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The international country-level indices of high-technology development were examined, and the indices that meet the criteria of sufficiently wide coverage of states and presence of measurement history over several years were selected. The stable group of basic (non-duplicating) indices characterizing high-technology development level and risks for national states was identified using the principal component analysis method. The rankings of states based on the basic indices of high-technology development built for the years 2014 and 2016 were studied. A proposal has been put forward to consider stepwise risk corridors of high-technology development as conventions that establish acceptable risk boundaries. An «acceptable corridor of high-technology risks» with boundaries of 10%-90% (decile of 10%) has been built. There have been identified two groups of states outside this corridor for which the risks of high-technology development turn into threats: «leading states» above the corridor, which are characterized by the excessively rapid development of high technologies associated with high risks due to excessive user confidence in the reliability of such technologies and the gaps in the development of security measures and regulation in this area; and «outsider states» below the corridor, characterized by the excessively slow development of high technologies, which leads to vulnerability to threats of high-technology development and to the appearance of a chronic lag in these areas. The location of Romania in this corridor was considered an example of assessing the state risks of high-technology development using the constructed risk corridor. For Romania, the value of the basic hightechnology indices is located near the center of the risk corridor. Thus, the high-technology development in Romania from 2014-to 2016 took place at an average pace, but also without significant risks. This position leaves Romania a significant space for the relatively safe acceleration of high-technology development.
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Due to the dominance of the largest banks, the issue of increasing concentration and monopolisation of the Russian banking sector is discussed in regards to the competition in the industry. The Bank of Russia set the task to increase competition and reduce concentration in the financial sector, including at the regional level. This task can potentially be solved using new financial technologies, digital banking services and remote access technologies. The paper aims to assess the dynamics of concentration in local consumer loan markets in 2015–2021, as well as to answer how new financial technologies and digitalisation can increase competition in the banking sector at the regional level. The study calculated concentration indices and number of banks in consumer loan markets of Russian regions and the country as a whole. To this end, data from the website of the Bank of Russia, both for the retail loan market and the housing loan market, were analysed. The findings show that concentration indices did not decrease during this period. Simultaneously, the regional average number of banks issuing consumer loans decreased less than the total number of banks due to the entry of some banks into new regional markets. This means that the expansion of remaining banks to more regions, including through digitalisation and remote methods, has the potential to increase competition in the industry. However, at this point, only few consumer loans and deposits were provided by banks that do not have branches in a given region. Therefore, there is little evidence to suggest that new financial technologies are already increasing competition in the banking sector of Russian regions.
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The COVID-19 outbreak forced the government to impose lockdown and change working arrangements. As a result, government employees must work from home (WFH) - a task they were hardly prepared for. While WFH arrangement has been typical in many developed countries, it is not for some Asian countries, including Indonesia, where leadership and organizational culture emphasizing strict supervision and punishment are still preferable. This paper examines determinant factors influencing public servants' productivity in performing public service while working on home arrangements during the covid-19 pandemic. A survey of 551 public servants' from the big cities of Kalimantan, the island where the new Indonesian state capital will be located, was conducted as the data collection method. The completed questionnaires were analysed using Path Analysis. The result indicates that WFH is problematic for Indonesian public servants as from variables of digital orientation, management support, IT training, technology infrastructure, and collectivist culture, only digital orientation was found to significantly impact the individual's productivity. The findings suggest that the government uses digital orientation as a selection criterion for government employees who will be transferred to the new state capital.
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Digital transformation is trending pursuant to the almost ubiquitous use of digital technology by private and public sectors, and general populations. The disruption caused by advancing technology requires strategic responses to mitigate the negative aspects of such disruption and generate positive change. Other disruption, moreover, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, additionally imposes limitations on what we consider to be normal life, further engendering the utilization of digital technology. Even though the impact of digital transformation can be assessed by means of different metrics, including the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), they do not provide sufficient clarity in terms of pain points and improvement possibilities. The differences in relation to the availability of said technology and the skills necessary for its optimal use, which are closely related to user education level, age, and economic status, are additional parameters governments and policymakers need to consider, and data-driven decision-making is essential to ensure optimal policy-making and investment vis-à-vis digital transformation, such as the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility. This paper analyses Slovenia’s digital transformation between 2018 and 2021, using data collected from more than 5,000 respondents, to detect technology use differences in terms of demographics, focusing on the digital divide and the COVID-19 crisis, and compares Slovenia’s experience with other EU Member States, focusing especially on online public administration services. Our results evidence that the digital divide is the main differentiating factor in Slovenia and that gender is accordingly not of great import, and that Slovenia’s oldest generation and some members of younger generations face problems when endeavoring to digitally integrate. Compared to other EU Member States, Slovenia is average according to DESI, but the findings show that EU Member States should take its specifics into account to address their own DT paradigm.
