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Romania and Human Rights According to European Regulations

Author(s): Andreia Corsei,Mariana-Alina Ștefănoaia / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Respect for human rights is for Romania, as well as for the European Union, a priority of foreign policy. According to the Romanian Constitution, Romania is a rule of law, democratic and social state, in which human dignity, citizens’ rights and freedoms, free development of human personality, justice and political pluralism are supreme values, in the spirit of the democratic traditions of the Romanian people and the ideals of the December 1989 Revolution and are guaranteed.

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Civic Engagement and Its Disparate Goals in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Author(s): Paula M. Pickering / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2022

Qualitative studies featuring in-depth research have recently pushed back against characterizations of citizens in post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) as passive. After mobilizations in 2014, how do citizens in BiH engage in public action, and what factors explain their public participation? This article uses data from an original, nationally representative survey to depict civic engagement and investigate the proposition that citizens engage in civic action when these efforts address their primary concerns—everyday social problems, rather than abstract political ideals. In addition, this article draws on interviews to probe whether civic activists incorporate citizens’ priority concerns in developing strategies for increasing public participation in their work. It finds that most citizens cite their motivation for civic action as tackling concrete everyday problems and helping those in need. Statistical analysis indicates that while the segment of the population that supports civic engagement on conservative values is small, this portion is more likely than the larger portion supporting civic engagement on intractable socio-economic problems to take action. Interviews with civic activists point not only to their efforts to engage citizens by acknowledging their concerns but also to challenges in connecting with citizens. This systematic investigation depicts the nuances of and contradictions in citizen participation in BiH. Citizens engage at modest levels and are often motivated by the norm of helping those vulnerable and addressing everyday problems. However, the small segment of the population concerned about conservative values is more effectively mobilized than a large segment prioritizing socio-economic concerns.

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Regional Aspects and Development Opportunities in Bulgaria in the Context of the European Green Deal

Author(s): Nikolay Tsonkov,Kamen Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article is devoted to the problems and challenges in the implementation of policies for socio-economic transformation of regions in Bulgaria about the European Green Deal. The conceptual change at the European level necessitates the definition of new priorities for the Bulgarian state in its path towards a more equitable transition to a green economy. The main objective of the authors is to analyze and assess the development opportunities and challenges for the Bulgarian economy on the path to a green and equitable transition. The authors examine the economic changes in the Bulgarian regions. The paper defines the methodology of the scientific approach to such research, using the system, network, geographical, cartographic, and comparative methods. The paper outlines the necessity of introducing smart systems at the city and region levels to manage the territory and its development more effectively. Special attention is paid to energy problems and the need for energy transformation in countries like Bulgaria. In addition, the need to strengthen cross-border cooperation in the Balkan region to build integrated models in different sectors and industries to make the transition to a new type of socio-economic development more sustainable and equitable is also recognized.

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Youth innovative entrepreneurship under digitalization of economics: analysis of foreign experience in assessing the effectiveness of support

Author(s): Maxim Sokolov,Dmitry Marushko,Leonid Zhigun,Ivan Morozov,Meir Surilov / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2021

In the international sense, the digital economy is a network, systemically organized spatial structure of relations between economic entities. It includes the sector of creation and use of new information, technologies and products, telecommunications services, electronic business, electronic commerce, electronic markets, remote services and the like. There are different views on what should and should not be attributed to the digital economy. Initially, it was assumed that this is an expanded concept of the Internet economy, which includes neighboring market segments. This understanding has been revised in recent years, as many industries, including the «real industry», are undergoing a digital transformation. The process covers retail, passenger and cargo transportation, tourism, industry, agriculture, catering, hotel business, medicine, public administration. The enterprises of these industries, which caught the trend and started changes, become, in fact, Internet companies.The purpose of the work is to analyze the past experience of supporting young entrepreneurs in the context of state subsidy and financing programs.In the course of the work, the task is to analyze the foreign experience of supporting young entrepreneurs and its implementation in Russia using international experience in conditions of new digital economy.The results of the work will be useful for analyzing the impact of support mechanisms for start-up entrepreneurs in the CIS.

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University website as an Internet marketing tool: a case study of Kazakhstan

Author(s): Ainel Abuova,Mukhit Assanbayev,Alua Assanbayeva,Talgat Kilybayev,Talgat Basmurzin / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2021

Today, more than ever, a university’s website is critical for the promotion of its mission, academic programs and services. Its communications with its target markets must be organized, professional and creative. A successfully created website design attracts visitors and, of course, should increase enrollment. A well-designed and clearly written university website will allow readers to receive all the needed and required information for them to make the proper decisions. Accordingly, research aimed at analyzing various issues of creating an effective university website is gaining significant relevance. The article discusses both the theoretical and practical issues of website activities. A selection of university websites has been analyzed and the issues and challenges discussed.

