"Vergangenheitsbewältigung" po česku

Holokaust v českém samizdatu

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.

“PRIVLAČNOST ‘ISLAMSKE DRŽAVE’ REZULTAT JE STRAHA, BIJESA I NEIZVJESNOSTI ZBOG NEPRAVDE I NEJEDNAKOSTI ŠIROM SVIJETA”

Author(s): Ziauddin Sardar,Harun Karcic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 69/2017

Ziauddin Sardar (1951) is a Muslim scholar and a writer of Pakistani origin. His fields of interests include Muslim thought, studies about the future, philosophy of knowledge and science and other cultural studies in the widest sense. He is the author of numerous books, essays, articles, discussions as well as columns and television programmes. So far he has published or edited, on his own and with other co-authors over 35 books of great significance. The following are the most prominent of these: The Future of Muslim Civilisation (1979), Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come (1985), Postmodernism and the Other (1998), Orientalism (1999), Why Do People Hate America? (2002). The British magazine “Prospect” listed him amongst the 100 most influential public figures of the Great Brittan. He recently stayed in Sarajevo responding to the invitation by The Centre for Advance Studies where he held a workshop titled: Navigating Postnormal Balkans: A Hands On Futures Workshop and Polylogue. Dr. Harun Karčić, a representative of The Centre for Advance Studies discussed with him a number of issues including the identity of Muslims in Europe, radicalism, the attitude of Islam regarding natural sciences and postmodernity.

20 godina od razbijanja SFRJ

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Serbian / Publication Year: 2011

Brunnbauer, Ulf. Globalizing Southeastern Europe. Emigrants, America, and the State since the Late Nineteenth Century. New York, 2016

Author(s): Valentina Sharlanova,Petia Bankova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

Communicating Yugoslavia – cultural politics, media memory and broadcasting of the Yugoslav past in Macedonia

Author(s): Ana Pop Stefanija / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2013

The aim of this article is to analyze how the shared Yugoslav past and history is communicated in Macedonia, 22 years after the dissolution. For that matter, the emphasis of the research will be on analysis of the media production of the state-owned, public service broadcaster in Macedonia, the Macedonian Radio Television (MRT). By analyzing a core of recently produced documentaries, the article aims to show how the recent change in cultural policy and the process of “nation-(re)building” is readable through new broadcasts and how the media memory of the Yugoslav past of Macedonia is present or absent from the media scene. Finally, this text aims to give answer to the question how, and to what extent, the recently produced media content contributes to the politics of remembrance / forgetting of the Yugoslav past.

Dějiny obětí

K historiografii a politice identity českých židů

Author(s): Vít Strobach / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

After the Changes of 1989 a change also took place in normative points of articulation of social conflict in eastern Europe. The paradigm of the social sciences, including historiography, changed as well. It is on the whole fair to call this the ‘identity turn’. The meaning of the term ‘identity’ was inspired by history but changed into up-to-date forms. The article analyses points of friction where contact took place between majority Czech society and cultural identity, historical memory, and historiographical self-reflections of Czech Jews after the Changes of 1989 to 2012.In this article, the author seeks to analyse the basic structure of statements about Jewish history in the Bohemian Lands in this period, and to determine what role the narrative of the victim plays in them. The author presents his hypothesis of the considerable influence of the ‘lachrymose conception of Jewish history’ in Czech historiography after the Changes of 1989. In this, he distinguishes between three paradigms, which he then further defines and assesses according to their functions: methodological nationalism, methodological totalitarianism, and methodological culturalism. He then identifies the constellations in which they appear both in academic and in public discourses, especially those influencing the politics of identity of the Czech Jews. At the same time, he seeks to explain why the schemes make it difficult to understand the modern history of the Jews of the Bohemian Lands.The history of the Jews, according to the author, became locked in an interpretation based solely on the idea of ‘eternal antisemitism and its victims’. This is therefore a good example of history/memory as an inherent component of ideology. As such, it has been operating in the undifferentiated space between scholarship and politics, and has been constructing the ethnocentric identity of the Jewish nation. This has led to a schematizing division of social relationships into adverse national and cultural (racial) camps, which have seemed to exist ‘since time immemorial’ and ‘naturally’, and to the gradual seclusion of the Jewish community and its defining itself or being defined against other groups. This is evident not only in the approach of Czech Jews towards the Arabs (Muslims) but also in the assertion of the security discourse in their politics of identity in fields as specialized as architecture and social care.

