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Administration of Zakat on Wealth in Maldives

Author(s): Aishath Muneeza / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

For Muslims zakat is obligatory and different jurisdictions in the world have different mechanisms to administer it. Maldives is a hundred percent Muslim country and zakat administration in the country is unique. As such the objective of the paper is to discuss the zakat administration in Maldives with special reference to zakat al mal and to discuss the challenges facing the existing way of zakat administration. The paper also includes ways to overcome the challenges. No literature on this area in Maldives could be found and as such reference to primary materials such as unpublished statistics, reports, brochures have been made. It is hoped that this paper will encourage further research on this area in Maldives.

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AFRICANITY AND THE POLITICS OF AFRICAN XENOPHOBIA: A STUDY OF TWO PARALLELS

Author(s): Olawale Olufemi Akinrinde / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

The search for sustainable home-made solutions to both internal andexternal challenges especially the colonialist and neocolonialist epistemologiesas well as the Eurocentric construction of African history that Africa is facedwith has, in part, led to the call and coining of the concept of Africanity. Whilethis call has, on several occasions, been racially discredited by the West, it hasnow assumed a pivotal space in Africa’s developmental agenda. Again, whileefforts geared towards the re-awakening of the consciousness and belief in theAfrican Indigenous system and its capacity to spearhead the much desired goalof Africa’s development continue to be intensified, the recent manifestations ofthe xenophobic attitudes in Africa now negates the spirit of Africanity and thegoal of a united Africa, consequently posing a major hindrance to Africa’sdevelopment. Findings have however shown that the concept and propagation ofAfricanity in the wake of the xenophobic experience in Africa is largelyparadoxical. It has been observed that Africans are equally neck-deep in whatthis concept is set out to achieve. As a corrective response to the racist and sexistontology of the West, it has paradoxically failed to illuminate the trueAfricanness of Africans in contemporary racist, sexist and xenophobic Africa.Consequently, this paper concludes that the whole concept of Africanity incontemporary Xenophobic Africa is paradoxical.

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Age and Work Experience as Antecedents of Ethical Decision Making of Managers: Nigerian Experience

Author(s): Joy Chimebere Iyiegbuniwe,Wilfred C Iyiegbuniwe / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Cognitive moral development theory posits that an individual’s cognition, emotion and judgment changes as one move through stages of moral development. Age and work experience have been suggested as determinants of ethical ideology which in turn influences ethical behavior. This study examined age and work experience as antecedents of ethical decision making of managers. Ethical judgment and ethical intention were used to measure ethical decision making. The findings indicate that older managers are not necessarily more ethical than younger managers. But the evidence demonstrated further that more experienced managers are more ethical than less experienced managers. It can be concluded that work experience rather than mere age is the real antecedent of ethical behavior. Further analyses showed that this conclusion may be due to the evidence that more experienced managers are more idealistic and less relativistic than less experienced managers

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Aktualne problemy i zagrożenia związane z obrotem dobrami kultury na rynku sztuki w Polsce z perspektywy prawnej ochrony zabytków

Author(s): Wojciech Szafrański / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

This article presents the art market in Poland with a focus on existing problems and potential threats to its transparency. The Polish art market is young and therefore vulnerable when it comes to globally occurring trends and shifts. However, there are some trends that are typical for the Polish realm, such as the existence of non-professionals who are connected to the cultural sector because of their profession (art historians, monuments conservators, museum collaborators, journalists) and act successfully as middlemen. Diminishing risks and mitigating threats is possible with an introduction of new legal regulations and future art market self-regulation. In this regard, applicable international and European legal instruments must be taken into account.

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Aktualność reformacyjnego przesłania we współczesnej etyce ewangelickiej

Author(s): Marcin Hintz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 11/2017

The Ethical Issue of the Reformer Martin Luther is still an important impulse for the Protestant Churches today. The article shows that Ethics does not belong to the largest part of Luther’s writing. There some different models of interpretation of Luther`s Ethics especially in the understanding of the relationship of Christians to the politics.The article is an attempt to find relevance of Luther`s Moral Thinking to the postmodern World. His moral advice is still present in the theological and Church discussion. On the other hand, the moral teaching of Luther is completely irrelevant to philosophical discourse.