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E-government and digitalization have been representing a promising topic of public administration reforms for more than two decades, but still today it is widely discussed that the progress has been rather slow in some countries and various failures have occurred. This article extends existing research on the issue of digitization of key government services for citizens in the CEE environment and expands to the Slovak Republic. The purpose of the research is to examine selected areas of e-government, that is, the digitization of basic public administration services in Slovakia compared to the Czech Republic. It also provides an overview of the latest e-government evaluation benchmarking studies in CEE countries. It uses a flexible, simplified framework that seeks technology neutrality and focuses on the citizen-centered evaluation of e-government services which is not frequent in the existing literature. The results showed that Slovakia achieved a higher score when examining the level of digitization of key government services to citizens compared to the Czech Republic, which confirms the results of the examined studies in their individual subareas. Both countries have some reserves in several areas, and it is necessary to use the space to improve them, which they also commit to in their strategic documents. Subsequent research efforts on this issue should focus on expanding the research to other EU member states that were part of the former Eastern bloc.
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Research trust in e-government has increased through the decades. Trust in e-government is an important instrument for citizens who intend to use digital services. The aim of this research is to measure and provide an overview of how the level of people trust Jakarta Kini super-application as an e-Government in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a factor score analysis with the Mplus program and OECD method to characterize the trust level of the valid instruments SRMR, CFI, and TLI values. The pre-test results on the validity and reliability of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with 1687 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the level of trust of the people in DKI Jakarta is in the medium to high category. It was found based on the factor score value in accordance with the average level of trust in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, which was 7.5 out of 10, with a scale of 1 indicating no trust at all, to a scale of 10 indicating full trust from the entire population. This level belongs to the medium to full trust level category. The lesson learned is that the government must take action to increase trust, such as identifying factors affecting the public use of the Jakarta Kini super-application. This study provides a discussion of the findings, and limitations and further proposes potential directions for future research.
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This study aims to determine the correlation between four variables, gross domestic product per capita (GDP), population (Pop.), Individuals using the Internet (It.net.user) and the global innovation index (GII) regarding the development of e-government according to the E-government Development Index (EDGI). The purpose is to determine which model best predicts the behavior of the variables and to provide tools that can guide decision-making in public policy and e-government. Four hypotheses were proposed about the relationship between the variables and the E-government Development Index. The data about GDP, Pop., It.net.users, and GII for the analysis were extracted from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the World Bank and Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) respectively. The database consisted of a panel of 91 countries analyzed in the time interval from 2003 to 2020, with a total of 1683 observations. A linear panel data model was used, and fixed and random effects models were estimated. The Hausman test was applied, and it was determined that the appropriate statistical model was a fixed effects model. This model was used to test the four hypotheses. All of them were accepted.
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Digital transformation and artificial intelligence are major challenges for a diversity of fields. The central and local administrations of the states need major and deep structural changes to reduce bureaucracy and public expenses, but also to significantly improve the quality of services, productivity, accessibility, and transparency of public institutions. Digitization and artificial intelligence are gradually integrated into state administrations and the governance process, and the results obtained confirm a visible increase in managerial, economic, and social efficiency. These aspects determine state governments to progressively design and implement strategies for digitalization and artificial intelligence within public services. Public investments needed for these changes are necessary for the sustainable development of the public sector. EU states are encouraged to make massive public investments to integrate artificial intelligence applications in public services and to operationalize digital transformations necessary for efficient and intelligent public administrations.