Die auferstandene Unabhängigkeit und die Dämonen der samtenen Revolution

Adam Michnik, Artikel aus Anlass des 10-jährigen Bestehens der Gazeta Wyborcza

Author(s): Adam Michnik / Language(s): German / Issue: 20/1999

Essay by Adam Michnik at the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of Gazeta Wyborcza

Dokumentumok az Országos Magyar Kisgazda Földmíves és Kisiparos Párt és a Magyar Nemzeti Párt történetéhez 1920-1936

Author(s): Béla Angyal / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2017

For exploring the history of Hungarian parties in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars, it is indispensable to get acquainted with the original sources and documents. After the Second World War, following the measures affecting the Hungarian minority, the archives of these parties were lost or scattered, therefore the search of documents relating to them has been a difficult task for historians. Information on the history of these parties can only be traced out of various domestic and foreign archives and of different types of funds, and by gathering news and reports after reading dozens of contemporary newspapers.In this collection of documents I have included 53 documents on the second strongest party among the Hungarian civic parties in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars: the Provincial Hungarian Smallholder Agrarians’ and Craftsmen’s Party (Hungarian: Országos Magyar Kisgazda Földmíves és Kisiparos Párt), as well as on its successor, the Hungarian National Party (Hungarian: Magyar Nemzeti Párt) established in 1925. This volume is closely linked to my collection of sources published in 2004, entitled Documents on the History of the Provincial Christian Socialist Party 1919–1936 (Hungarian: Dokumentumok az Országos Keresztényszocialista Párt történetéhez 1919–1936), and the book called Interest Protection and Self-organization. Chapters on the History of the Hungarian Political Parties in Czechoslovakia 1918–1938 (Hungarian: Érdekvédelem és önszerveződés. Fejezetek a csehszlovákiai magyar pártpolitika történetéből 1918–1938). The former collection of documents contains sources on the other significant political platform of the period, the Provincial Christian Socialist Party. The present book follows the proven editorial principles of the latter.In the introductory study I briefly summarize the history of the party, present its program and its role in the Hungarian minority politics. I deal more specifically with the party’s election results and the party-related press.While selecting the documents, I sought to publish those introducing the events taking place within the party and the processes going on in domestic politics. The smallholders’ party had not only changed its name over its 16 years of independent operation, but had politicized along various programs and strategies until the summer of 1936 when it merged with the Provincial Christian Socialist Party. In the introductory study, as well as in the comments and notes attached to the documents, I refer to each turning point separately.The documents are presented in a chronological order, marked with Arabic numerals. The serial number is followed by a short regest, which indicates the date and place of origin of the document. In the rest of the regest, the reader is provided with information about the contents of the document without evaluation or classification. I sought to communicate the full text of the sources. Where it was not possible because of the extent of the document or for reasons of substance, I applied partial publication, while indicating the omissions with a square bracket [...]. In case of articles taken over from the press, the text is preceded by the article´s original title. The text of the document is in all cases followed by a mark indicating the location of the document. Then I give the type of the document (clarification, phrasing, copy) and the method of its production (handwritten text, typed, printed text). In case of articles taken over from the press, I refer to the title of the paper, page number, and the author’s name. Each document is followed by a commentary. In some sentences I introduce the document’s author(s), its production and other related documents, as well as the relevant literature.The understanding of the collection’s documents is supported by a wide range of notes and by names register. In addition, the volume is complemented by a rich photographic material aiming to give a well-rounded picture of the era.

