moving, dynamic phenomenon that reflects the common interest, the common needs of the nation and the representation of the nation’s representatives about the complex of means necessary for its progressive and sustainable development. Such means are an effective socio-economic management system based on political, economic, legal, moral subsystems. The worldviews of such a system are conceptualized through the identification of priority national values and interests. Conclusions of the research. It is determined that in the current realities the Ukrainian national idea emerges as a key opinion on understanding the nature of the nation and its prospects, as a program of actions for the future, assimilation and preservation of the achievements of the past, its historical, traditional institutions, as scientifically grounded, consolidated, innovative and integration directions contemporaries in worldview, motivational and other spiritual and informational and temporal dimensions. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian national idea also contains a teleological aspect, since it serves as a kind of purpose for nationalization.

УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ РАДЯНСЬКИЙ ПЛАКАТ 1945–1989 РР.: СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ЗМІНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ

Author(s): Vasyl Kosiv / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 34/2018

The purpose of the article is to trace Ukrainian identity representation in Soviet Ukrainian poster from the 1945–1989 in the context of the socialist realism’s stylistic evolution. The methodology is based on formal analysis and methods of comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is defined by focusing on national identification as a subject of research of stylistic changes in Soviet Ukrainian poster. Conclusions. From the 1940s to 1980s, the visual language of socialist realism evolved and dissolved in a variety of individual manners, stylistic methods and external influences. Stylistic changes in the Ukrainian poster, in general, corresponded with the works of other republics. Despite certain efforts, Ukrainian authors did not produce a national version of this "creative method".

Улога косовског мита у обликовању српског националног идентитета

Author(s): Jovan R. Bazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2012

This paper examines the role of Kosovo myth in shaping Serbian national identity through a very complex socio-historical processes, as well as his reflections on modern Serbian politics. The emergence of the Kosovo myth is related to the narratives of the battle of Kosovo in the 1389th founded in the church literature and the Serbian poems of Kosovo epic cycle, and then in continuing storytelling about this event which belong to different discourses. The Kosovo myth is the most important Serbian myth that forms the basis of Serbian national identity. It was an important element of national feelings and had a very important role in the cultural and political homogenization of Serbs, especially during the wars of liberation from the Ottoman Empire. Its peak, the Kosovo myth reached during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), when the liberation of Kosovo and other Serbian regions, was interpreted as the fulfillment of the covenant of ancestors and revenge to Turks for the defeat from the 1389th year. The myth was later not so emphasised except it two more powerful waves. First, during the First World War when it was instrumentalized in the function of unification of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and was treated as a common cultural heritage that unites these nations; and then, at the end of the twentieth century, during the escalation of the crisis in Kosovo and Metohija and the celebration of the 600-year Battle of Kosovo (1989).

Улога музике у формирању и реконструкцијама српског националног идентитета

Author(s): Jovan R. Bazić,Biljana Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

The long-term socio-historical processes of feeling uniqueness and belonging to ethnic, cultural and political communities formed the Serbian identity. National consciousness, associated with Nemanja and St. Sava and centered on memories of the existence and glory of Serbian medieval state, is the key factor of Serbian identity. They won the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church and laid the foundations of Serbian statehood after the Byzantine model. Very important role in formation of Serbian identity played music. It has been an integral part of religious rituals, state and court ceremonies, military campaigns and the winning ceremony, celebration and folk joy. In those events, the music directly contributed to the development of patriotic feelings and combat morale. The Turkish authorities have prevented the maintenance of religious rituals, folk customs and celebrations during centuries of slavery under their rule. However, behind its walls, churches and monasteries continued to be places where the people could choir hymns as well as in their homes, were people secretly sang and played, nursed their customs, thanks to which managed to preserve their culture and national consciousness. From the First Serbian Uprising (1804), the music was more present in people but also among the rebels. At the same time, besides the process of liberation from the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Serbian state, the Serbian people carried out a major cultural and educational revival. Inspired by Serbian folklore, church music and national history music was even more artistically shaped in the works of many composers. Music strongly urged patriotic feelings, which is especially evident at the time of liberation wars (1912-1918). Thosesongs, by their defiant, libertarian, patriotic and humanistic spirit powerfully lifted the moral conscience of the people, strengthened the fighting spirit and unity and encouraged fight for freedom. Serbian music has evolved largely spontaneously its basic characteristics, in addition to artistic and aesthetic nature, the authenticity, peculiarity and originality until the creation of Yugoslavia. Later, the development of music was increasingly directed by cultural policy and it was a very important instrument in the process of reconstruction of national identity. During the twentieth century Serbian identity went through three waves of reconstruction, which were determined by national interests, ideological, political and national reasons: 1) blending of Serbian identity into the Yugoslav; 2) the transformation of the Yugoslav identity through politics of brotherhood and unity; and 3) as Yugoslavia disintegrated return to Serbianhood. According to the new system of values and the prevailing ideological and political convictions, music creativity was favored in these processes. By doing this and favoring Yugoslav, cosmopolitan, revolutionary and other elements that have formed new music and celebrated musical life in Yugoslavia, national music has been increasingly suppressed. Such music directly contributed to the development of the Yugoslav consciousness, strengthening unity and tied the people through new ideological constructs. The renaissance of the Serbian national music took place at the time of leaving the Yugoslav and renewal of Serbian identity, especially in awakening national consciousness and developing national feelings. The music had a very important role in the formation of Serbian national identity as well as its reconstruction. On the other hand, the Serbian identity was grounded in authentic music, which through its evolution had multiple functions and was an integral factor in the system of values of Serbian society.

