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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF PROGRESSIVE FORMS IN THE ALBANIAN - ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE NOVEL ‘THE DOLL’ BY ISMAIL KADARE

Author(s): Anisa BEADINI,Arta TOÇI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Translation is a process that incorporates two languages and two cultures, it is considered as an act of conveying a message from one society to another. Languages contain different expressions, literary aspects for which translation enables them to be delivered to other cultures. The focus of this research is on the progressive or continuous tenses of Albanian and English language. The progressive tenses of both languages show an ongoing action at an unspecific time in the present, past or in the future. To conduct this research and to analyze and contrast the progressive tenses, we have used the novel “Kukulla” – “The Doll” by Ismail Kadare. The novel has an intriguing, specific topic which is not commonly used in literary texts. Besides its topic, the cultural aspects that Ismail Kadare has masterly incorporated in the novel make it a distinct and important novel to analyze. The aim of this research is to clarify the aspect of progressive tenses of Albanian language and English language. It aims to identify and analyze whether the tense shift from Albanian language to English language changes the meaning and the form of the source text.

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QUL ƏLİNİN “QİSSEYİ-YUSİF” POEMASININ DİLİNDƏ İŞLƏNMİŞ BAĞLAYICI və QOŞMALAR HAQQINDA

Author(s): İlkin Gulusoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2023

In order to follow the historical development of Turkish Dialects, it is of great importance to investigate the grammatical features of texts from the old and middle centuries. Kul Ali’s work “Kıssa-i-Yusuf” is one of such texts. Determining the morphological and syntactic features of 13th century Azerbaijani Turkish and visualizing the language landscape of the period also helps to learn the development path of word types, groups and sentence types that existed in Azerbaijani Turkish in the past. In the research, conjunctions and prepositions in the language of Kul Ali’s work “Kıssa-i-Yusuf” were classified according to their functions and meanings, based on the grammatical features of modern Azerbaijani Turkish and the old usage forms of the mentioned word types were mentioned. It has been determined that the conjunctions and prepositions used in modern Azerbaijani Turkish are used in the same or different phonetic variants in the language of “Kıssa-i-Yusuf”.

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Writing and death: An overview of the concept of death in Albanian literature

Author(s): Blerina Rogova Gaxha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

From Antiquity to the Postmodern world, the approaches of philosophical and literary thought to death have changed but also remained similar from philosopher to philosopher and from writer to writer. Many of these approaches emphasize the dualities of life/death and soul/body, relying on the argument that everything arises from its opposite through the continuous process of reproduction, just as everything dies. This paper will deal with the concept of death in the work of three authors, Ndre Mjedja, Lasgush Poradeci, and Mitrush Kuteli, who are the main writers and cultural personalities in Albanian literature of the 20th century. The selected authors conceive, create, and promote a plurality of discourses and themes, highlighting the theme of death, through which they reveal the philosophical power of the literary text and the possibilities implicit to literature itself. Their views provide a poetic and cultural background for a theoretical discussion of literary and cultural facets of death. A prelude exploring the concept of death generally will be followed by a discussion of the authors’ works, and finally, a theoretical analysis of these works will round off the investigation of death as a literary and philosophical theme in Albanian letters.

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Die Deutschen – Feinde oder Partner? Eine Übersicht über polnische Autoren des Mittelalters

Author(s): Andrzej Pleszczyński / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

The aim of this article was to examine the opinions of Polish medieval authors of historiographical texts about the Germans and their states: about the Empire and later German territorial states – Poland’s neighbours. Due to the large number of sources, this article only contains information on selected opinions that illustrate the main trends. In addition, the author attempted to find the cultural basis for formulated views.

