"What are We to Do, and What May We Hope for?" A Semi-Kantian Treatment of the Second and the Third of Kant’s Three Big Questions

Author(s): Fritz Wenisch / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2004

I am not a Kantian. In fact, I consider the outlines of the Kantian system as he developed it in his first Critique as incoherent in several respects. Two of them are: First, as Fichte suggested, the very concept of a thing-in-itself causes an insurmountable problem for Kant; for how can one know that an entity supposedly totally unknown to us is the origin of the chaos of sense perception? Second, there is the well-known related difficulty with respect to causality, a category supposedly applicable only in the realm of phenomena, while at the same time, the non-phenomenal thing-in-itself somehow is to "give rise to" the chaos of sense perceptions. As a minimum, this comes dangerously close to a strictly forbidden transcendent application of causality2. I consider both problems as fatal to the Kantian system. [...]

"ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНИЙ АНАЛІЗ DASEIN" ТА ПРОБЛЕМА ІСТИНИ БУТТЯ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДИСКУРСУ РАННЬОГО ТА ПІЗДНЬОГО М. ГАЙДЕГГЕРА

Author(s): Alla Zaluzhna / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2014

Phenomenology is the existential philosophizing of the twentieth century which includes the using of the term "existence" that accumulates in it. The shifts are connected with critical rethinking of the classical rationalist tradition in contrast between subject and object and disregard to everything sensual and individual, trying to find new grounds of human existence. In such case the person is not an isolated being, but always stays in relations with people, nature and life. The person doesn’t have only existence, but also shapes its attitude to it, that’s why it is the unique and the only possible existent which seeks existence and its rootedness in it. In this context Heidegger’s philosophical heritage be-comes significant and relevant.So M. Heidegger, being armed with a phenomenological method, created the fundamental ontology as the hu-man existence phenomenology, "existential analysis of Dasein". Thus he made a radical turn in the modern philosophical thought. Basing not on the classical ontology but on the existential ontology with a focus on the problem being what needs the human being, he founded a new phenomenological existential trend in philosophy which heavily influenced the formation of anthropological, existentialist, hermeneutic and philosophical studies. That is why good prospects are being laid for further development of a new ontological reorientation with legitimization of the human inner world problems in the plane of the meaning of its existence, the justification of personal presence in the world and responsibility facing life. So the M. Heidegger’s fundamental ontology and late existentialism appear as extension of Husserl’s concept of func-tional intentionality, which has ontological existential characteristics.In this regard, human existence is unlocked and opened to the world and appears as "being-in-the world". This open-ness to the world is caused by three basic categories. They are the "mood", "understanding" and "language". These categories are constitutive existential modes. According to the German philosopher understanding is identical to the openness of Dasein, because to exist in the world and to understand are same. Thus, according to M. Heidegger, E. Husserl, analyzing the subject in the surface of sequence of the consciousness and constitution of meanings acts, does not resolve the problem of the onto-logical status of the transcendental Ego. Therefore, in the meaning of Dasein there is available indication of the ontological in-terpretation of the being. It helps to deploy the problem of its existence from the existentionalism of its existence. Therefore, intentionally indifferent attitude changes ontological existential nature of caring contemplation. The intentionality from the way of relationship with the act of consciousness turned into a way of Dasein attitude to life. In such way, E. Husserl’s reduction and intentionality transforms into the ability of Dasein. It is always directed to nothingness until death. But if Husserl’s sense is de-rivative from universal "logical" structures of pure consciousness, M. Heidegger’s meaning appears implicated to existence. Therefore to understand the meaning of life we should discover the meaning of human being as a temporary process of the existence, and update the understanding of the life sense.However, even in the presence of significant differences of wide semantic range between early and late M. Hei-degger the main problem of the research "Being and Time" remains a leading orientation and the subject of the constant philosophical appeal. You can agree with the philosopher, as before and after his turning, the center of the author's re-flection is the problem of "the life sense", that in the horizon of "Being and Time" explicates by the existential analytics of Dasein. After the "rotation" is interpreted as the truth of existence and the possibility of being closer to the sense of being in its close association with a man.In early M. Heidegger the problem of the sense of being is tracked through the prism of being in its own experi-ments considering own variants of its implementation. This is a reason of dynamic Dasein, which has never been what it is and that is why it is always a project, outline due to this the existence is the openness. The prerequisite of the open-ness is temporality, interpreted as historicity. The "Me" is the existence. Its essence lies in the historicity being, man is opened to the destiny of life.The late M. Heidegger develops the concept of the human existence humanism in the sense of being, question-ing and finding meaning of personal presence in the world, dialogue with being, listening, care and staying in proximity and being opened towards it.On the grounds of carrying out the comparative analysis of the problems of human existence in M. Heidegger’s works "before" and "after" the turn, the theoretical thesis were motivated which permit to do phenomenological and onto-logical rethinking of the traditional ethic and aesthetic categories and to realize the role and place of nonclassical pat-terns of philosophical discourse of the ontological reflection of the end of the XIX-XX centuries in the modern field of hu-manitarian knowledge.