УЛОГА СРПСКЕ ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНЕ ДИЈАСПОРЕ У ОЧУВАЊУ КУЛТУРНОГ ИДЕНТИТЕТА И АФИРМАЦИЈИ ИНТЕРЕСА СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Ljubiša R. Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

Our contemporary reality witnesses a new wave of migration – that of a highly educated generation of people. The world has become interdependent and diasporic in the global age. This fact has led to an alteration of the structure of the Serbian Diaspora. A growing number of highly educated people are so evident in it that it can be referred to as an intellectual Diaspora. This paper discusses the potentials and roles of this group of people in preserving cultural identity, influencing national economy and promoting the image and interests of Serbia in the world. As regards the Serbian minority inhabiting the peripheral and bordering regions and neighbouring countries, their role in promoting understanding, regional cooperation and culture of peace in the Balkans is of crucial importance. The paper also discusses some aspects of the cultural politics towards Diaspora and emphasises the necessity of redefining the national strategy on Diaspora.

Улога упадљиве потрошње у социјалној интеракцији и перцепцији

Author(s): Anja Mitić,Ivana B. Petrović,Veljko Đurić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of the paper was to examine the effect of conspicuous consumption on the perception and attitudes of young people in Novi Sad and Niš (Serbia). The paper presents the results of the experimental empirical research, aimed to investigate the role of this phenomenon in social interaction and the perception of youth. Experiment has been preceded by extensive non-experimental study with the aim to investigate the attitude of youth towards luxury goods, especially clothes. The experiment tested whether and how logos of expensive brands on the clothes affect the perception of the person wearing them. The results confirmed the existence of significant differences in thirteen of the fifteen selected features. The aim was to indicate the presence and role of conspicuous consumption in the contemporary context, as well as to point out its influence in the social interaction and perception of young people.

Уметност живљења уз ине. Искуства са територије данашње Румуније

Umetnost življenja uz ine. Iskustva sa teritorije današnje Rumunije

Author(s): Stevan Bugarski / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Presence of the Serbs on the territory of today's Rumania has been lasting for centuries. Not only in Banat did this presence exist. Traces of Serbs on the territory of today's Rumania date from the sixth century. Serbian presence can be noted in documents and they have been confirmed in every historical province since the beginning of this millenium. Serbs were acknowledged as highly respected, and this was a sort of a counter argument towards anti Serbian treatment of some Rumanian societies. These treatments consisted both of formal acts and folk tradition (ethnic stereotypes). Sudden inhabiting of dozens of thousands refugees during the Great migration (1690) changed the balance of the Serbian form in Rumanian countries. This balance was also changed with aboriginal, Rumanian inhabitants. Serbs and Rumanians were "together" against German and Hungarian rule. The Serbs often stressed who was there "dominant". "Jerarhic" sharing in 1864 brought many sorts of dissidence and dissension. Serbian priests were on service to the people of other religions. Repulsive feelings towards the "[vabe" were seen in many different things and they were expressed in folk tradition. The Serbs assimilated and they were assimilated, but it must be noted that these sorts of assimilating were never final. Nationally mixed marriages were equal threat for both marriage parts. The Serbs in Rumania live according to the slogan: You should trust no one to the end and you should never make enemies. Living with other people is not bad itself. Finally the question can be asked. Is there any minimum "of being Serbian" which any Serb living in multinational community should have?