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The need and importance given to sustainable agricultural production is increasing day by day. The use of information and technologies makes significant contributions to sustainable production, income and welfare in agricultural activities. The adoption of these innovations and the types of information sources are shaped by the attitudes and perceptions of farmers on this issue. This research aims to determine the perceptions of farmers in Suruç irrigation areas in GAP-Şanlıurfa towards agricultural information resources. Primary data was used in the research. According to the results, 88.5% of farmers use information sources to solve the problems they encounter in agricultural production. The 97.9% of farmers were not willing to pay for information sources that will increase income in agricultural activities. The rate of those who stated that they have sufficient technical knowledge and skills in agricultural production was 54.3%. The average income obtained from agricultural activities was found to be 1780.72 TL/da. Approximately 2/3 of the participants use seed, fertilizer and pharmaceutical dealers as a source of information in solving the problems they encounter. The average willingness to pay for an effective extension activity of the participants who said yes was 1625 TL/season. The research field needs more effective information resources and publication activities. It is important to increase the effectiveness of existing public publication efforts and then to encourage private consultancies under public supervision and supervision.
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In today’s world robots are an essential part of many industries. Robots have a great impact on industries from automotive manufacturing to agriculture, from warehousing to pharmaceuticals. Some industries have been using robotics for a longtime; while others have only just begun. Taking this rapid spread of robots into consideration, there is a concern that by replacing labor for production processes, robots will cause technological unemployment. In this study we examine the effects of robots on labor in terms of unemployment. Within the framework of the panel data method, the impact of robotization on unemployment is being analyzed over 13 selected OECD countries covering the years between 2010-2021. The results indicate that utilization of robots in the industry reduces the unemployment for these countries.
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The integration of digital technologies in public administration is influenced by the digital competences of human resources. The objectives of this research are to identify the main factors and causes that influence human resources’ level of digital competences and to find out the correlations between factors, causes, and digital competences. The survey was conducted within the National Agency of Civil Servants (NACS) responsible for the management of civil servants from the Romanian public administration. 25 variables were selected and grouped in three categories. The main research instruments used were: SPSS and Principal Component Analysis. According to the research results, the main factors influencing digital competences are social factors, extrinsic motivation factors, and administrative and managerial factors. The main causes with a relevant impact on digital competence development are data security and privacy risks, the dynamic of technologies, lack of continuity in ICT integration in organization activities, and excessive bureaucracy. All variables in the model have positive correlations. The results of the research are useful and interesting both for scholars and governmental institutions. The causes, factors, and correlations between them are discussed for the first time in the specialized literature and are raising up the key elements of digital competences that should be taken into account for an efficient digital transformation of public administration.
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This research aims to examine the digital skills of educational administrators and their approaches to digital technologies. This research, conducted on 20 school administrators in Adıyaman province, examined the digital skill levels of the participants, their habits of using digital tools, their contributions to digital transformation in educational institutions, digital skill development programs for teachers and staff, effective use of educational technologies, their approaches to digital security and privacy issues, digital equality and evaluated their attitudes on accessibility issues, the importance they attach to digital literacy education, and their views on the future role of digital skills. The findings show that educational administrators generally have a positive attitude towards digital technologies, but vary in their digital skill levels and approaches to digital security issues. The results emphasize that various measures should be taken to strengthen the digital skills of educational managers and to effectively manage the digital transformation process in educational institutions.
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This research aimed to examine school administrators' experiences of using educational technologies, their attitudes, the difficulties they encounter, their impact on the quality of education, the support and resources they offer to teachers, students' digital competence development and future plans. The research was conducted with 14 school administrators in Adıyaman. The data was collected through an interview form consisting of 8 questions and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research show that school administrators widely use educational technologies in the classroom. However, it has been determined that they face difficulties such as technology education, technical problems and infrastructure problems. It has been revealed that teachers' attitudes towards using educational technologies are generally optimistic, but some have resistance or hesitancy. It has been observed that educational technologies have positive effects on student success and increase student motivation. Experiences in using educational technologies have been found to improve the quality of school education and are associated with the support and resources provided to teachers. It was emphasized that the studies carried out to improve the digital competence of students are important. Finally, it was determined that school administrators' future plans focused on the development of educational technologies, teacher training and infrastructure investments. These findings can provide guidance in strategic planning and decision-making processes for the effective use of educational technologies. Proper application of educational technologies can improve the quality of education and support student success.