(D)očekujući nemoguće – Nansijanska kardiognoza: pristati na rizik (uvijek i iznova)

Author(s): Bjanka Alajbegović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91/2022

The geological era in which we live is called Anthropocene – it is the age in which the driving force is exactly the anthropos, man. Thanks to, yet again, man that could be the final chapter of Earth’s life (considering the announcements and predictions of the experts). Or is it, in fact, possible to think otherwise? Through the deconstruction of Christianity and through the overall corpus of his philosophical thought, Jean-Luc Nancy has given us indications and different movements. This text will try to indicate how ‘we’ – the flesh of the world – could ‘change direction’, actualise metanoia, modify tautology and heterology. Besides that, it is necessary to realise that we are always exposed, as a source to other fellow-sources. What we perceive as the world is the spacing of those fellow-sources. The essence of that world is separation. If certain mystics are to be believed, and Nancy who gladly refers to them, the place of salvation is not far away – it could as well be that personal and the ever-so foreign heart.

,,Vietos Dvasia“ Christiano Norberg-Schulzo Architektūros Fenomenologijoje

Author(s): Almantas Samalavičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 71/2012

During recent decades there have been attempts in urban theory and urban discourse at large to revisit and reconsider a number of concepts that have been marginalized or even suspended because of the rise of scientist ideology in academic research. The concept of spirit of place, known since Roman era as genius loci, is one of the key catogories that had been lost and regained in the history of urban planning and its theoretical reflections. Architectural historian and theorist Christian Norberg-Schulz has made the most significant contribution to the revival of this old Latin idea of spirit of place in urban and environmental studies. The article focuses on the impact of Norberg-Schulz in developing the interest in the spirit of place as an intellectual endeavor of his phenomenology of architecture and place. The author of the article notes that the concept of genius loci or „spirit of place“ remains a useful analytical tool in advancing the discourse on contemporary urbanism so that material and non-material elements that make the true character of urban place in contemporary urbanity can be adequately evaluated in urban research. Norberg-Schulz later reconsidered his attitude about modernist dogmas (as professed by Le Corbusier, Sigfried Giedion et al.) of the limitless capacity to transform spaces. He became a spokesman for the symbiotic relationship between the human being and the natural/urban space humans and reconsidered the archaic idea of genius loci as imperative for contemporary city-building. His theoretical insights might be of use in developing theoretical study of the development of urban structures in contemporary Lithuania.