Унутрашњом слободом до независности: Поводом 170 година од рођења Светозара Марковића

Author(s): Đorđe Vuković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2016

In the article dedicated to marking the 170th anniversary of the birth of Svetozar Markovic, the author tries to present, explain and actualize some of the basic ideas and dilemmas which have marked the life and work of one of the most interesting figures in the Serbian political history. As a passionate opponent to the foreign invaders, the anti-national regimes, bureaucracy, omnipotence and arbitrariness of individuals, party leaders, nationalist zealots, unenlightened masses, and as a fiery advocate of the democratic order and supporter of disenfranchised people, Markovic is today still considered as a model which socially engaged intellectuals, patriots, and advocates of better, fairer and freer society should orient on. Of course, the century and a half later, many of Markovic's ideas are outdated and unrealistic, but their varied interpretations can still be stimulating for understanding of social and political issues of the Serbian people.

Употребата Батак, или въпроси без право на отговор

Author(s): Bozhin Traykov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 50/II/2019

This article looks at the scandal around the so called Мyth of Batak as a case of political mobilization of „scientific“ and popular discourses in relation to a historical event. The polemic started in April, 2007, when the scholars Martina Baleva and Ulf Brunbauer were accused of questioning official historical accounts which led to public outcry, attempts to change legislation concerning freedom of speech and even threats for physical harm. The scandal involved a variety of actors - the media, nationalist political parties, public intellectuals and scholars, as well as key figures in the Bulgarian government. Since 1989 a number of projects in the humanities and social sciences explored the formation and construction of Bulgarian national myths and stereotypes, but none of them had led to such a violent public confrontation as in the case of Batak. Why then the Myth of Batak caused such a fierce outburst? Baleva and Brunbauer shook in uncertainty one of the most stable historical narratives surrounding the nation building in Bulgaria - the Batak massacre. I analyze the controversy in the context of emerging material and discursive practices of reactive nationalism and Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union. The article is a contribution to the understanding of larger political and cultural implications in the mobilizing of national myths and their relation to contiguous power in intellectual and political circles.

Уставна начела о равноправности језика народа и народности Југославије и њихово остваривање у пракси савезних органа и организација

Author(s): Mevlida Karadža-Garić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3/1984

Der Autor befasst sich mit der Grundlegung und Entwicklung der Stellungnahme hinsichtlich der sprachlichen Gleichberechtigtkeit von Völkern und Völkerschaften Jugoslawiens in der Praxis des Parlaments von SFRJ, der anderen Institutionen von dem gemeinsamen Interesse, sowie der öffentlichen Informationsmittel. Als Grundlage für diese Erforchung dienten die Bundes- und Republikenverfassungen, Statuten und Verfassungen der sozialitischen autonomen Gebiete, Verfassungsamandements, Parlamentsgeschäftsordnungen, Bundesgesätze und andere von 1946 bis heute gefasste Vorschriften. Dieses Problem wurde als Segment einer viel breiteren sprachlichen Planung dargestellt, für deren Erforschung der sociolunguistische Zutritt für den passendsten gehalten wird, d. h. Einsehen und Analyse von sprachlichen und gesellschaftlichen Phänomen in ihrem gegenseitigen Zusammenhang und ihrer Bedingtheit.

Уставната политика во Европа: Тековни трендови во политиката на родот

Author(s): Roberta Guerrina / Language(s): English,Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2005

Recent developments in the EU have reignited theoretical debates about the present and future role of the Union in the context of identity and citizenship politics. Starting with the proclamation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights at Nice in 2000 and culminating with the on-going debate about constitutionalism in Europe, scholars and political leaders alike have raised some important questions about the role of the EU in defining relations between individual citizens, citizens and member states’ governments, and citizens and the EU.