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THE GREEN BELT OF BANGALORE: PLANNING AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

Author(s): Meghana ESWAR / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The green belt concept of planning that is intrinsically linked to designing urban spaces, has transformed over the years following global debates on its ineffectiveness. Such a critical examination is lacking in the Indian context, where neither peri-urban land use studies nor planning studies have given it significant attention. This research 1) traces the idea of the green belt in Bangalore and related flexibility measures 2) examines existing land use in the green belt of south Bangalore and 3) captures the role of changing socio-economic context and farmers perception in shaping these spaces. To do so, the study examines plan documents of Bangalore to identify the changing concept of the green belt; and captures the socio-economic aspects from field conversations with government officials, farmers, and other residents of the green belt. The study region depicts only certain conforming and large-scale non-conforming land use practices; rendering the green belt ineffective in curtailing urban growth as well as in sustaining agriculture. The study argues that planning needs to factor in the socio-economic context and to ensure fair development practices flexibility measures need to be accompanied by institutional changes that move towards a more local and dialogical approach. It contributes to a latent Indian debate but a larger global debate on the objectives and beneficiaries of a green belt.

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THE BEIRUT PORT EXPLOSION: SOCIAL, URBAN AND ECONOMIC IMPACT

Author(s): Chirine NASSAR,Corina Cristiana Nastacă / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The Beirut port explosion caused substantial damages, not only for the city, but also for the country’s economy. The explosion caused 207 deaths and more than 6.500 people were injured. Also, around 300,000 people lost their homes and the physical damages costs are estimated to $4.6 billion. The economy and the architecture of the city was severely affected and not only the Lebanese people felt the negative impact of this event. It is estimated that foreigners from 22 countries were affected by the blast, especially the Bangladeshi nationals. In this respect, the present research aims to present the Beirut Port explosion and its effects on the citizens’ lives and its negative impact on the city’s economy and architecture. In the end, conclusions regarding the causes of this tragic event are drawn and a series of recommendations regarding the rebuilding of the city and its development, are presented.

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SMART STREETS AND SMART CITY – A CASE STUDY OF PUNE’S ITI ROAD

Author(s): Prasad PATHAK,Anup TRIPATHI,Aparna SHANKAR / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Improving walkability is an important aspect to consider, given growing urbanization in India and globally. Walkability has been studied as an outcome of the built environment and linked with better health outcomes and completeness of transportation network. In India, the Smart City Mission has considered improvement of non-motorized transport via projects like Smart Streets. This study is an attempt to look at one such smart street in Pune where a stretch of road segment was redesigned to facilitate pedestrian movement. This being a pilot attempt for the future street redesigning, a qualitative assessment is presented here depicting pros and cons of the same. Our initial findings indicate that despite its many obvious shortcomings at the moment, a dedicated walkability and Smart Street infrastructure is a welcome step in creating sustainable, equitable and inclusive smart cities of the future.

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URBAN TRAFFIC CONGESTION REVISITED: A TRAVELER’S PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Muhammad SABIR,Yousaf ALI / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This study uses a traveler's perspective to solve urban traffic congestion in Karachi city (Pakistan) and applies multi-criteria decision-making techniques in finding the ideal solution. The novelty of the study is the incorporation of a traveler's perspective in finding a traffic congestion solution and the application of MCDM to the subject area. The results indicate that the current congestion solution policies adopted by the government through the construction of bus repaid transits system (BRT) and Karachi circular railways are cost-intensive, requires a longer time to complete, and also had higher operation costs, resulting in being a less effective solution for urban traffic congestion compared to the installation of tire killers, restricting the heavy traffic in city, restricted parking areas as these are easy, economical and quick to implement. These are also effective measures because the major congestion problem is not the lack of infrastructure but non-compliance with travelers' traffic rules.

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UNDERSTANDING SMART CITY STRATEGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ CITIES

Author(s): Johan Reimon BATMETAN,Quido C. KAINDE / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The smart city is a necessity in many modern cities when information technology becomes the choice of communication and interaction. Implementing smart cities in developing countries is not easy due to the lack of information technology infrastructure and the quality of smart city users. It is necessary to have the right strategy in implementing a smart city. This study aims to formulate a proposed strategy for implementing smart cities in cities in developing countries. We use a competitive intelligence approach to build a smart city strategy. The results of this study we formulate a smart city strategy in developing countries based on 6 dimensions of smart cities: smart governance, smart branding, smart economy, smart living, smart society, and smart environment. We formulate Strategic Alignment by making a mapping based on the mission and goals of city leaders towards the 6 dimensions of a smart city. The result obtained is the establishment of a measurable, smart city development strategy by formulating a priority strategy that can be implemented so that it becomes more efficient. This is because the strategy is built based on a comprehensive analysis of internal and external conditions. We conducted a gap analysis using SWOT analysis and developed a smart city implementation strategy with 4 categories, namely strategic, key operational, high potential, and support. We conclude that the implementation of smart cities in cities in developing countries must be based on the conditions and potential resources available in the city uniquely and operationally so that it is easy to implement.