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Information communication technology has altered the relationship between government and citizens in terms of intensity as well as method. Social media has been used due to its socially interactive nature by the government to attract citizens. This study aims to explore the perception of administrators from small and medium-sized municipal governments in the Czech Republic regarding the utilization of social media platforms for the purpose of engaging and communicating with citizens. The study used a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach. The data collection process involved 21 semi-structured interviews and the engagement in 16 hours of online dialogue by the researchers. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that numerous municipalities are currently in the initial learning phase of employing social media and have yet to fully comprehend its potential. Administrators conveyed a sense of skepticism towards social media and technology at large, alongside a sense of ambiguity regarding the optimal strategies for effectively harnessing these platforms. The predominant approach adopted by most municipalities involves relying heavily on Facebook as their primary platform for disseminating information. However, they encounter difficulties in effectively leveraging other potentially beneficial websites and communication channels. In general, the research emphasizes the necessity of providing training and education to effectively incorporate social media into the communication strategies employed by local governments.
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Education Management Information Systems require closely following the requirements of the age in education, especially information technologies. Countries that do not use information systems in education and cannot keep up with the times are doomed to fall behind in every field. In today's world, countries that are considered role models in the field of education - Finland, South Korea, Singapore, Norway, etc. When we look at their education systems, we observe that they use information technologies in their education systems. In Turkey, information systems have started to be used in education management at all levels of education since the 21st century. Since face-to-face education was suspended during the pandemic process, the importance of distance education was better understood. The Ministry of National Education enabled approximately 20 million students to benefit from educational opportunities thanks to EBA, which is the gateway to distance education during the pandemic period. In this article, information was collected about some Information Systems used in Educational Management and evaluations were made on the benefits of the system.
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Among the many factors that are important in achieving the expected outcomes from Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based applications and technologies, the perspectives, attitudes and approaches of school administrators are in the first place. School administrators assume important duties and roles in the dimensions of student, teacher, classroom, school, educational culture and climate in the realisation of educational goals and implementation of policies. Therefore, educational administrators should have awareness and supportive approaches towards AI-based education. The aim of the study prepared in this context is to determine the opinions of school administrators on the use of artificial intelligence in education. As a result of the research conducted with the participation of 209 school administrators working in public schools in İzmir province; it was seen that according to school administrators, AI applications are a high-tech robot that fulfils computer programmes and commands; school administrators have concerns that AI may create ethical gaps. In addition, while the attitudes of school principals towards AI applications and their use in education were generally positive, the views of assistant principals were found to be negative compared to principals. According to the findings, it was determined that more information and support should be given to school administrators about AI.
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In this paper, we test the validity of the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis between Türkiye and its trading partners - the European Union, China, and the US - for the period from January 2001 to January 2020. We test the stationarity of the real exchange rates for the validity of the PPP hypothesis by applying linear and nonlinear unit root tests. We also employ Fourier-based tests to account for the structural changes that occurred in the considered period. Test results indicate that shocks are temporary, and the PPP hypothesis is valid for Türkiye.
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The current study is dedicated to uncovering opportunities for optimizing the work of real estate brokers. Some reasons for skepticism are discussed, as well as the successes already achieved. On the basis of experience in the country and abroad, generalizations are made and proposals are substantiated for the typical areas of the work of brokers, in which artificial intelligence can be implemented most quickly, fruitfully and in sync with the experience of brokers without endangering their jobs. An experiment was conducted to create a customer profile using artificial intelligence using information from answers to questions asked by the broker in the form of a questionnaire created by us. The experiment definitely gave an encouraging result.
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In times of a globally changing property market, the need for accurate valuation is increasingly important to the needs of those involved. In recent years, a number of software solutions have been created and deployed in the property market in developed economies brimming with reliable data, changing the operating environment and opening up new ways to achieve old goals. An example of this is traditional property valuation, which is generally a difficult and time-consuming task, produced by a human hand and requiring special knowledge, often subjective and using a small data set compared to digital alternatives. The advent of machine learning and the availability of ever larger volumes of data has given birth to so-called AVMs (Automated Valuation Models). Thanks to them, property valuations are faster, cheaper and often more accurate. The purpose of this article is to bring more clarity to these models, which are widely used abroad, to explore and describe various aspects of their operation, including existing applications (mostly) in the US, to analyze the level of implementation, to attempt a kind of benefit/risk analysis, and to speculate on their future, including whether it is possible for AVMs to replace licensed property appraisers. The object of the study is Automated Valuation Models. The subject of the paper is the current applications of the above models in the work of entities needing regular property appraisals.
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