Ironija kao modus kulturalnog pamćenja: Intertekst srednjovjekovnih povelja i epitafa u Dizdarevom Kamenom spavaču

Author(s): Vedad Spahic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2017

In the light of the fact that noted connections between middle-aged Bosnian texts and poetic collection "Stone Sleeper" are a general place for local critical discourse, results of the exact analysis, which show that only ten or so such middleaged epitaphs and charters show establishment of a relationship of explicit intertextuality (citation) with songs from this book, might seem surprising. This work dealt with those connections by methodologically leaning on classification of model of intertextuality offered by a German culturologist and Slavic Studies expert Renate Lachmann. Citation procedure with appropriate meta-creative gesture was used in cases when: (modul A) prototextual resource was in its basic sensea "concrete universal", (modul B) author's intention was oriented towards specification and illustration of certain ideologemes important for Mak's vision of Bosnian and human general history. Results of this analysis showed that Dizdar's intertextually based conception of cultural remembrance with regards to Bosnian history is as much affirmative as it is able to do an ironic deflection from ideological conjunctures and reductionisms.

Istorijos reprezentacijos ir interpretacijos šiuolaikiniame Lietuvos teatre

Author(s): Kristina Steiblyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2017

The text deals with (re)interpretations of history in professional contemporary Lithuanian theatre. According to historians, nowadays there are few dominating narratives about Lithuanian history: the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the grand dukes in the forefront, the only Lithuanian king Mindaugas, and the history of the 20th century wars, occupation ant battles for independence. Based on that, the text provides an attempt to figure out how these narratives are represented and reinterpreted in contemporary Lithuanian theatre with the 20th century stories dominating the repertory of historic performances. Those are both confirming the predominant narratives and reinterpreting them and establishing new relation with personalities and events dominant in memory politics. The text also deals with the narrative of the victim that dominates historic Lithuanian self-perception. Two performances help as examples understanding how this narrative can be strengthened or criticised. The last part of the text presents the place that Polish, Russian and Jewish minorities get in contemporary Lithuanian theatre to represent their versions of history and asks whether contemporary Lithuanian theatre is contributing to the creation of a more involving social environment.

Jak si disidenti připomínali holokaust

Nezávislé připomínání "noci pogromů" v NDR a povstání ve varšavském ghettu v PLR

Author(s): Stephan Stach / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘Dissidentes Gedenken: Unabhängiges Holocaustgedenken in der DDR und der Volksrepublik Polen’, in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 207–36). The article is concerned with commemoration ceremonies on Holocaust Memorial Days – the ‘Kristallnacht’ of 9 November 1938 in the German Democratic Republic and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 19 April 1943 in the Polish People’s Republic – organized by dissidents in both countries in the 1980s. These commemorations were both an attempt by emerging civil society to reclaim interpretations of history which were different from the master narratives produced by the State-Socialist regimes and were also part of the opposition movements’ political struggle with their governments. In a comparison of these events, the author concludes that despite all their differences they constituted an often overlooked but important contribution to public memory in Poland and Easter Germany and also motivated the two societies to reflect on the meaning of the Shoah.

K dějinám obětí Víta Strobacha

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

In this contribution, the author responds to Vít Strobach’s ‘The History of the Victim: Concerning the Historiography and Politics of Identity of the Jews of the Bohemian Lands’, which is conceived as a polemic with the latest discussions about the history of the Jews, and not only those written by Czechs. The author considers it useful that Strobach is concerned only to summarize the content of the discussions, without drawing a clear line between historiography and politics, because he understands historians not only as academic actors but also as social and political actors. But, according to the author of this article, the results of the effort are not particularly convincing: Strobach’s categorizations of the ‘history of the victim’ type is not based on a thorough analysis of the sources, but are instead a judgement based on assumptions, which have guided him in his selection of texts. In consequence of this intentionally selective approach, Strobach creates a distorted impression of the nature of the whole discussion, because in current Czech historiography about the Jews and the Holocaust normative concepts of the ‘history of the victim’ does not play much of a role. Similarly, it can hardly be claimed that the history of the Jews is often said to be identical with the history of antisemitism. Concerning the ‘identity politics’ of the Jews of the Bohemian Lands, it is misleading of Strobach to claim that a form of the historical collective memory clearly defined in this way is asserted in historiography, without naming who exactly is the bearer of this memory. Moreover, he fails to define his basic terms, which thus lack an analytical keenness. On the whole, Strobach is satisfied with a simplistic, unoriginal critique, and fails to use the opportunity to constructively move the discussion forward.

