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Die Eurokrise und ihre strategischen Folgen für Europa

Author(s): Jochen Franzke / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2012

The author claims that the eurozone crisis has generated the most difficult situation European integration has faced since the 1950s. The crisis will hinder the enlargement of the European Union with new members and the process of EU democratization. The role of Germany in the EU has been excessively increased, and Berlin will take advantage of this, persuading other partners to adopt German solutions in terms of recovery from the crisis. With the exception of the left-wing party (Die Linke), the remaining German political parties support the government’s point of view. The eurozone crisis has resulted in the global deterioration of the EU’s image, contributing to a decline in its importance and impact.

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Wyzwania kryzysu zadłużenia strefy euro dla poszukiwania nowej roli Niemiec w Unii Europejskiej w XX wieku

Author(s): Erhard Cziomer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2012

The paper tries to present the role and importance of Germany for overcoming the debt crisis and searching for a new role to play in the EU. It consists of three parts, which concentrate on an analysis of the following issues: 1) the origin, nature and implications of the eurozone crisis for Germany, 2) the role of Germany in the efforts to overcome the eurozone debt crisis, 3) general challenges the eurozone debt crisis poses for Germany in its search for a new role in the EU. The fundamental thesis of the paper is that, owing to its enormous financial and economic potential, Germany became a key actor in the efforts to rescue the eurozone in 2010–2012. However, due to complex internal conditions, excessive promotion of German interests in European politics by the CDU/CSU/FDP government and Chancellor Merkel’s prolonged procrastination over necessary and long-awaited Community decisions prevented Germany from assuming the fully-approved political leadership of the EU during the eurozone crisis at the turn of the first decade of the twenty-first century.

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International roles of the European Union

Author(s): Ryszard Zięba / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2012

The European Union plays a few kind of international roles: economic, political and security, and civilisational ones. The economic roles are the following: the world leader of sustainable development and the pattern of successful and complex integration, the biggest shareholder of world trade, the supplier of biggest development aid, the donator of biggest humanitarian aid. The political and security roles are such as: the role of active diplomatic actor and the role of stabilizer of peace and international security. Moreover the EU plays the role of an attractive civilizational centre and promoter of European culture values. Above roles confirm the EU has growing significance and ambitions to became a complex and global international actor. To materialise them the EU must to overcome the financial crisis and to save the threatened Euro zone, what is the sine qua non condition to survive the EU as a subject.

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Die EU-Russland-Beziehungen: eine Ausweitung innenpolitischer Interessen?

Author(s): Anna Alekseevna Dmitrieva / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2012

In the paper, the author emphasizes a new stage in relations between Russia and the EU in 2008, following the election of D. Medvedev for president. This marked the beginning of intensive talks on the extension of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) and the launch of the EU-Russian Partnership for Modernization. These activities failed, which primarily re- sulted from how the internal situation developed in Russia. The EU observed that democratization in Russia failed to progress, and the guiding motto of the Putin/Medvedev tandem was to gain and maintain power. The EU was particularly critical of the state parliamentary elections in 2011 and presidential elections in 2012. The EU and Russia have different points of view on the development of bilateral relations. Russia expects the EU to provide technological support and abandon visas, whereas the EU expects Russia to observe Western standards of human rights, freedom of the media and an oligarch-free economy. It will be difficult to align the interests of the EU and Russia outside the energy sector, which is the only sector that may stabilize their overall relationship.

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Tendencje rozwoju stosunków ekonomicznych Unii Europejskiej z Federacją Rosyjską i Chińską Republiką Ludową w warunkach globalizacji

Author(s): Zdzisław W. Puślecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2012

The main aim of the article was the presentation of the tendencies of economic relations development of the European Union with the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the conditions of globalisation. The success of the Russian political leaders in their bilateral relations with the European Union show how important, in the mutual is approaching, are the rules and effectiveness of the international system built up in the past sixty years. An objective interest of the transatlantic community is therefore to the west, for safe and prosperous Russia, was idealistic and at the same time realistic. At the same time as it is also important, that Russia and not Africa whether the Middle East, is for Europe force, with the strategic nature. In the long term, to the european economy effectively and permanently follow in globalisation processes and that term was competitive with, Russia and China must first become innovative economy. In terms of prospective it should be emphasised that the best hope for the peaceful development of the international cooperation offers the most important actors contemporary on the world stage.