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Aktywna polityka rynku pracy wobec osób NEET – przykład województwa podlaskiego

Author(s): Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska,Urszula Kobylińska,Joanna Samul / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10.1/2018

The paper presents selected issues of active labour market policy in the context of young people who are not in employment, education or training (the so-called NEET category). The situation in the Podlaskie Voivodship was analysed. It is the region with a low potential of labour demand on the one hand, but at the same time with a low NEET rate compared to other Polish voivodships. The paper was based on the results of primary research carried out in 2016 under the project “Podlaskie otwarte na młodych” implemented by the Voivodeship Labour Office in Bialystok, in partnership with the Bialystok University of Technology co-financed from the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development 2014-2020. The publication indicates the attitude of young people NEET with regard to the professional activity that determines their expectations toward labour market policy. The main objective of the study was to identify barriers of the implementation of active labour market policy for people NEET in the Podlaskie province.

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Aktywność zawodowa kobiet z niepełnosprawnością w Polsce

Author(s): Dorota Kobus-Ostrowska,Bogusława Dobrowolska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3.1/2019

The aim of the article is to identify the factors determining the professional activity of people with disabilities, with particular emphasis on the situation of women. The implementation of the objective was made possible by comparing people of working age andthe population of people with disabilities, taking into account the gender criterion. The empirical analysis was based on Central Statistical Office [GUS] data from Labour Force Survey [BAEL] and Eurostat data. The theoretical analysis, however, was made in the light of selected theories of the labour market, i.e. the theory of human capital, the DMP model, the theory of penchant for discrimination, and the crowding hypothesis. The conducted research proves that professional activity of people with disability is effectively limited by the following issues: worse health, lower education, job seniority, costs incurred by a person with disability if he or she is looking for a job, as well as the amount of benefits and time of unemployment and the range of subsidies available to employers. Hence, the question appears– is the situation of women with disabilities much harder on the labor market than that of men?

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Algılanan Örgütsel Adaletin Çalışanların İş Etiğine Yönelik Tutumları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Özel Sektör Üzerinde Görgül Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Ahmet Mumcu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2020

This study is conducted to investigate the effect of perceived organizational justice on attitudes towards employees' business ethics. In the study, the concepts of organizational justice and business ethics, which are perceived, are given theoretically. Later, in the context of justice and ethics, the relationship between organizational justice and business ethics is addressed on the basis of qualitative and quantitative studies. Field research is carried out on 346 personnel working at businesses operating in private sector. Structural Equation Model (SEM) is used in the analysis of the data obtained from the research. As a result of the evaluation of the research data, it is found out that perceived distribution justice and perceived interactional justice don’t have a significant effect on the attitudes of employees towards business ethics. On the other hand, it is also found out that perceived procedural justice has a positive effect on employees' attitudes towards business ethics.

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Algılanan Örgütsel Destek, Örgütsel Özdeşleşme ve Yönetici Etik Davranışı İlişkisi: Araştırma Görevlilerine Yönelik Araştırma

Author(s): Alptekin Sökmen,Emre Burak Ekmekçioğlu,Kamil Çelik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2015

The aim of this research is to study the relationships between perceived organizational support, organizational identification and manager’s ethical behaviors. In this context, study was performed on 300 research assistants who work in different public universities which are institutionalized and demonstrate high academic performance in Turkey. According to the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived organizational behavior and organizational identification; there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived organizational behavior and manager’s ethical behaviors and there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational identification and manager’s ethical behaviors.

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Algılanan Yönetici Kibrinin, Satış Elemanlarının Tükenmişlik Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Bir Alan Araştırması

Author(s): İbrahim Bozacı,Gamze Ebru Çiftçi,Alper Gürer / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018

This study handle the subject of the effects of manager arrogance on salesperson, which is an ignored issue in the management literature and which has not been conducted scientific research about it. Although it is known that arrogance is a phenomenon that encountered in every field of human life and has negative results, it is noteworth that the results are not investigated in terms of businesses. In this context, the study aims to reveal the effect of the salesperson perceptions about manager arrogance on burnout and turnover intention and possible mediator role of burnout on the effect of manager arrogance on turnover intention. It is also aimed to provide valuable information about the results of the manager arrogance to the enterprises in this way. In this direction, primary data were gathered through face to face survey method from salespersons of a company which operating in retail shoe sales sector. The obtained data were analyzed by statistical package program. According to research findings, the perceived manager arrogance of salespersons, positively affects the burnout level and intention to leave at work. Another finding that emerges as a result of the research is that, burnout has a mediating role in the effect of manager arrogance on the intention to leave the work, that is the manager arrogance has more influence on the intention to leave the work due to burnout.