[rec.] Hans Blumenberg, Paradygmaty dla metaforologii

Author(s): Martyna Ujma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

Review of: Martyna UJMA - [rec.] Hans Blumenberg, Paradygmaty dla metaforologii, przeł. Bogdan Baran, Wydawnictwo Aletheia, Warszawa 2017, ss. 245

2018 FEN BİLİMLERİ DERSİ ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMINA YÖNELİK ÖĞRETMEN GÖRÜŞLERİ

Author(s): Esra Saraç,Mehmet Selim Yıldırım / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the opinions of the class teacher sand the branch teachers who gave the course of science for the renewed science curriculum in 2018. In this study was used phenomenological is one of the qualitative research designs. The criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in the study group of this research. The study group consists of 4th grade teachers who attend science classes in primary school and science teachers in secondary schools. Focus group interview method was used to collect research data. Interview form was created for use in focus group interview. The data obtained in there search were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the study, it was seen that teachers’ opinions about the renewed science curriculum were generally positive. However, it was seen that teachers experienced some problems in achieving the objectives of the program in practice. One of the most important results of the study is the difficulties in applications related to science, engineering and entrepreneurship, which is one of the most important innovations of the current program.

5–7 METŲ VAIKŲ DORINIŲ VERTYBIŲ RAIŠKA EMOCINIU ASPEKTU

Author(s): Placida Jasiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (46)/2016

In the light of ever spreading secularism and neoliberalism in the modern global world traditional values (including personal moral values) are undergoing rapid transformation thus the paper addresses the issue of the development of moral values at pre-school age. Assuming that childhood marks the start of the moral and social-emotional development of an individual, the paper seeks to stress early internalisation of fundamental moral values of children aged 5-7. Since children at this age mostly demonstrate internalisation of moral values at behavioural and emotional level, the paper sought to examine the expression of moral values of children aged 5-7 in terms of emotional experiences. Drawing on empirical data collected from parents and pre-school education teachers the author revealed the emotional experiences characteristic of this age group children, and their link with moral values. Some differences in emotional experiences that depend on the child’s gender, place of residence and type of a pre-school institution were also highlighted and compared with some findings of foreign authors.

A Chronology of Levinas’s Metaphorics

Author(s): Mitchell Cowen Verter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Many readers of Emmanuel Levinas understand his thought as being oriented only by transcendence and therefore denigrate the immanent dimension of metaphor within his texts. Such readings reduce the complexities of Levinas’s text to a set of polemical, orthodox proclamations such as The Other is Most High and Ethics is First Philosophy. However, Levinas’s work invites us to contemplate not only transcendence, but also the way that immanence emerges though relationships with an infinitude of others, third persons whose voices murmur within the system of language, articulated in concrete elements such as metaphor. Levinas employs metaphor to converse with the inherited ways that temporal becoming has been articulated, recurrently reorienting them to expose a variety of ethical-phenomenological constellations. To expose the dynamics that remain clandestine to the orthodox interpretation, this paper will chronologically trace the development of various families of metaphors such as those of having and doing; those of dimensionality, those of orality, those of familiarity, and those of birth, gender, and death, thereby demonstrating the multitude of roles and perspectival positions assumed by the subject during its temporal becoming.

A comparative analysis of two qualitative methods: deciding between grounded theory and phenomenology for your research

Author(s): Marjan Masoodi / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2017

The purpose of this article is to compare two qualitative approaches that can be used in different researches: phenomenology and grounded theory. This overview is done to (1) summarize similarities and differences between these two approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products (2) familiarize the researchers with the origins and details of these approaches in the way that they can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study (3) discuss a brief outline of each methodology along with their origin, essence and procedural steps undertaken (4) illustrate how the procedures of data analysis (coding), theoretical memoing and sampling are applied to systematically generate a grounded theory (5) briefly examine the major challenges for utilizing two approaches in grounded theory, the Glaserian and Straussian. As a conclusion, this overview reveals that it is essential to ensure that the method matches the research question being asked, helps the researchers determine the suitability of their applied approach and provides a continues training for the novice researchers, especially PhD or research students who lack solid knowledge and background experience in multiple research methods.