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The Polish Presidency of the European Union Council: challenges and outcomes

Author(s): Bogdan Koszel / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2012

Since the financial crunch swept Europe in late 2008, Germany has opposed a coordinated EU campaign to aid the endangered states, claiming that each case should undergo a separate analysis. It was only the collapse of public finances in Greece and the financial problems of Ireland and Portugal that made Germany agree with France that it was necessary to establish special EU financial mechanisms in order to prevent the financial crises of EU member states; Germany also agreed that an ‘economic government’of Eurozone states be created. Germany realizes very well that healing the Euro and the European economy is in its interest. Germany takes the greatest advantage of the single internal market as it sells the lion’s share of its vast industrial output without restriction there. Germany fears that abandoning the idea of the free flow of goods and capital may result in the emergence of new customs barriers and increased commercial protectionism. Finally, the collapse of the Eurozone might mean the end of the ‘project Europe’Germany has contributed so much effort and money to.

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Przewodniczący Rady Europejskiej – między strategią polityczną a rutyną pracy urzędnika

Author(s): Beata Przybylska-Maszner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2012

Following the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, the European Council elects its permanent president by a qualified majority. The first President of the European Council developed his office on his own, watched by those whose expectations envisaged him performing various tasks, such as leader, political strategist, broker, or just another EU official. The Treaty did not precisely define the range of powers conferred upon the President of the European Council but it provided a stimulus to start the adaptation of this new position to specific tasks. There is emerging a new, post-Lisbon practice of the new institutional system’s operation, as well as the new form of the European Council, with a key role played by its President. The objective of this paper is to present the circumstances under which the office of President of the European Council was established, as well as an analysis of the scope of his responsibilities. These considerations are concluded with the evaluation of the theoretical and practical powers exercised by the President of the European Council during the first, and at the beginning of the second term.

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Rola Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w wizji polskiej prezydencji w Radzie Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Agnieszka Bielawska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2012

This paper is an attempt to answer the question of the role R. Sikorski attributed to Germany during the Polish Presidency. Its aim is to examine the main proposals of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to combat the deepening debt and crisis of confidence in terms of their compliance with the proposals of the representatives of the German government. It is also an attempt to answer the question of whether, and if so how, the Minister’s speech affected Polish-German relations.

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SEARCHING COMMON EUROPEAN STANDARDS REGARDING BLASPHEMY? ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN, IRISH, AUSTRIAN REGULATION FROM THE LIGHT OF THE ECHR

Author(s): Hanna Wiczanowska / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

The purpose of the presented article is to resolve the issue of the existence of the common European standard regarding the blasphemous speeches and examine its efficiency for possible mechanisms of resolving the collussion between freedom of expression and freedom of religion. The presented analysis will be commenced with reference to the judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the tension between freedom of expression and freedom of religion with addition to blasphemy. Through the prism of such analysis the author formulates hypothesis of the wide diversity between the States of the Council of Europe towards granting priority for one of the aforesaid freedoms in case of blasphemy. Secondary question refers to the influence of such diversity for the efficiency of protection of both: freedom of expression and freedom of religion. Subsequently the author will analyse the domestic regulations of Italy, Ireland and Austria to illustrate the occurring differences as well as search for optimal model of protection. The author will also refer to the statement of selected representatives of human rights doctrine. The conclusion part will focus on formulating recommendations for amplifying the efficiency of the common European standard regarding the presented issue. The author will rely mainly on legal dogmatic methodology with reference to the literal resonance of the legal regulations as well as judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights as well as comparative analysis to unveil similarities and differences within presented States legal systems.