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ენის საკითხი ძველ ქართულ მწერლობაში

Author(s): Mzia Surguladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 8/2022

The article discusses the information in Georgian literature of the Middle Ages about the Georgian language as the clearest sign of the pre-modern unity of the Georgian people. Their analysis provides an opportunity to find out how Georgian authors perceived the social phenomenon of language and what functions they assigned to it in different historical eras. According to this criterion, three chronological periods are distinguished in the article: pre-Christian (III c. BC – IV c. AD), early Christian (IV – X c.) and Byzantine (the second half of the X c. – XI c.). The notes, discussed in accordance with the mentioned periods are picked out from the earliest layers of "Life of Kartli", hagiographic work of the X century “Grigol Khandztelis Tskhovreba” ("Life of Grigol Khandzteli") and colophons of Georgian manuscripts of the 10th-11th centuries. The obtained information about the functions of the Georgian language gives such a picture according to the periods: 1. In the multi-ethnic Kartli of the pagan epoch, King Parnavaz recognized the dominance of the Georgian language; he created Georgian writing system and literacy (mythological model of the creation of the state); knowledge of the Georgian language was mandatory for the king, if he belonged to a foreign dynasty. 2. As a result of adoption and wide spread of Christianity, the Georgian language became a religious (and at the same time literary) language. Regular church practice had a great impact on the Georgian folk language - on its "Christianization." During this period, the content of the notion of "a Georgian" is being brought closer to the concept of "a Christian." 3. From the second half of the X century through the whole XI century, church literature previously translated into Georgian is being revised in relation to the Greek texts; The works of authors and genres unknown till that time to Georgian readers are translated, the translation method is improved, theological and philosophical terminology is developed, new notions-terms are formed based on the Georgian language. The article shows the accompanying historical circumstances, the combination of which in certain social groups, mainly educated monks and clerics and political circles close to them, was leading to greater sensitivity to language, its perception as a tool for broad public and state tasks, assigning it new functions and making relevant practical decisions.

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ამაზასპოსის ეპიტაფია

Author(s): Ekaterine Kobakhidze,Natia Phiphia / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 8/2022

The Epitaph of Amazaspos found in Rome is extremely valuable evidence for the study of Georgian History. Several scholarly articles were dedicated to it, however, some aspects still remain unidentified. First of all, the context of the inscription is interesting – when was it created– whether in the first century or not, and therefore is it connected to the activity of Trajan’s father in the East or to Trajan's Parthian campaign, in which Iberians supported him? There is also an opinion that the context of the inscription should be the reign of Antonius Pius and, subsequently, supporters of this idea believe that the only function this inscription had was to demonstrate Roman-Iberian contacts to Pharasmanes the Valiant, who was visiting Rome during Antoninus Pius’s reign. The analysis of the details of the inscription gives us the possibility to discuss the context, identify the era in which it was created and our report will try to deal with this issue. The answers to these questions should be found after analyzing Roman history, Iberian-Roman relations and their dynamics, also after finding some possible links and connections of the time. Several inscriptions found on the territory of Iberia are interesting from this point of view – Queen Ulpia's inscription is among them. Ulpia had a female version of Emperor Trajan's name - Ulpius, which points to the contacts between Iberians and Rome during Trajan's reign. Narrative sources also indicate that not only Iberia, but also another kingdom inhabited by Kartvelian tribes supported Trajan's during his Parthan expedition - kingdom of the Macheloni and Heniochi. Our paper will try to solve these complicated issues and we will present our opinion about it.

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Thomas Mann: Josip i njegova braća, pokušaj recepcije starozavjetnih tema i motiva u suvremeni kontekst

Author(s): Ivica Bevanda,Ita Lučin / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 129-130/2023