Уставноправни положај „осталих“ у Босни и Херцеговини

Author(s): Goran Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

The author analyzes constitutional position of national minorities and ethnically non-declared citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina who are defined in its Constitution as the „Others“. They are discriminated being deprived of one of their fundamental human rights – passive voting right. Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is contradictory to international human rights conventions which Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified as an international law subject and which are integral part of its Constitution. In that sense, the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is an inconsistent legal act. The decision of the European Court for Human Rights from December 2009 imposes an obligation to Bosnia and Herzegovina to revise its Constitution in order to preclude discrimination which would also change constitutional position of the „Others“. The author analyzes pos-sible constitutional revisions which would lead to removal of discri-mination of the „Others“.

Утицај вере на уједињавање Старог континента

Author(s): Miroljub Jevtić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2008

European countries get involved in the process of globalization in many different ways. Some of these ways are individual and the others are collective. The most important aspect of globalization is EU, European Union. At the moment the vast majority of European countries are EU members. There are some Balkanic countries among them, such as Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. Other Balkanic countries also show serious intention to join the EU and become lawful members. European Union was roman catholic- protestant community until Greece has joined it. With the admission of Greece the religious quintessence has changed. So, that one orthodox country with orthodoxy as an official religion becomes member of EU. This changes religious quintessence of EU essentially. Apart from that, the labour influx from developing countries even more complicates religious situation in Europe. There are various followers of Muslim, Hindu or Buddist religion. Though, newcomers have remained minority in traditionally roman- catholic and protestant countries. But this minority, that grow day in day out, essentially change christian character of EU. Despite of that Greece was the only country of different religious orientation for a long time. With the admission of Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus the religious structure of EU has changed essentially. Serbia, Ukraine and Georgia are also orthodox countries. And all of them tend to join the EU. If this happened the orthodox would become almost equal in proportional relations. And eventually Russian joining of EU would result in orthodox domination in EU. Albania also tend to join the EU. And Albania is dominantly Muslim country. Therefore, Muslim Albania, huge Muslim community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria and numerous Muslim minorities in founding countries of EU raise many questions. One of the most important questions is a question of cultural identity of Europe. Demo- Christian and People’s political parties want to point out in EU Constitution that Europe has Judeo- Christian roots. Left political parties did not accept that. So that this clause has not been included in draft of European Constitution. But this problem has not been solved yet and the future will be very interesting.

Утицај развоја винчанског писма на заснивање српског идентитета

Author(s): Sanja Šuljagić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2012

In this paper author presented a link between formation and development of prehistoric Vinca letter with development of ethnicums „Serbs“ and „Slavs“ analysing original historical documents and prehistoric and historic events regarding this issue. Within the topic of the paper the author analyzed temporal and spatial distribution of the prehistoric Vinca letter, so-called „Serbica“ letter, as a precursor-letter of other letters in the Mediterranean region and other parts of Europe. By this analysis there are set starting positions for more subtle elaboration of the impact of development of literacy of ancient Serbian proto-ethnic groups on their „walkthrough of entities“ from prehistory up to these days, as well as the impact of their literacy on formation and substantial establishment of Serbian national identity

Учитељ, публициста и национални радник Деспот с. Баџовић

Author(s): Staniša Vojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2016

Despot S. Badžović (1850–1932) was one of the Serbs in Macedonia who after his schooling in Serbia became teacher in kruševo, whereas in 1875 he had to quit this job and go back to Belgrade. In Belgrade, he was one of the most prominent national operatives (Sava Dečanac, kosta A. Šumenković, etc.) who advocated during the Congress of Berlin the annexation of Macedonia to Serbia. for that purpose, he wrote a document called “To which Slavic Branch do Slavs in Upper Albania and Macedonia Belong” (Kojoj slavenskoj grani pripada ju Sloveni u gornjoj Albaniji i Makedoniji) (1878). As a member of “Brotherhood between Serbo-Macedonians and old- Serbs” he wrote a document called “Honest Wording of Serbo–Macedonians” (Iskrena reč Srbo-Makedonaca) (1885)and “Macedonian issue” (Makedonsko pi tanje) (1893). These two documents were dealing with historical and ethnographic circumstances in Macedonia.