Kada je počelo razbijanje SFRJ?

Author(s): Nikola Popovic / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The break-up of Yugoslavia begun during the early 60sat the same time when the bureaucracies of individual federal units started to asume the increased power. It was done to detriment of the federal structure. The process was folowed by the constantaccusations levelled against the Republic of Serbia and the Serbean League of Communists as the pillars of centralism, unitarism and Great Serbian hegemonism. The increase of the of the extent ow power od the federal units (republican etatism) led to the federalization of the League of the Communists of Yugoslavia, while the so-called „national key“ was aplied in te proces of formation of the entire federal structure. The economic life of individual federal units became more and more closed and duplicated, while the interests of Yugoslavia in general were neglected.Te ultimate result of such policy was passing of the Federal Constitution on February 21, 1974.The explanation for this step was that Federal Yugoslavia meant in fact an agreement between republics and autonomous provincies. When it became urgent to defend Yugoslavia in March of 1991., the members of the Federal Presidency were unable to reach such an agreement.Yugoslavia was set up of the road of extinction.

Kam sahají stíny normalizace na FF UK?

Author(s): Michal Janata / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 22/2013

This article is about time of normalisation at the Faculty of Arts at the Charles University.

Mass Media and Memory: The Communist GDR in Today’s Communicative Memory

Author(s): Michael Meyen,Senta Pfaff-Rüdiger / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2014

Using the example of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) the present study asks how mass media shape collective memory. How do reports in German media on the GDR affect communicative memory? To answer these questions, the present study is grounded in the theory of collective memory and relies on more than 20 focus groups in very different social settings. Today’s mass media content on the GDR is almost always about dictatorship. This is why some East Germans do not find their picture of the past within the media and do not feel at home in reunited Germany, yet.

Neki unutrašnji i međunarodni aspekti krize i raspada Jugoslavije

Author(s): David Dašic / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Yugoslavia after the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980. Implications of 1974 Constitution. Ante Marković Program. Rise of Slobdan Milošević. Dissolution of Communist League in 1990. Baker`s visit in 1991. Secession of Slovenia and Croatia. Outbreak of the war. Brijuni Agreement. Carrington Plan. Badenter Arbitration Commission. Secession of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. UNPROFOR. International recognition of Yugoslav republics. Foundation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. The question of international continuity of the FR Yugoslavia. Peacekeeping initiatives of international community in the period 1992- 1995( Vance Plan, Cutiller Plan, Vance- Owen Plan, OwenStoltenberg Plan, Contact Group Plan, Washington Agreement, Plan Z-4). Croatian military operations Flash and Storm. Deyton Agreement. Erdut Agreement. Evaluation of the features of the war in Yugoslavia.

NJEMAČKA JE PRIHVATILA ODGOVORNOST ZA HOLOKAUST, A RUKOVODSTVO RS IZRIČITO PORIČE GENOCID

Intervju s profesorom Davidom Pettigrewom

Author(s): David Pettigrew,Hikmet Karcic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 70/2017

At the occasion of the 22nd anniversary of the genocide committed against Bosniaks in the UN Safe Zone “Srebrenica”, we asked the professor to share his thoughts on the issues of memory, terminology, denial of crimes and the role of literature in shaping the memories of these crimes. David Pettigrew, professor of philosophy at the University of Southern Connecticut in the United States. Professor Pettigrew is the author of several books and a number of articles. Over the past few years, he has been actively involved in the issues of justice, memory and politics in post- Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina

Politics of Peoplehood: the Birth of a New Nation?