Starozavjetne biblijske knjige imale su velik utjecaj na njemačku književnost i pisce, od početaka pismenosti pa sve do 20. stoljeća. Na temelju prethodnih istraživanja starozavjetnih tema i motiva, uočeno je da do sada nisu proučeni utjecaji starozavjetnih tekstova Povijest Josipa i njegove braće i Knjiga o Jobu, kao i drugih tekstova iz Staroga zavjeta (primjerice Petoknjižja) na roman Thomasa Manna Josip i njegova braća. U Mannovu četveroknjižju o starozavjetnom Josipu, glavni je lik smješten u okvir istočnih religija, dok se u Starome zavjetu tekstopisci dotiču proučavanja astrologije, točnije zodijačkih znakova koji ujedno odgovaraju dvanaestorici Jakovljevih sinova, odnosno dvanaestorici plemena Izraelovih. Mann ovdje zanemaruje koncept vremena te Josipa prikazuje u prapovijesnom vremenu, premještajući ga u suvremenije doba. Stoga i starozavjetni Egipat predstavlja kao alegoriju u kontekstu suvremenog svijeta, točnije Amerike, u koju će i sam Mann emigrirati nakon dolaska Hitlera na vlast. Kroz ovo četveroknjižje nisu opisani samo Josip i njegova braća, nego se spominju, izravno i neizravno, gotovo svi starozavjetni likovi iz Knjige postanka. U radu ćemo pokušati demonstrirati biblijske teme i motive u starozavjetnom izvorniku, uz prilagodbu romanesknom žanru i kontekstu u kojima su teme i motivi Starog zavjeta postali dio njemačke književnosti i kulture.

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Riječi u slobodnoj plovidbi

Author(s): Zdravko Kordić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 129-130/2023

Pod milozvukom zvonkih riječi škripi pero zapelo u teška i nemila doba, zaplelo u miomirise; u zvuke proljeća, ljeta, jeseni, zime... zapelo se i zaplelo u jug, u Mediteran – ishodište civilizacije, dok sricaše riječi one nam izmaknu, iskliznu od prevelke ljubavi: od pjesničkoga zanosa, zatalasaju, razvigore se: penju i padaju lanci – i duhovi pred unutarnjom slobodom koju donosi i sriče riječ, ničim ograničena: unutarnja sloboda – pjeva. Miljkovićevski rečeno kao što su sužnji znali pjevati o njoj i težiti za njom do iščeznuća. Bajkovitost lahori, vigori i igra svoju igru, ne misleći na strogi oblik – ne misleći ni na ono izrečeno; puštajući i ispuštajući riječi u plovidbu morem, zemljom i nebom. Vatra plamti – unutarnja i vanjska!

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Mito-poetika elemenata i fenomenologija mora Carl Schmitt i Ivo Andrić

Author(s): Ugo Vlaisavljević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 131-132/2023

Carl Schmittovo temeljno opredjeljenje da se poredak (Ordnung) ne misli isključivo kao pravni poredak u apstraktno-normativnom smislu, što je gledište koje odavno dominira pravnom znanošću, nego da ga treba svagda analizirati u njegovoj nerazdvojnoj povezanosti s određenim mjestom, smještenošću, lokalizacijom (Ordnung), otvorilo je put za do tada nečuven ili barem neuobičajen uvid da „pravo ima zemaljski karakter i da je na zemlju upućeno (Das Recht ist erdhaft und auf die Erde bezogen)“ (Schmitt 1997, 13). Neki poredak je konkretno postojeći samo ako ima svoj zemaljski topos, što onda nalaže da se njegov normativni sustav promišlja s njegovom smještenošću na tlu. Stoga se poreci mogu međusobno bitno razlikovati upravo po svojoj „prostornoj strukturi“. Nastanak modernog međunarodnog prava (jus publicum Europaeum) pretpostavljao je i odgovarajuću globalnu prostornu predstavu, sliku o Zemlji kao zajedničkom staništu.

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ESEJ O MEVLUDU VESÎLETÜ’N-NECÂT SULEJMANA ČELEBIJA

Author(s): Kerima Filan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 93/2023

Mawlūd written by Süleyman Çelebi in the Turkish language in the first half of15th century is regarded as one of the most significant works of the entire mawlūd literary genre. It was a source of inspiration for many Ottoman poets in the coming centuries who wrote verses in honour of the Messenger of Islam, Muhammad s.w.s. in Turkish as well as in other languages. All the later works are evaluated with regard to the literary-artistic value and the content of the text by comparison to Süleyman Çelebi’s Mawlūd. This article presents the content of Mawlūd of Süleyman Çelebi in a form of an essay. Sixteen poems of this Mawlūda are here devided by the author in three thematic groups: (1) poems relating of the Oneness of God te’ala, creation of the World and the Messinger’s s.w.s. nature (2) poems that speak of the Messinger’s life here on earth, and (3) poems that celebrate the being of the Messenger s.w.s. The entire text is permeated with the Messenger’s teachings and instructions to people which will lead them to the path of salvation, those that are vesîletü’n-necât. The paper demonstrates that Süleyman Çelebi here describes both natures of the Messenger s.w.s.: his inner nature (as a Messenger) and his outer nature (his human form). It also points out the elements of tasawwuf in the text of mawlūd which characterize Süleyman Çelebi as mutasawwif. Woven by love towards God and His beloved Messenger s.w.s, this Mawlūd reaches the souls and minds of the faithful. There lies the reason for its widespread popularity.