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COMERŢUL INTERNAŢIONAL LA DUNĂREA DE JOS DIN PERSPECTIVA UNUI VICECONSUL AMERICAN. UN RAPORT STATISTIC DIN FEBRUARIE 1863

Author(s): Cristian CONSTANTIN / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IV seria 3/2022

This paper aims to highlight the information provided by the American vice-consul in Galaţi in a report from February 1863, identified in the National Archives of the USA in Washington County (Maryland), and yet unused by researchers. The account of the American diplomat in Moldavia and Wallachia concerns the evolution of trade and navigation in the Romanian ports on the Danube throughout the years 1837–1862. At the same time, the vice-consul W.W. Thomas Jr. tried to draw the attention of the decision-makers in the young American nation to the agricultural potential of the Romanian Principalities and the timid attempts of the authorities from the European Danubian Commission towards the modernization of the Danubian navigation. Also mentioned are the causes of the relatively small number of merchants and ships under the American flag that carried out their activities in the ports of Brăila and Galaţi. The report of the American vice-consul, reproduced here in its entirety, looks objectively upon the social, political and economic realities from Moldavia and Wallachia after the Crimean War (1853–1856).

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Женщины — наемные работницы в домохозяйствах Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга

Author(s): Yuliya F. Florinskaya,Nikita Mkrtchyan,Marina A. Kartseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The employment of domestic workers, especially women, is widely discussed in the foreign literature. However, little is known about employment of female domestic workers in Russia. The paper looks at the specifics of the recruitment of the female domestic workers and their main areas of employment in the context of their origin (local workers, internal migrants, foreign migrants). The empirical basis of the study is data of a household survey conducted in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. We found that local and migrant female domestic workers occupy different employment niches with migrants being more likely to be hired by low income households. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the supply of foreign workers, and the cost of their labor has increased.

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Концепция агентности как новый подход к измерению гендерного неравенства

Author(s): Sofia M. Rebrey / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

Agency is one of the key concepts in A. Sen’s capabilities approach. Occupying an important place in gender economic analysis, the concept has not been introduced into the Russian academic discourse. This article seeks to fill this gap by tracing the history of the formation of the concept of agency in various areas of the humanities in Russia and in the world. Particular attention is paid to the developed methods for measuring agency as the most effective tools to combat gender inequality and poverty feminization. The research of the agency level of both Russian women and men is highly recommended.

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Модели в стопанското развитие на селищата от нахия Кара Лом през XVI век

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

On the basis of unpublished Ottoman register material from 16th century the focus of this study is concentrated on the economic development of nahiya Kara Lom during the first centuries under Ottoman rule. The study will present the dynamics in the settlement development of the region, based on the retrospective presentation method. Attention is paid to the demographic changes that took place in the researched region after the arrival of the Ottomans in these lands until the 16th century. The study of these two components is important because they directly affect the economic development of the region. The sixteenth century is the time when the economic development of the settlements in the Kara Lom region can be observed best and in the greatest detail. Detailed (mufassal) tax records from the century give full information on the monetary and natural components of land rent, the taxes of cereal crops and the taxes on farmed species of animals. The study of their values and variability in the settlements of the nahiya gives us the opportunity to highlight the specifics of their economic development. The researched data allow us to mark the individual and specific models of economic development of the nahiya Kara Lom during the considered period. The analysis of the monetary and natural component of the tax rent of the population highlights the leading position of agriculture in the region, which is characterized by a relatively well-expressed polyculture. All of this suggests the existence of continuity from the time of the medieval Bulgarian state. The inclusion of the Muslim population in these economic activities says a lot about the character of the population that settled the region in the 16th century.

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Achievement of Value Markers of the Harmonious Development of Agrarian Territories in the Volga Federal District in the Context of Russia’s National Security

Author(s): Alexey Vladimirovich Yashkin,Galina Mikhailovna Zinchuk,Alena Igorevna Ilyina,Svetlana Vladimirovna Balandina / Language(s): English Issue: 1(57)/2022

