Unia Europejska w dwa lata od wejścia w życie Traktatu z Lizbony

Author(s): Mikołaj J. Tomaszyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

After two years of the Treaty of Lisbon being in force, we are convinced that the generality of its regulations was a deliberate endeavor of the IGC 2007 members. It made it possible to accept the document and postpone the strategic but rather difficult decisions which should have been made during the meeting/conference. The main aim was to finish the EU treaty reform, which had lasted many years, and to give the organization a new basis to function well on. As developed during the IGC, and in the process of ratification, this document of institutional balance did not change too much and the status quo it worked out was a well-guarded compromise. If violated, it could disturb the structure of the EU.

Parlament Europejski wobec reformy systemu instytucjonalnego w trakcie obrad Konwentu w sprawie przyszłości Europy

Author(s): Patrycja Kozub / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The article is a reconstruction of the position of the European Parliament and its delegates to the Convention on the Future of Europe towards the greatest institutional reform of the European Union in the history of European integration. The author analyzes the impact of the European Parliament on the provisions of the draft Constitutional Treaty, concerning, among other things: the axiology of the Union, the institutional system, the role of national parliaments and enhanced cooperation. These studies made it possible to observe that the European Parliament, like the European Commission, was one of the Community institutions which was particularly interested in strengthening the transnational factor in the process of European integration, including the European Union’s institutional system. Therefore, during the debate, the representatives of the European Parliament stated their demands for: further enlargement of the powers of Parliament in the legislative process, changes in decision-making procedures in the Council of the European Union, as well as strengthening the position of the European Commission in the European Union’s institutional system. Analysis showed that this position was the consensus worked out from the varied opinions of European political groups, which were presented by individual members of the European Parliament involved in the institutional issues.

Rumunia i Bułgaria na drodze do Unii Europejskiej (1990–2007) – perspektywa Niemiec i Francji

Author(s): Joanna Ciesielska-Klikowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The membership of Romania and Bulgaria in the European Union became a reality in 2007 and was treated as a culmination of a twenty year process in which both countries had to meet the difficult requirements which the Community set. These requirements were more challenging to realize because of the fact that Bucharest and Sofia were forced to introduce severe economic and social reforms, and political changes that led to the transformation of two post-communist republics into parliamentary democracies with well-functioning, free markets. The collapse of the communist era began a new phase in history, whose motto was to establish a ‘return to Europe’. Romania and Bulgaria identified their allies in the Euro-Atlantic organizations, and in cooperation with them they perceived a chance for economic reconstruction and an increase in importance on the international arena. However, the key role on the path of the two Black Sea states to the European Community was played by the Federal Republic of Germany and France, which for the past forty years have been seen as the driving motor of European cooperation. In partnership with these countries, Bucharest and Sofia were trying to implement a plan for their return to Europe. From 1990 both Romania and Bulgaria cooperated with France and Germany in political and economic matters, trying to arouse the interest of leading politicians from Bonn/Berlin and Paris. Although it was clear that the Franco-German pair was emphasizing the commitment of other post-communist countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic or Hungary, and their leading role among candidates for membership in the EU, it can be said without doubt, that France and Germany were always involved in the process of European enlargement to include the countries on the Black Sea. The article shows the difficult path of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union, the role of Paris and Bonn/Berlin in the accession negotiations, the decisions made during the presidencies of France and Germany in the Council of the EU, and also stresses the commitment of Bucharest and Sofia to meet the requirements from Copenhagen and their efforts to become members of the Union in 2007.

Uwarunkowania i priorytety prezydencji Polski w Radzie Unii Europejskiej w 2011 roku

Author(s): Stanisław Konopacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The paper deals with the determinants of the Polish Presidency in the EU Council and considers their potential consequences. Firstly, the changes introduced in the Lisbon Treaty to the matter in question are discussed. Next, the internal determinants of the presidency are discussed with reference to the political situation of the country, which obviously affects the course of the presidency. Finally, the internal context of the presidency of the EU Council is presented in relation to the position of Poland in international relations with its partners. The priorities of the Polish presidency, finally adopted by the government in June 2011, are also outlined.