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La traducción automática de unidades fraseológicas usadas en Manolito Gafotas al árabe: entre la corrección lingüística y la aceptabilidad cultural

Author(s): Mohamed El Madkouri,Beatriz‏ Soto Aranda / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2023

One of the challenges in literary translation is the need to consider linguistic accuracy, pragmatic meaning, and reading experience all at once. It means that translators choose carefully between translation options, considering stylistic issues and the characteristics of the potential reader (mainly age and cultural features of the target context). From this perspective, this research analyses machine translation of five phraseological units from Spanish into Arabic, using the young adult novel Manolito Gafotas by Elvira Lindo (1994) as a corpus. The translations are assessed by 1. analysing their grammatical and semantic accuracy and 2. comparing them with the results of a survey conducted among six bilingual and bicultural speakers asked to translate the items being assessed. By following the results of previous research focused on machine translation of isolated Arabic proverbs into Spanish, the phraseological units elicited were provided in context to enable machine translation and human translators to infer their pragmatic and discursive meaning. The research concludes that neural machine translation systems tend to propose accurate solutions for the phraseological units being assessed when they receive enough linguistic input. Likewise, incorrect translations are due to comprehension errors produced in the translational process between Spanish and English, as the latter functions as the pivot language in the translating process. Finally, human translators tend to use more canonical and functional equivalent phraseological units and produce a variety of target culture-oriented translations.

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An Ecofeminist Reading of Fleur And Lulu in Louise Erdrich’s Novel Tracks

Author(s): Valentina MARKASOVIĆ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Tracks by Louise Erdrich is a novel dealing with the struggles of Native Americans at the beginning of the twentieth century, but within that broader frame—it also speaks out about the connection between the colonial oppression of nature and the subjugation of women. Although some ecocritical and ecofeminist readings of the novel, especially relating to Fleur Pillager, are available, not much has been written on the character of Lulu Nanapush as presented in Tracks. Therefore, this article analyses Fleur Pillager and Lulu Nanapush to discover how the tenets of ecofeminism are implemented in the novel. The research relies on the theories of different ecofeminist and postcolonial authors. After establishing the colonial background of conjoined oppression of women and nature, the article focuses on how Fleur embodies and protects nature, while Lulu begins to lose her connection to nature due to her colonial background. Thus, strategic essentialism of the kind could be understood as having been implemented with the aim of underlining the exploitation of Native American women by settler colonizers, as well as the eradication of nature.

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Tõrked Eesti venekeelse kirjanduse omaks tunnistamisel 1918-1940. Igor Severjanini juhtum

Author(s): Igor Kotjuh / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2023

The article looks at the history of Estonian Russian-language literature in the young Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) and the life and work of the Russian-speaking poet Igor Severyanin (1887–1941) from the perspective of Estonian literature. In 1918, Severyanin, as a mature author, moved permanently from Russia to Estonia. Gradually, he developed a hybrid identity: he became fond of Estonia and wrote in Russian. However, his works have been omitted from the Estonian literary history. The article sets out the following hypotheses: 1) Estonian Russian-language literature from 1918 to 1940 has not become part of Estonian literature of that period, as its acceptance is hindered by various cultural-historical barriers for literary researchers. The main barriers have been highlighted by means of source criticism. 2) Igor Severyanin’s life and work serve to situate him as a representative of Estonian literature. Terms such as integration and identity were not used in his day, but Severyanin’s personal and creative choices help to understand, retrospectively, that it was important for him to live in Estonia, write poetry inspired by local material, interact with Estonian-speaking colleagues, remain connected with Estonian public and cultural institutions. I have approached Severyanin’s case through the identity theory (the work of John Charles Turner and Homi Bhabha), as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the literary field. Both hypotheses were confirmed in the article. However, the values of modern multicultural society dictate that the discussion of Estonian literary history should include the Russian-speaking authors of the interwar period. Currently, there are gaps in Estonian literary history regarding these authors. Filling these gaps would mean overcoming the cultural-historical barriers.