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Remarks on the migration crisis as a challenge to the European Union in the twenty-first century

Author(s): Andrzej Sakson / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

Among the many crises tormenting the Old Continent, the course and consequences of the migration crisis that began in 2015 are particularly noteworthy. There following issues should be highlighted:– the migration crisis manifests the internal weakness of the EU, since it has not been predicted, effectively neutralized nor managed properly;– the migration crisis has produced a division inside the EU;– the migration crisis has led to internal political and social crises in many EU countries;– the migration crisis has produced far-reaching outcomes (such as increased populism and xenophobia, division of Europe into the East and the West).

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Migration crisis versus the control of the borderlines within the European Union

Author(s): Tomasz Marcinkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

Freedom of movement is one of the basic achievements and effects of the European integration process. Benefiting from this freedom has become an important experience for millions of the Europeans. Crisis phenomena, mainly related to the migration breakdown, revealed institutional and legal problems and had an impact on public opinion. The sense of threat and political and organizational difficulties led to the decision to reinstate control on the internal borders in many places in the EU. As it appears from nationwide surveys, there is also acceptance in Poland of such activities. Research conducted on the Polish-German borderland indicates that also the inhabitants of these areas support such decisions, but the degree of acceptance of the restoration of border control is lower here than in national surveys.

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The problem of migration security in the current case-law of the CJEU – the perspective of Member States

Author(s): Anna Magdalena Kosińska / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

The article analyzes the post-crisis CJEU case-law in the area of migration security of the Member States. Due to the escalation of the migration crisis in 2015, the European Union has been facing new challenges in migration management. The case-law of the CJEU, especially issued in the procedure of the so-called questions referred for a preliminary ruling, constitutes a certain benchmark for the problems, which the Member States need to deal with in the area of guaranteeing safety. In accordance with the research method adopted for the purpose of the current study, the Court of Justice has a real possibility of shaping the standards of migration security in the area of asylum and return policies through its case-law. What is more, within the field of EU migration law and migration policies, there exists a migration security priority, in accordance with which it is necessary to provide the highest level of security to all the actors of migration processes, i.e. both the very migrants, as well as the receiving society. This principle should be applied at the level of legislative processes and also in the area of the implementation of legal norms. As a result of the conducted analysis of the case-law of the CJEU, the four basic areas with regard to the migration security of the Member States have been identified.

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Wyzwania kształtowania nowego porządku międzynarodowego dla polityki Niemiec wobec Rosji w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku

Author(s): Erhard Cziomer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2019

The article addresses an important and complex problem concerning the analysis of the implications of shaping a new international order for Germany’s policy towards Russia.It consists of three parts:1. General tendencies of German research on changes in the international order,2. The essence of the new German policy strategy vis-à-vis Russia,3. Challenges for the implementation of Germany’s policy towards Russia.As the leading EU country with extensive global interests, Germany – being the fourth global economy – in the 21st century benefited largely from the achievements of globalization and the international neoliberal order with the dominant role of the United States. In this context, cooperation with Russia as a strategic partner was of key importance to Germany. It was curtailed after Russia’s transition to a policy of explicit aggression against Ukraine in 2014 (annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Donbas), thus undermining the existing international order. As a consequence of imposing sanctions on Russia – by the USA, NATO countries and the EU – the Kremlin’s leadership team headed by W. Putin made a shift towards deepening cooperation with China, aiming at weakening US influence and building a competitive multilateral order. Tensions and difficulties in transatlantic relations against the background of “America first” policy of the new US president D. Trump from the beginning of 2017 prompted Germany to maintain relations with Russia and China in a bilateral and multilateral dimension.

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The external dimension of the European Union’s energy policy and practice of German energy policy

Author(s): Beata Molo / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

The article presents selected issues related to shaping the external dimension of the European Union’s energy policy and the main directions and practice of Germany’s energy policy. The beginnings, directions and instruments of the external dimension of EU energy policy are discussed, including problems limiting the effectiveness of external coordination of energy cooperation of the European Union Member States. In addition, the study presents Germany’s position towards the external dimension of EU energy policy as well as the goals, shape and main instruments of Germany’s energy relations with producers, consumers and transit countries of energy resources.