Ziemie Zachodnie a proces akcesji Polski do Unii Europejskiej. Analiza prasy regionalnej w latach 2002–2004

Author(s): Paulina Olechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The article is an effect of interest in research interests across the image of Polish accession to the EU which was created by press texts of regional newspapers of theWestern Land of Poland. The press texts was selected broadcast content on the appropriate form, and clearly carved eventually reflect the problems that have become important and have been discussed issues relating to the Polish accession to the EU. Polish-German relations was important point of pre-accession discussions in the regional analyzed newspapers. Based on analysis, can be concluded that the motive for combining texts, newspapers surveyed had hoped that the adoption of Polish EU will speak to a symbol that will contribute to the disappearance of overcoming mutual prejudices and stereotypes still functioning. Although the mutual relations of both countries still had a significant impact historical and social events, it seems that the regional press journalists of theWestern Lands really belief that after 1 May 2004 will begin a new stage of history. In press texts was repeated several times the idea of Polish-German ‘community of interests’. Analysis of the texts shows that in the pre proceeded quite freely communication processes between German and Polish representatives of local authorities, particularly where the German side clearly says about concerns stemming from EU enlargement, Poles and Germans expecting to improve the better economic situation. The analysis of the press shows clearly that the German political elite was unable to convincingly explain the lack of acceptance of the German society for EU enlargement to include Poland.

Mechanizmy Finansowe 2004–2009 – pozaunijne Żródła wsparcia rozwoju ekonomicznego i społecznego Polski

Author(s): Aleksandra Guzowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The article deals with the financial instruments available in Poland as a result of being a part of the European Economic Area (EEA), i.e. the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and the EEA Financial Mechanism. The role and contribution of those Mechanisms to the socio-economical development of Poland are examined based on the financial perspective 2004–2009. Firstly, the author presents the organizational and legal framework, the general principles, the rules for distributing sources as well as the components that enabled use of funds coming from those instruments on the Polish ground, such as: the management and implementation system along with the institutional system. This background enables the review of all priority areas and funds, presenting their particular aims and assumptions. Bearing in mind a closing stage of the financial perspective 2004–2009 the author shows the level of achieved indicators and some examples of carried out undertakings. The article tries to present the assessment of first effects of projects’ implementation as well as the most important lessons learned with the way of taking them into consideration in the next financial perspective of the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and the EEA Financial Mechanism 2009–2014.

Być albo nie być w Europie – dylematy integracyjne Wielkiej Brytanii

Author(s): Barbara Curyło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The paper discusses the issue of Great Britain’s EU membership in the context of the challenges faced by the internal and foreign policies of the U.K. Using the notion of an integration dilemma, the author indicates the tensions that result from the requirements, opportunities and consequences of a national state’s membership in an integrational structure. In Great Britain, the integration dilemma concerns the origin of the decision to join the EU and the impact of EU membership on the political system of the state. In this context the author presents the European activities of Great Britain, mainly in the realm of struggling for an intergovernmental nature of integration and the priority of national interest in the multi-faceted European environment.

Realizacja Programu Kulturalnego Polskiej Prezydencji w Radzie Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Adam Barabasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the Cultural Programme of the Polish presidency. The National Audiovisual Institute is in charge of the implementation of the Programme. The Adam Mickiewicz Institute was vested with the task of developing and implementing the Foreign Cultural Programme of the Polish Presidency. The paper analyzes and assesses selected cultural projects launched both domestically and abroad from July through November 2011.

Partnerstwo Wschodnie – szansa dla europejskiej integracji państw poradzieckich

Author(s): Swietłana Sydun / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

Eastern Partnership – a new EU initiative. While it is difficult to say what benefits it will bring to both parties: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and EU countries. Of course, now more critical than results. Partner countries pose a different problem in the implementation of its relationship with EU, but they all share a common desire to deepen these relations. The EU should be open in this matter and to offer a higher level of political organizations, and progressive strengthening of ties in key areas. It takes time to appreciate the influence of the EU on the development of partner countries of Eastern Partership. But we must remember that the result depends on both sides.

Unia Europejska w dążeniu do przestrzegania praw człowieka na Białorusi

Author(s): Ksenia Kakareko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

Belarus is not a member state of the European Union, nevertheless the European Parliament is clearly interested in the observation of human rights in that country. An analysis of the legal norms contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus shows that all the important rights and freedoms that form a part of European standards of human rights are contained within it. Nevertheless, this Constitution has a merely ‘semantic’ character. There are no actual guarantees given in specific statutes. The norms contained in statutes enable the public authorities to violate any constitutional norms. What is more, these powers are also provided by statutory acts. This article presents what sanctions have issued from the European Union in response to human rights violations in Belarus over the last 20 years.