Фактори опстанка русинске националне заједнице у Србији

Author(s): Mihajlo P. Fejsa / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 165/2018

This article analyzes the factors which contribute to the existence of a small population of conscious Ruthenians in Serbia. According to the author, the factors that undoubtly influence and improve the life conditions of the Ruthenian national community in Serbia / Vojvodina at the beginning of the 21st century are: Ruthenian language educational vertical; Apostolic Exarchate for Greek Catholics in Serbia and Montenegro; National Council of the Rusyn National Minority; Institute for Culture of the Vojvodinian Ruthenians; Ruthenian National Theatre Petro Riznič Djadja; diverse publishing activity; electronic media; new cultural organizations and manifestations; revolutionary changes in the Carpathian area; favourable international conditions. The Bačka-Srem Ruthenians present a kind of proof that long-lasting existence of a community small in number is quite possible only if a state creates suitable conditions. Since the Serbian / Vojvodinian authorities do their best to implement international conventions it may be said that there is much hope for the Ruthenians in Serbia to preserve their culture and national identity in the future, especially in Europe without borders.

ФЕНОМЕН ГЕРОЇЗМУ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПАТРІОТИЧНОГО ВИХОВАННЯ

Author(s): Vasyl Andriyovich Krotiuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

The Problem setting. Social and political processes, economic and state-building transformations in our country, and the military and political situation around Ukraine, led to the return of the theme of heroism to scientific discourse, rethinking the use of heroic potential in shaping patriotic consciousness of citizens, national identity of Ukrainians. The problem of heroism is connected with the evaluation of the activity not only of individual historical personalities or even whole generations of the people, but also with its fixation in the cultural memory of mankind. The phenomenon of the heroic is in the range of research interests of many social sciences and in the focus of attention of educational institutions.The moral significance of the heroic is important, because this concept has a significant educational potential, contributes to the formation of humane, noble goals, active citizenship and patriotismRecent research and publications analysis. The essence of the category of the heroic was explored by J. Bruno, J. Vico, G.V. Hegel, T. Carlyle, D. Campbell, F. Nietzsche, K. Jung and others. The formation of the phenomenon of heroism is outlined in the works of G. Skovoroda, P. Yurkevich, T. Shevchenko, I. Franko, L. Ukrainka, M. Hrushevsky, D. Dontsov, V. Lypynsky, G. Vashchenko, V. Sukhomlynsky, S. Krymsky, V. Baranivsky, O. Khmilyar.In the Western philosophical thought of the XX century the understanding of the heroic can be divided into four areas. The first direction continues to develop the concept of T. Carlyle (understanding the hero as a «superman»), the second considers the hero as a social myth and tool of psychoanalysis, for the third direction the hero is a phenomenon of social consciousness, a regulator of social life. The fourth is the concept of degeneration, the representatives of which reject the existence possibility of the heroic in a postmodern society.Paper objective. The one of the most important phenomena in a range of scientific interests of philosophy, psychology, ethics and history was discussed. The essence of concepts «hero», «heroism» based on the analysis of philosophical literature was explored. The description of the history of the phenomenon of heroism in different sources was made. The connection of aforementioned phenomena could be traced with such concepts as «patriotism» and «identity», the motives of selfless devotion and death, variants coexistence of different concepts of «hero» were distinguished, specific signs of heroic action were demonstrated. It reflected social and cultural settings of a specific historical period and indicated the variability of ideas about the status of this phenomenon. It was defined that people constantly were coming back to that category and fixing with that fact the highest level of spiritual beauty and activity of personality, which was able to give hope and to lead, to provoke the desire to imitate.The attention in the research work was focused on the philosophical idea ofthe twentieth century because at that period there was intensification of scientific research for clarification of those concepts.Conclusions of the research. Modern Ukrainian patriotism must be the result of the practical realization of a responsible sense of citizenship as an integrated quality of a modern man. Forming patriotic feelings in Ukrainian youth, teachers should rely on such basic characteristics of patriotism as the socially consolidating nature of its manifestation, civic responsibility and active position of all members of the community. As a result, patriotic feelings for Ukrainian youth should become not only a stable and conscious identification with their native country, but also a readiness for responsible and effective civic action.