A Discriminative Ontology for Future Selves

Author(s): Juraj Odorčák / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The article presents a critique of the commonly held assumption about the practical advantage of endurantism over perdurantism regarding the problem of future-directed self-concern of a person. The future-directed self-concern of a person crucially depends on the possibility of the right differentiation of diverging futures of distinct persons, therefore any theory of persistence that does not entail a special non-branching relation of a person to only their future self seems to be counterintuitive or unrealistic for practical purposes of personal persistence. I argue that this pragmatic rationale about future-directed self-concern is equally challenging for both theories of persistence. Moreover, I indicate, that both of these theories fall and stand on the practical feasibility of hidden ontological presuppositions about specific second-order notions of concerns of persons for their future.

A Hope for Reason

Author(s): Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Hope is a common phenomenon in human life. And yet once we try to conceptualize it, we face the problem St. Augustine described while trying to define time: “If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.” Nevertheless there have been continuous attempts at explaining the nature of hope. According to the standard account, hope is always a relational phenomenon: a human person hopes for a certain outcome, and to hope for this outcome is to desire it and to believe that its realization is possible, although not inevitable. On this view, hope is considered as a compound attitude.

A methodological analysis of the scientific research

Author(s): Kadzik OGANYAN / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article addresses the structure of scientific research in the context of the methodology of science. This goal is realized through the concrete material of physical theory, detailing the structure of scientific research and its elements; its process and the laws it obeys; its results, which leadthe process; its motives, e.g. the "driving forces" of research and the role of philosophy in the process.The paperexamines the theoretical phase of researches as a synthesis of the empirical and the speculative,in contrast to the existing literature that presents the opposition between theoretical and empirical research. The steps of knowledge of the objective laws in a particular area are analysed: the empirical research,the non-fundamental theoretical,the speculative, and the fundamental theoretical; this analysis allows the generalization of the patterns of scientific research. Particular attention is paid to the speculative research and its main elements. The“methodological mechanism” of formation of new fundamental conceptions in science is unravelled. The essence of this mechanism consists of some non-logical cognitive operations (idealization, choice of “Gestalt”, substitution, generalization). The knowledge of corresponding combinations of these operations made by the investigator facilitates the process of research, decreases the probability of errors in the scientific cognition.

A Novel Reading of Thomas Nagel’s “Challenge” to Physicalism

Author(s): Serdal Tümkaya / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In passing remarks, some commentators have noted that for Nagel, physicalism is true. It has even been argued that Nagel seeks to find the best path to follow to achieve future physicalism. I advance these observations by adding that for Nagel, we should discuss the consciousness problem not in terms of physical and mental issues but in terms of our desire to include consciousness in an objective/scientific account, and we can achieve this only by revising our self-conception, i.e., folk psychology, to develop a more detached view of experience. Through the project of objective phenomenology, Nagel aims to achieve some sort of objective, detached, and scientific explanation of the subjective nature of experience. This project seeks to make the truth of physicalism intelligible and consciousness more amenable to scientific study, potentially raising an even broader concept than the one physicalism originally proposes.

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SKEPTICAL THEISM

Author(s): Steven Nemes / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The purpose of the present essay is to present a version of the evidential argument from evil and to propose a ‘skeptical theistic’ response from a phenomenological point of view. In a word, the problem with the evidential argument from evil is that it attempts to put forth as justified an interpretation of the moral significance of historical events which actually exceeds the limits of human knowledge and which is based on a misinterpretation of experience. The essay also corrects certain analytic-philosophical notions regarding the nature of appearance, terminating with a discussion of the familiar critiques of analytic skeptical theism and the question of whether the belief in the existence of God might not be affected by the apparent skepticism implied by the phenomenological approach to knowledge in general.