Author(s): Nuria Sánchez Madrid / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The political legitimation of nation states traditionally tended to claim homogeneity requirements that often exclude large sections of population. Taking this account of the traditional correspondence between nationality and state as a backdrop, I will attempt to sketch a new conception of peoplehood not based on class, race or religious membership, but on the acceptance of manifold social differences and on the construction of new belonging models. Basically I will suggest the exploration of new avenues of political research about the future of the nation with the following main goals: a) to argue for the persistence of differences among the members of a society at a global scale as a positive feature able to remove deep prejudices and biased views about the others, b) to highlight the prejudices that the neoliberal frame of the EU has supposed in the West Balkans area and c) to criticize the ideological resistance stemming from the idea of a nation state that usually turns down the birth of new nations in history as the result of wrongly solved conflicts. My claim for a politics of peoplehood as a regular source of conflicts and demands, which shouldn’t be viewed as a civil failure or breakdown, will be especially inspired by some texts from Seyla Benhabib, Slavoj Žižek and Lea Ypi focusing on the necessary updates that the conditions of membership and political participation ought to include in our current times.

Propaganda, Critical Media Literacy and Participation: Tracing Memories of the Soviet Media

Author(s): Natalija Mažeikiene,Kristina Juraite / Language(s): English / Issue: 30/2014

The role of media is crucial in promoting the public sphere and determining the forms of civic participation. In the post-Soviet context, the relationship between media audiences and the legacy of propaganda-driven media is of particular importance from the perspectives of media history and democratic development. The post-Soviet media environment was shaped by particular political traditions and notions of citizenship. The Soviet mass media was subordinated to the state ideology as its main instrument, enabling the state authorities to impose their propaganda and keep control over the population. On the other hand, contemporary civil cultures and active public participation is being shaped by citizens’ memories of their media practices then and now. Effective civic participation can only be realized by developing critical reflection towards the past, identifying and articulating personal perspectives towards the propaganda and its effect on the citizens’ societal participation. The main aim of the article is to explore the relationship between democratic participation and critical media literacy. We underscore media literacy in Lithuania began developing well before the democratic transition that took off in the late 1980s; moreover, today we see what is termed as a process of democratization of memory of the Soviet past. Oral history research shows that citizens express well-defined critiques of the power manipulation and propaganda persuasion in the media during the Soviet era. Reconstructions of the individual strategies of watching Soviet television in the past and comparing them to the present practices reveal critical media literacy skills as an important prerequisite for democratic and deliberative participation.

Prvi udarac

Author(s): Jovan Ciric / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

If you want to be a justfull judge, you must take in consideration all the circumstances of one case. You have to try to answer on the question who hit first? You must take in consideration the whole history of the relation between the person who commited the crime and the victim. Very of ten, it is not so easy to answer who the real victim is? Is it a wife who was molested for many years, and at the end she decided to resolve that situation and killed her husband? Or it is a husband who was killed? One criminal case, especially when it was happened inside a familly, sometimes could be very complicated. In the civil war, like the war in former Yugoslavia was, the story is very similar, at least, it was also like a crime in one family. To understand, the whole story about Yugoslav wars, to judge on a justfull way, it is necessary to take in consideration one very complicated history of the relations, first of all between Serbs and Croats. Understanding the 1991 is impossible without understanding 1941, when Croatian nationalsts, faschists, Ustashas made a terrible genocide against Serbs. In that sense the author of this article first cited what foreigners, officials said about that genocide against Serbs. Even Germans and Italians were schoked by what they have seen in the concentration camp of Jasenovac and in many vilages in Croatia and Bosnia, where Serbs were brutally killed by Croatians, by Ustasha. Serbs remembered very well what has happened during II World War and they were afraid that their neighbors, Croats would repeat all of that. The autor of this article thinks that many things during nineties happened because of that fear It was impossible for Serbs to forget the great crime, (magnum crimen). They were ready to forgive, but not to forget, and that was the most important origin of many things that has happened in the war in former of Yugoslavia. The author thinks that Serbs would accept the seccesion of Croatia in some other circumstances, but they had terrible experience, they knew what has happened before. Almost all Serbs that lived in Croatia had some cousin who was killed by Ustasha (Croats). Such a memory was an unbereable load for Serbs. So, the author of this article thinks that someone who wants to judge about the war and disintegration of former Yugolsvia, must have in mind that history, those memories and those experiences and fears. In that sense, like in evereday life, it is important question who hit first?