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Alternative Ways to Resolve Disputes Related to Consumer Protection of Financial Services in Hong Kong, Singapore and the United States: Innovations 2017 – 2019

Author(s): Natalya IVANOVSKAYA,Sergey S. ISAI / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2020

The authors explore regulatory innovations in financial services consumer protection in Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States. It was revealed that: (1) the priority of such an alternative way of regulating financial demand with the participation of consumers as mediation is ensured by the activities of the FDRC Center in Hong Kong, and in Singapore – by the new law on mediation in 2017; (2) the creation of a unified mediation model, which is mandatory for all member states – the Singapore Convention on Mediation 2019 – will allow mediation to become the most widely used alternative way to resolve cross-border, including financial, disputes; (3) a positive result of the application of arbitration in the field of settlement of financial disputes with the participation of large banks can be achieved by creating certain conditions, including by attracting highly professional arbitrators with extensive practical experience, as, for example, was done by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center (HKIAC); (4) on the example of the US experience, one can also identify another way to improve the mechanisms for resolving financial disputes, the goals and objectives of which are shifted from the vector of propaganda and updating alternative methods of resolving financial disputes to improving the mechanism for providing financial services; (5) the inclusion of a clause on the mandatory resolution of possible disputes in arbitration, as a mandatory part of the contract itself with consumers, indicates the deprivation of the right to choose the method of resolving the dispute by the consumer, and also deprives them of the right to file collective claims.

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Amartya Kumar Sen’s ethical interpretation of poverty

Author(s): Damian Szymczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2017

On the threshold of the 21st century, the problem of poverty remains unresolved. Many still suffer from hunger, and many more have no access to running water, or education. This raises a fundamental question that has bothered economy researchers for centuries: What determines the wealth of some countries, and the poverty of others? One of the contemporary researchers analysing the causes of poverty and development barriers is Indian economist Amartya Kumar Sen. Referring to the socio-economic theory of Sen, the author indicates that modernity implies the need for reflection on the definition of poverty. The author attempts to justify the thesis which focuses on the discord between the evaluation concepts of good and evil with objective economic factors defining poverty. The author suggests that the definition of poverty should be grounded in considerations concerning good and evil in a specific time, as well as cultural and historical context.

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An Empirical Attempt on determining an Adjusted Model of Accounting Manipulation Detection

Author(s): Valentin Burcă,Ramona Lile / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The quality of the information disclosed by financial statements is fundamental on assuring an optimal decision-making process. Determinants of financial information quality are numerous, but users’ focus must be especially on the accounting compliance of firms’ accounting strategy with current accounting regulation and international best practice. Unfortunately, financial reporting practice underline the opportunity of various accounting manipulation practices used by the preparers, leading in some cases to material financial figures alteration, and consequently to adverse selection in capital allocation. In this article we try to adjust Dechow et al. (2011) model to the Romanian economic environment

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An Empirical Model of Motivation for Social Entrepreneurship

Author(s): Sorin Blaga / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

This paper responds to calls for more empirical research in social entrepreneurship (SE) and aims to empirically establish the role of intrinsic, extrinsic, and complex motivations, alongside employment status and the existence of start-up capital on motivation for SE. A quantitative methodology is employed, using multiple linear regressions (MLR). Six hypotheses are tested and the results reported show that all variables have a positive effect on SE. For the first time, this study tested the “complex motivation” which has a positive impact on SE up to the level that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, become non-significant.

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An Ethics Philosophy Management. The Mary Kay Cosmetics Case

Author(s): Gh.Gh. Ionescu,Adina Letiţia Negruşa / Language(s): English / Issue: S1/2009

Being involved in a project focused on “Feminine entrepreneurship and equal chances”, I had to do some research concerning the literature on feminine entrepreneurship worldwide, especially in the developed western countries, and, of course on women’s business opportunities within Romanian economy. This research work has opened me a large and fascinating view on the topic of women in business and management. […]

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An evolutionary logic towards the convergence of international business ethics

Author(s): Boon Seng Tan,Stephen Ko / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2014

The fundamental problem in developing a theory of international business ethics, without imposing ethnocentric assumptions, lies in the inherent conflict between the need for universal ethics and the reality of diverse national cultures. Integrative social contracts theory holds an intermediate position between ethical universalist and relativist positions – recognizing universal hypernorms on the one hand and moral free space on the other. We argue that all businesses share a common objective of sustaining long-run economic value for their stakeholders. We develop this argument using an evolutionary logic into a hypernorm along three propositions: First, the firm influences, and is influenced by, members of the society (social context proposition). Second, managers maximize profit subject to joint constraints of technical feasibility and ethical norms (managerial decision proposition). Third, ethical norms evolve from interactions among the stakeholders without a central authority. Natural selection favors norms that maximize long run economic value for the society (natural selection proposition). We show that the hypernorm can spawn widely agreed authentic ethical norms. However, moral bounded rationality when interpreting the hypernorm generates different authentic norms in the moral free space. The evolutionary logic is testable along the dimensions of variation, inheritance and selection of ethical norms.