ФЕНОМЕН ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ДИСКУРС

Author(s): Galina Pavlivna Klimova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

Problem setting. The formation of the rule of law state and civil society in Ukraine is largely conditioned by the state of political culture, which emerges as an important component of the socio-cultural image of the nation and at the same time as a structural element of the political system of the state, which determines the nature of the interaction between the state and citizens, the state and institutions of democracy.Recent research and publications analysis. The study of political culture belongs to the sphere of scientific interests of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. Problems of studying political culture were addressed by such Ukrainian scientists as V. Bebyk, M. Golovaty, L. Gorodenko, M. Dmytrenko, L. Nagorna, V Rebkalo, N. Repina, O. Rudakevich, O. Stehnii, M. Trebin, B. Tsymbalistyi and others. Important contributions to the theoretical development ofpolitical culture ideas have also been made by foreign scholars, including G. Almond, R. Jackman, L. Dittmer, R. Ellis, D. Fuchs, R. Lane, J. Lorenz, I. Lustick, S. Maerz, R. Miller, W. Mishler, M. Neumann, L. Pye, W. Rosenbaum, C. Schneider, R. Tucker, S. Verba, et al.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to study the nature and structure of political culture, to consider the features of its typology.Paper main body. The concept of «political culture» as a subjective dimension of politics was introduced in to scientific circulation only in the XVIII century by German philosopher J. Herder and until the middle of the twentieth century it was view ed rather at the level of world-view universalism rather than in its specific form sand manifestations. Through the efforts of G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, D. Kavanagh, and other researchers, the theoretical foundations for considering political culture were developed.In the future, three major theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence of political culture have emerged in political science. The first of these, including the time of its appearance, is an orientation approach that, by its very nature, reduces political culture to the sphere of political consciousness (G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Pye, J. Powell, etc.). But it should be noted that representatives of the orientation approach to the consideration of political culture leave out of its content elements o fpolitical behavior that have been the subject of special analysis in the writings of a number of scholars (R. Tucker, E. Wind, D. Paul, etc.), who believe that along with the «samples» of political consciousness, political samples must necessarily include «samples» of political behavior. The third theoretical and methodological approach to the analysis of political culture is reflected in the works of such foreign scholars as I. Shapiro, P. Sharan, and others. In these works, political culture is interpreted as a way, style of political activity, as a system of behavioral values, peculiar «spiritual codes» of the behavior of individuals in the political sphere, which testify to the degree of free assimilation of the generally accepted norms and traditions of public life, to the combination in their daily activities of standard and creative techniques for the exercise of their rights and responsibilities. It should be noted that today the concept of political culture is increasingly enriched by the meanings derived from «culture» as a supernatural reality, which expresses the integrity of life manifestations of society. As a result, political culture acts as a political dimension of the cultural environment, as a characteristic of the consciousness and behavior of individuals and social groups, as an indicator of civilizational development. In this regard, political culture can be interpreted as part of a general culture and inheritance, including a historically formed set of political knowledge, values, behavior patterns of a social subject (individual, social group, society as a whole) and their implementation in a particular system political relations and political activity. Such an understanding of political culture allows us to distinguish it, according to N. Semke, into three main components: 1) regulatory element (political experience), 2) the value element (political consciousness), 3) behavioral element (models of political behavior). Theoretical and methodological analysis of political culture requires consideration of the typology of this phenomenon. The most popular and scientific application was the classification of political cultures, proposed by G. Almond and S. Verba. The criterion for the typology of political cultures was the level of «frequency of different types of cognitive, emotional and evaluative orientations to the political system». On this basis, pure types of political cultures were distinguished: patriarchal, subordinate and participatory.Conclusions of the research. Political culture characterizes the degree and quality of political consciousness and political participation of people in solving state and public affairs, as well as ideological worldview aspects of the spiritual life of society in a specific historical period of its development and existence.

Формирование особой гендерной идентичности советских женщин — железнодорожниц в конце 1960–1980-х годах

Author(s): E. N. Menshikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 32/2020

The article is based on oral historical sources and oral memories and examines the historical experience of the professional activities of Soviet women who worked in the train control service of the Belgorod Branch of the Southern Railway (Ministry of Railways of the USSR) in the late 1960s and 1980s, as a form of women’s leadership and gender equality formation (the erosion of male dominance) in the manufacturing sector. Specifically, the influence of the profession (working conditions, content of daily work practices, working rhythm, professional self-awareness) on the formation of a particular gender identity among women railway workers is investigated. An analysis of historical material makes it possible to supplement and significantly expand our understanding of how the “new type” of Soviet women, with an independent economic and social status, was formed in the late Soviet period. The materials constitute the informational basis for preserving information about the labor feats of women working at the railroad in the historical memory of Russian people; they open up new heroines, whose personal and professional lives are the subject of the formation in modern society of a positive attitude towards the female presence in the managerial segment of the engineering and technical sphere.