Obwód Kaliningradzki FR w stosunkach unijno-rosyjskich

Author(s): Wojciech Kotowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

Due to its history and isolation from the proper territory of the Russian Federation since 1991, the Kaliningrad Oblast exhibits unique features in comparison to other parts of the country. This territory has been one of the key factors in relations between Russia and the European Union in terms of Russian domestic and foreign policy. Poland and Lithuania joining the European Union in 2004 transformed the Kaliningrad Oblast into an enclave inside the European Union and made it a ‘double periphery’. On account of its geo-political location the Kaliningrad Oblast was to become ‘a bridge spanning East andWest’, ‘Russia’s gateway to Europe’ and ‘a pilot region for Russia-EU cooperation’. The paper shows the position and role the Kaliningrad Oblast plays in Russia-EU cooperation and outlines its prospects for development.

Integracja europejska w polityce zagranicznej Turcji za rządów Partii Sprawiedliwości i Rozwoju (AKP)

Author(s): Przemysław Osiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

At the beginning of the 2010s, Turkey is certainly among the key states enjoying the status of a regional power. Turkish policy influences nearly all its neighbors, as well as almost the entire Muslim world. It is no coincidence that the participants of the Arab Spring of 2011 appreciate the achievements of the Turkish government, while the present Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoðan is slowly emerging as a hero among the Tunisians, Egyptians or Palestinians. Has the pro-European policy of Turkey evolved and can any regularities or changes be observed? It is also worth answering the question of whether all the factions of the ruling AKPparty support the integration of Turkey with the EU. The present foreign policy of Turkey can be positively described as pro-Western, however a reservation is required that the policy is no longer exclusively pro-Western, unlike before 2002. Successive governments ruling Turkey in the 2000s were dominated by Justice and Development party members, who consistently implemented the main assumptions of Turkey’s foreign policy, founded on the concept developed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ahmet Davutoðlu (Davutoðlu’s doctrine). Its primary goal, at least officially, is full membership of the European Union. Turkey is simultaneously regaining its influence in the post-Ottoman territories, lost following the fall of the Empire; it is also building a new sphere of influence in Central Asia, among other places.

Myśl polityczna i struktury organizacyjne ruchu anarchistycznego w państwach Unii Europejskiej w dobie przemian globalizacyjnych

Author(s): Paweł Malendowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The subject of this study is the transformation of the organizational structures, as well as in the political thought in the Western European anarchist movement during the period of rapid globalization. The research period runs from 1991–2010. Material for the research was provided by printed matter as well as Internet news and articles, documents and the author’s correspondence with the representatives of the European anarchist movement. The main method/technique of the survey involved the analysis of source texts. The author also employed his own research experience and observations of anarchism. Contemporary globalization processes are characterized by contradictory directions of development. They are expressed in the unification of the terrorist movement on one hand, and the diversification of its forms on the other. The goals of the anarchist movement and its main trends of thought are changing and dispersing. The achievement of full freedom, however, remains the primary goal of anarchists, while all other goals are secondary.

Unia Beneluksu – nowa odsłona starej współpracy

Author(s): Paweł Kołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2011

The association between the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg was an important factor that significantly shaped the European integration process. The cooperation, which began before the outbreak of the SecondWorldWar, gained momentum with the creation of the Customs Union in 1948 and the establishment of the Benelux Economic Union in 1958. Joint actions enabled the three small states to successfully pursue their interests in the European arena. Since the late 60s, their cooperation began to wither, due to deepening political differences. The signing of a new treaty in 2008 was the latest attempt to revive the collaboration between the three states. The new structure and tasks of the Benelux Union are intended to adapt the organization to contemporary requirements. Nevertheless, serious doubts exist whether there is any point in maintaining this special form of cooperation between the three states, and if there are any prospects for its future development.

Europeizacja ad extra w zarządzaniu zewnętrznym (external governance) Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Janusz Ruszkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010

Wzmocniona współpraca państw Unii Europejskiej w świetle Traktatu z Lizbony

Author(s): Tomasz Kubin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010

Rola Unii Europejskiej w budowie nowego ładu międzynarodowego – stan obecny i perspektywy

Author(s): Marek Rewizorski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010

Wschodni wymiar Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa na przykładzie Partnerstwa Wschodniego i Partnerstwa dla Modernizacji. Komentarz politologiczny

Author(s): Zbigniew D. Czachór / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010

Wpływ integracji europejskiej na zmianę przepisów prawa w Polsce w zakresie ochrony informacji niejawnych

Author(s): Kornela Oblińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010

Implementacja i ewaluacja polityki ekologicznej Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Liliana Gmerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2010