A Preliminary Inventory of the Transformations of Scientific Imaging

Author(s): Robert Rosenberger / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Imaging technologies “transform” an object of study into something we can visually perceive in the form of an image. In science and medicine, imaging technologies enact a large variety of transformations, sometimes changing the spatiality of an object of study (e.g., making a small thing big enough to see, bringing close something far away, etc.), or changing its temporality (e.g., providing a picture of a single moment). I make use of the postphenomenological philosophical perspective, and in particular the work of its founder, Don Ihde, for guidance in exploring the different ways that imaging technologies transform our world in the process of rendering it available to visual perception. The main project of this paper is to develop a provisional categorization of a large variety of image transformations common to science and medicine.

A PRESENCE WITHOUT PRESENT: MAKING SENSE WITH THE OTHER

Author(s): Cristian Bodea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Marc Richir’s phenomenological work proposes a new type of phenomenology, a non-standard one. To him, a non-standard phenomenology is, first of all, a phenomenology that is “crossing the barrier of intentionality” (Richir, 2015). In this context, perception has a special role. Firstly, it involves phantasia, and not the imaginary. Secondly, it is a perception of non-intentional objects. Because of these two reasons, the other becomes the Other, namely a non-intentional object that cannot be pinpointed in a definite time / space frame. In this paper, I will try to demonstrate that, starting from this lack of conceptualization that the Other represents, a sense is constructed. It is a sense in the making (sens se faisant), as Richir puts it (Richir 1988, 2015); a sense whose never-ending development gives meaning to someone’s life. In order for this to take place, the effective presence of the Other is crucial. Otherwise, sense stands still and meaning is aborted.

A Spiritual and Religious Speech as a Poem

Inspired by Heidegger’s Fouring

Author(s): Filip Hlavinka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article is based on Heidegger’s understanding of the world as the so-called fourings, in which one relates to counterparts who are not entirely graspable to him, yet provide a person with a significant orientation. Such an orientation relates to the spiritual aspects of life. It is not possible to speak about them in the same way as everyday things in ordinary or professional scientific language, because by their very nature they do not allow for grasping in the form of definitions. Instead, poetry is presented as a possible testimony of spiritual aspects, the subtle. It does not seek to give a definitive description and explanation, but rather to capture the substance and, above all, to invite humans on the path to what it says. Poetry is presented as an important part of education and erudition, where in the spiritual direction the scientifically conceived language will not suffice.

Absoliutaus Vienio Akivaizda Plotino Ir Zhuangzi Filosofijoje

Author(s): Agnė Budriūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2012

The paper analyzes a phenomenon that could be called, from the philosophical point of view, a ’presence of absolute Oneness’. Descriptions of the phenomenon may be found in the writings of the mystics of all major religions. The constructivists, nevertheless, repudiate the possibility of an unmediated mystical experience. The paper focuses on the notion of the Absolute and its presence in human consciousness as it is found in the writings of Plotinus and Zhuangzi. These two philosophers talk similarly about the One as the source and purpose of all Being, despite belonging to different intellectual traditions. The paper analyzes the state of the wakeful though contentless consciousness that is of most importance for both authors. It is not an achieved union between the human and the Divine and not a perception of the oneness of the world observed from the outside. The paper raises the question: even though such presence of absolute Oneness is described in terms of a particular religious and/or philosophical tradition, can it be considered a ’religious experience’ or even ’experience’ at all?

Absurdas Ir Viltis Egzistencializmo Filosofijoje

Author(s): Pranciškus-Ksaveras Cazali / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 61/2009

Unlike Marxism, atheistic existentialism does not bring about a shift of hope but a radical critique of hope. It proposes despair as a guarantee of intellectual honesty. In this context G. Marcel’s phenomenology of hope rehabilitates hope, just as much at the practical level - against stoicism – as at the speculative level – against the glorifying of metaphysical anguish. The question of absolute hope, which is at the heart of the philosophy of the absurd, calls for an Marcel’s internal critique of the refusal of salvation. The question also calls for the light of theology which identifies atheistic existentialists to be secularizing the theme of the book of Job.