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An examination of agreement between the parties on preceding the time of transfer the ownership from the moment of signing the contract

Author(s): Ali Aref Maskoni,Mohammad Amin Poor Changiz / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2017

Based on their consequences, contracts are divided into different types, one of them being 'possessory contract'. The basic consequence of these kinds of contracts is actually alienating possession from one party to another. Since alienation - as the most perfect example of objective rights, which give the owner the authority to possess all the possession - can be the source of various rights and obligations for the transferor and the grantee, the way and time of transfer, including sale, has always been of interest to lawyers. Following the jurisprudence, Iranian law has accepted alienation as a principle in the concept of possessory contracts from the moment of signing the contract (which can be different in consented, objective or ceremonial contracts regarding the cause). But the effect of the interactive parties' will and agreement in advancing or postponing this time has rather been ignored. This paper examines validity in the condition of advancing alienation from the time of signing the contract in order to resolve disagreements and reach a proper solution in this regard. This has been done through searching through library resources including juridical and law books and related laws in descriptive analysis method and gave us the results that, firstly, at the time of signing the contract, alienation requires assigning possessory contracts and not the contract itself.

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An examination of free downloading attitudes: perspectives from Romania

Author(s): Simona Elena Iagăr,Dana-Nicoleta Lascu,Joanna Hernik / Language(s): English / Issue: 32/2013

Ethics is commonly defined as a moral code that rule or influence people’s behaviors, also as customers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore consumer ethics and cultural dimensions in relationship to consumer attitudes toward software downloading. Specifically, the study assesses a sample of Romanian professionals in terms of their own standing on the Hofstede model dimensions (collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) relative to select consumer ethics dimensions, and it addresses the respondents’ personal attitudes toward unauthorized downloading of copyrighted material. The target respondents were approached repeatedly through social networking, like Facebook, with 49 respondents agreeing to complete the questionnaire. Obtained results show that Romanian consumers are likely to be more individualistic and as such, they see unethical behavior as more acceptable. Such behavior can be found as typical for many post-communist countries, where economy and society undergo profound and long-term changes and citizens often pay no attention to the issue of moral principles.

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An exploratory study on awareness towards institutional social responsibility in Indian higher education institutions

Author(s): Richa Mishra,Aditya Awasthi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Institutional Social responsibility (ISR) in context to a Higher Educational Institution has been defined as the ethical practice in transference of knowledge, and the active participation in betterment of quality of life in the society. It is an offshoot of the concept of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR), but unlike CSR, it is neither mandatory nor actively monitored or researched in Indian context. However, awareness towards aspects of ISR has been increasing, especially in Indian Universities. Indian Universities adopt practices related to Adoption of Villages, Awareness Drives, Environmental Care and rural Education initiatives. Critics often see ISR as an unnecessary burden; review of literature from around the world suggests that ISR practices contribute to increased accountability towards exploitation of resources by Educational Institutes as well as better reputation of Educational Institutes in the society. The purpose of this paper is to examine the perception towards the concept of ISR in Educational Institutes in India. The paper opted for a questionnaire-based exploratory survey of 50 faculty members, across Private Universities in Rajasthan. The findings suggest lacking awareness but a significant acceptance of need of ISR practices. The paper includes implications for the Universities to include ISR practices in their strategy to address its obligations to the society and simultaneously gain a competitive advantage.

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An Overview of Research on Marketing Ethics Education

Author(s): Daniela Hrehová,Pavel Žiaran / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Purpose – Last two decades have seen a marked increase in the interest given to the field of business ethics, particularly, marketing ethics. Marketing ethics provides an innumerable amount of materials and topics for open discussion, as well as for application in practice. Our intention is to open up a space within which to promote timely debate on contemporary marketing education. Design/Methodology/Approach – Monitoring of academic journals in the area of marketing ethics tuition accessible in electronic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, Web of Science, Google Scholar) by means of the Centre for scientific-technical information SR portal. The work is based on the analysis of thematic categories, and the number of publications and citations. Results are presented in a comprehensive and illustrative manner. Findings and implications – Discussions about marketing ethics and ethical issues are useful. Students need preparation, mentoring and counselling while solving ethical problems, which occur during marketing ethics tuition in the academic field, but also in practice. Academic and scientific sources in the area of marketing ethics education are an excellent “instruction”. Limitations – The limitation of this research can be seen in the fact that we focused especially on the marketing aspect of the ethics education. In further research, other fields of interest should be addressed, for example management or practices in commerce, etc. Originality – The aim of the article is to map current trends in research in the field of marketing ethics education, as presented in scientific journals.

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