The article presents the results of a sociological survey, which investigated the level of achievement of the harmonious development of agrarian territories of the Volga Federal District of Russia. The survey of representatives of agricultural territories (farmers, rural residents engaged in wage labor, representatives of the scientific community, and municipal authorities) was conducted based on 15 indicators, which included social, economic, and environmental factors affecting the satisfaction of the population with the activities of state and municipal authorities. The choice of factors was based on the value orientations and attitudes enshrined in the current strategy, as well as the state strategies for ensuring the national security of Russia that have lost their legal significance, but not relevance. To determine the level of achievement of value markers, 110 respondents were asked questions assessing the importance of a particular indicator and the respondent's satisfaction with the undertaken actions of state and municipal authorities corresponding to this indicator. For objectivity, in particular cases, groups of respondents were assigned weighting coefficients, whose purpose was smoothing the biased attitude. As a result of the study, eight value markers were identified in which the gap between the importance and satisfaction of respondents was the largest, i.e. problem areas were identified. Comparison of the identified problem areas with the current regulatory legal acts allowed formulating proposals to improve the quality of management of agrarian territories of the Volga Federal District.

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Marka Değerinin Ağızdan Ağıza İletişim Üzerindeki Etkisi

Author(s): Şener Odabaşoğlu,Abdurrahman Kılıç,Ahmet Teke / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2022

This research, which examines the effect of brand value on word of mouth communication, was carried out on associate degree students studying at aviation departments in Istanbul foundation universities. “Convenience Sampling Method” was used in sample selection. Research data were collected by questionnaire technique. 507 pieces of data accepted as valid from the questionnaires distributed to the participants via Google Form were transferred to SPSS 26 and AMOS 21 programs and necessary analyzes were made. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that brand value has a positive and high level of relationship on word of mouth communication and positive word of mouth communication. However, the effect of brand value on negative word of mouth communication was found to be negative and moderate. The research has shown that while students in foundation universities with high brand value engage in positive word of mouth communication activities, they do not engage in negative word of mouth communication activities. As a result of the Anova tests, while the brand value, positive and negative word-of-mouth communication perceptions of aviation department associate degree students differed according to the studied program, their perceptions of word-of-mouth communication did not differ according to the studied program.

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JACOB S. HACKER, ALEXANDER HERTEL-FERNANDEZ, PAUL PIERSON, KATHLEEN THELEN - THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ECONOMY: POLITICS, MARKETS, AND POWER

Author(s): Josip Lučev / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/2022

Review of Josip Lučev - Jacob S. Hacker, Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, Paul Pierson i Kathleen Thelen (ur.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2022., 471 str., THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ECONOMY: POLITICS, MARKETS, AND POWER

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EUROPEAN UNION – A CASE FOR PRUDENCE WHILE MANAGING IMBALANCES: DEBT-LED ECONOMIC GROWTH

Author(s): Bogdan Munteanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The paper aims to look at the EU Fiscal Framework and Governance from the viewpoints of the challenges to economic growth in a context marked by high inflation, geostrategic risks and commodities markets pressures, of the challenges stemming from the interplay between the fiscal and monetary policies when the monetary policy is constraint to tighten and of the challenges for the national authorities to deploy fiscal measures in a post-pandemic context in which the level of public debts increased substantially and constrain the fiscal space and affect the macro-financial stability. The paper takes into account the considerations and the past approaches at EU level to respond to crises with a view on the fiscal implications to achieve the financial stability, implementing legislative adjustments and working on institutional architecture development. This research takes a look at how to assess and understand the public debts sustainability and explores models and options that are possible to be taken into account by the EU leaders to strengthen the resilience of the EU fiscal framework. The paper concludes that, given the uncertainties caused by inflation, geostrategic tensions, prolonged supply chains bottlenecks, rising commodity prices and diminished fiscal space availability, all these imply expectations for further increases in new government debt instruments issuance, at a moment when the balance sheets in the financial sector (including the central banks) are already constrained by the existing debt.

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FROM LONDON TO DUBAI - 171 YEARS OF NATIONAL BRANDING THROUGH WORLD EXPOS (1851-2022)

Author(s): Ana-Cristina Tudor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper intends to chart throughout history the foundation and transformations experienced by world fairs – starting with the first-ever international exposition in London in 1851, and continuing up until the present day, with the Dubai 2020 world exposition having been rescheduled to run from October 2021 until March 2022, in order to analyse the role of this type of large-scale events. Special focus in this paper is on the Romanian participation at world fairs, starting from 1867 until today.In analysing the purpose and evolution of world exhibitions this study applies the theory of constructivism in order to explore the images that state project when they participate at this particular type of event. At the same time, the research examines world expositions as part and parcel of any state’s public diplomacy strategy for its own promotion on the global stage, as it contributes to national branding. In terms of methodology, for the purpose of research, this paper relies mainly on document analysis, both from open sources and from archives, those of the International Exhibitions Bureau (BIE) and the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Regarding the focus of the analysis, and in order to offer a broader overview of this topic, some of the more famous world expositions from the past were selected and, in order to counterbalance, some of the more recent ones.

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