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European Union and the Unites States of America the sources of Perception and Misperception to Iran

Author(s): Radosław Fiedler / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

This article is focused on causes of perception and misperception between the European Union and United States of America in its policies toward Iran. Misperception caused derailing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) by the USA withdrawal from it. Tracing misperception and perception in policies and strategies to Iran should contribute for better understanding complicated and contradictory relations between the West and Iran.

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From aspiring saint to disillusioned rebel. Explaining change in the Polish narrative of European integration

Author(s): Agnieszka K. Cianciara / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

This article conceptually draws on Bourdieu’s field theory and Goffman’s stigma theory to explain the evolution of Polish government’s official narrative on European integration. Narrative production by Polish authorities reveals a marked shift in strategy adopted to deal with the stigma (real or imagined) that structures Poland’s position in the EU field of power: from adaptive (corrective) to contesting strategy where stigma is embraced and transformed into a virtue. Empirically, this shift is illustrated with 3 examples of narrative production under crisis: 1) euro-zone crisis (Poland adapts to the dominant EU narrative and promotes its own austerity experience, while allying itself with the northern “saints” against the southern “sinners”); 2) migration crisis (Poland moves from adaptation to contestation, while narrating the “lack of solidarity” stigma as the responsible “normal”); 3) rule of law crisis (Poland consolidates its contestation strategy, while framing the dispute as a counter-measure from undemocratic EU centre to discipline “real” democrats in the periphery). Thus the narrative moves from contestation of a particular policy solution (migration quotas) to undermining normative bases of the European integration process.

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Between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. The dilemma of the European Union’s negotiation position in the context of the accelerated technological development of the PRC

Author(s): Maciej Walkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

In the presented article, the author develops an analysis, assessment and forecast with regard to the problems of the innovative development of the PRC and the European Union’s response to Chinese methods of obtaining technological advantage over other countries in the world. While presenting and assessing the implementation of China’s key strategic documents in this matter, the author juxtaposes the EU response with the policy of trade sanctions against the PRC imposed by the United States during the presidency of D. Trump, outlining likely scenarios for the future.

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Relacje Unii Europejskiej i państw regionu Azji Centralnej w obliczu kryzysu stosunków turecko-unijnych

Author(s): Karol Bieniek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2019

The crisis in the Turkey’s relation with EU might have many consequences however an overall importance of bilateral relation will soon contribute to creation of new institutional co- operation model. This opens a question if European Union’s relation with Central Asian states will gain a new impetus? Thus this paper aims to answer the question if the diminishing of Turkey’s role in Europe will automatically make EU’s relations with Central Asia the key ones from the Brussels’ perspective.

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Formation of changing coalitions in EU agricultural policy -conceptualization assumptions for political science research

Author(s): Justyna Miecznikowska / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

This article is a conceptualization study aiming to provide the groundwork for research into the formation of changing coalitions among European Union Member States. Firstly, it as- sesses the current state of research, follows with a selection of research problems and provides validation for the research considerations raised. It poses research hypotheses and questions that verify the hypotheses. The latter part of the article attempts to identify the paradigms, tech- niques and tools able to diagnose the research problems posed.

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Euroregion Karpacki – innowacyjna forma integracji społeczności lokalnych i regionalnych w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej

Author(s): Małgorzata Bielecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2019

The article presents the issue of cross-border development from the perspective of integration of local and regional communities, using the example of the Carpathian Euroregion. The study presents the Euroregional cooperation, in which regional and local communities take part, as a special form of cross-border cooperation. Euroregional cooperation takes place within the Euroregion. The basis of the existence of Euroregions is supporting economic and tour- ist exchange, developing communication, cultural activities and jointly solving cross-border problems.

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