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Need teised laulikud. Regilaulutraditsiooni vähem aktiivsetest osalistest

Author(s): Liina Saarlo / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2023

This article discusses the terminology and representations concerning the older Estonian oral song tradition specialists in Estonian folkloristic literature from the late 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. The folk singers’ relationships with their family, community, and folklorists from the perspective of diachronic and synchronic intersubjectivity is also considered. At the heart of the documentation and study of runo songs (regilaulud) are folk singers who actively embody the song culture. They are specialists who, in addition to having knowledge of the lyrics, tunes and performing practices, also have a need to perform in public, learn from other (older) singers, and share their skills with the next generations. At the height of the documentation of folklore at the turn of the 19th and 20th ­centuries, runo songs had receded to the periphery of cultural life and lost their importance in musical self-expression. So, too, the runo singer became the embodiment of the margins of society – someone old and poor. As folklore studies developed, the representation of the folk singer gained agency – the singer was not only a reservoir of knowledge or a repeater of rituals, but also a specialist in communication. In the 1960s, a wedding singer – an improviser who actively used poetic means – took over as the collective image of a folk singer. However, the song tradition is also carried on by people of a different nature, who know a lot of songs and the context in which they are used, but do not wish to perform in public. In this article, I focused on the inactive, modest singers. The main subjects of this article are the folk singers recorded in the 1960s, during the last great wave of runo song documentation. All those studied were „of singers’ blood”: their immediate family were well-known singers. In order to become proficient in performing the runo songs, they had to have grown up in a close relationship with their grandmother. It was the modest singers, in particular, who continued to express themselves by means of the runo songs in the form of autocommunication. The relationship of the modest singers with the collectors of folklore may even have been more positive than that of the active ones; they developed a closer bond with the collectors, were more patient and more accommodating.

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S onu stranu subjektivnosti – priče kao lokucija jezika

Author(s): Nemanja Mićić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/167/2022

In this paper, the author aims to show how various implications of poststructuralist theories on the notion of subjectivity can be treated through the so-called “narrative method”. The said narrative method is profiled precisely through the poststructuralist theoretical framework that highlights the elusive character of subjectivity. This insight is used to draw attention to the realm of language, which is a crucial factor in the emergence of any utterance about the structure of our reality. This way of speaking is recognised as essentially narrative, which means that the story must be used as the fundamental unit of language. The narrative method can also be used to intervene in the field that makes its existence possible in the first place. This paper will therefore first analyse texts by Gayatri Spivak, Roberto Calasso and Michel Foucault. These texts will be interpreted from the point of view of the philosophy of stories, which first emerged with the writings of Wilhelm Schapp. It will turn out that these stories bring language closer to its authentic understanding – namely, as a pure multiplicity of contingent stories. To achieve this, we need to apply our narrative method.

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Kritike

Author(s): Branka Džebić,Nikica Mihaljević,Mirko Božić,Ivan Molek,Miroslav Mićanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01+06/2023

Reviews of: Helena Sablić Tomić: Kartografija ljubavi. Urednica Nives Tomašević. Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2021.; Branislav Glumac: Jesen sobne biljke. V. B. Z., Zagreb, 2023.; Robert Perišić: Brod za Issu. Sandorf, Zagreb, 2023.; George Orwell: Životinjska farma. Različiti nakladnici, Zagreb-Kostrena-Varaždin, 2022.; Miroslav Kirin: Babanija. Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2021.; Miloš Đurđević: Trgovački ratovi, prolaznici i srodne pjesme. Sandorf, Zagreb, 2020.; Ivica Prtenjača: Tišina i njezine olovke. V.B.Z., Zagreb, 2020.

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Trikster kao junak i kulturni fenomen

Author(s): Mark Lipovetsky / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

Interview with Mark Lipoveckij/Mark Lipovetsky

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 7/2023

7.–10. juunini peeti Brnos Masaryki ülikoolis rahvusvahelise etnoloogia- ja folklooriühingu (Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore) 16. kongress. 9–10. juunil toimus Luua Metsandus-koolis koolinoorte keelelaager „Hääldu-sest ja hääldamisest” 15. juunil peeti Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskuses aiaseminar „Enam kui inim. Kirjandus ja kunst mitmeliigilises maailmas” 15.–17. juunil toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis 13. Lotmani päevade konverents „Hirmkultuuris ja hirmukultuur” („Fear in culture and culture of fear”). 26.–29. juunil peeti Värskas BaltHer-Neti suvekool „Väliseesti kultuuripärand võõrsil XI. Minu eesti juured” 27. juunil toimus Tartus LVI J. V. Veski päev „Eesti keelest ja läänemeresoome keelte perest”, mis oli pühendatud keele-mehe 150. sünniaastapäevale.

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Naised ja proosa. Pilk XX sajandi alguskümnendite eesti kirjandusele

Author(s): Eve Annuk,Eret Talviste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2023

Käesolev teemanumber on pühendatud XX sajandi alguskümnendite tuntud ja vähem tuntud naissoost eesti proosakirjanikele. See sündis vajadusest kirjutada naised tagasi kirjandusajalukku ja kultuurimällu. Enamik artikleid on alguse saa-nud 2022. aasta oktoobris Tartus Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis peetud konverentsilt „Kas sa Reed Morni oled lugenud?”, ent idee tegeleda unustatud naiskirjanikega sündis palju varem. Eret Talviste taust inglise modernismiuuringutes, kus on alates 1970-ndatest tehtud palju (taas)avastustööd, et kaanonitesse kaasata mitmeid nais-kirjanikke, nt Jean Rhys, Djuna Barnes, Katherine Mansfield jpt, pani teda küsima, kus on eesti naiste sulest ilmunud proosa, kui mõelda XX sajandi algusele. Sellest küsimusest ajendatuna hakkas koos käima lugemisgrupp, kus 2021/2022. akadee-milisel aastal loeti eesti naiste proosat läbi aegade ning 2022/2023. aastal keskenduti XIX sajandi lõpu ja XX sajandi alguse kirjanike, näiteks Marta Sillaotsa, Helga Pärli-Sillaotsa, Aino Kallase, Reed Morni, Leida Kibuvitsa, Lilli Suburgi, Elisabeth Aspe, Alma Ostra-Oinase loomingule. Lugemisgrupi raames tutvus Talviste Eve Annuki mahuka uurimistööga eesti naiste varasest kirjandusest, eriti Lilli Suburgist, ning sel-gus, et XX sajandi alguse naiste proosat vaatleva konverentsi korraldamine on ühine soov.

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Mõeldes rahust rongisõidu ajal ehk kui Leida Kibuvits ja Virginia Woolf oleksid kohtunud

Author(s): Eret Talviste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2023

This article reads Estonian writer Leida Kibuvits’s (1907–1976) novel “An Evening Ride” (Rahusõit, 1933) in dialogue with Virginia Woolf’s book-length feminist essay “Three Guineas” (1938) in order to explore how these two writers critique violent and patriarchal nationalism. In its place they imagine, through their affective aesthetics, a peaceful and feminist relationship to the land. The article sees this imaginary meeting as something that Saidiya Hartman would term critical fabulation, and it situates Kibuvits’s and Woolf’s dialogue in the critical framework of transnational feminist modernist studies. By doing so, the article demonstrates that although these writers never met and may never have heard of one another, a comparative approach to their work fills in certain archival silences, also providing a nuanced understanding of how questions relating to women’s role in nation states were addressed similarly by writers across national borders during the first decades of the 20th century.

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