Studená válka mezi Východem a Západem
An interview with Mark Kramer about the Cold War between the East and the West.
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An interview with Mark Kramer about the Cold War between the East and the West.
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The process of establishing the first Erweiterte Kinderlandverschickung camps (KLV) in the years 1940-1941, which primarily consisted of selecting locations and individual facilities as well as ensuring basic living conditions, was one of the pivotal moments in the creation of a KLV network in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Particularly in view of the suitable local conditions (a common border, an occupation regime, relatively good supplies in comparison with the Reich and a feeling of security), the Protectorate structure created a very strong, supporting mechanism during the evacuation of children from towns and cities threatened with aerial bombardment. Subsequently, in the middle of 1941, two important camp centres were formed in Poděbrady and Teplice nad Bečvou, which can be considered as the culmination of this process. The author pays special attention to two basic conditions for ensuring that children could reside in this environment in the long term. The construction of a healthcare system was in response to constant problems with the children’s health. Illness and epidemics in the camps also promoted efforts to improve the children’s diet with food supplements and a more varied choice of foods. In the final part of the text, the author deals with the establishment of a camp complex in the spa town of Poděbrady which allows one to observe the implementation of the project at a local level. A regional survey not only reflects on the procedure used while acquiring facilities suitable for KLV and the circumstances that accompanied this process, but also looks at the interest of Czech tradesmen in cooperating on the renovation of buildings while one of the central KLV sites throughout the Reich was being established.
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We know astonishingly little about life of Alfred Jurzykowski, one of the richest Polish businessmen, and also the founder of the largest of the Polish foundations, as well as the Alfred Jurzykowski Award program, commonly called “the Polish Nobel prize”. There are only two short bios both of them omit almost completely the New York period of life and activity of the Polish businessman. Zenon Rogoziński, author of one of those concise biographies mentions only that after the September 1939 war against Nazi Germany, Jurzykowski arrived in New York City, where he founded, together with Mr. Alfred Schenker, known to him from the pre-war Poland, a chocolate factory, “Delicia” Chocolate and Candy Manufacturing Co. Facts, established after my research at the New York archives deny that. There are names of different persons on a letter of incorporation of December 1940. They were somehow connected with Poland, as well as engaged with the confectionary business. However, there is no name of Jurzykowski nor Schenker. Name of the latter, one may find only on the next official document from 1954 when a fusion between “Delicia” with another business took place. Closer examination of documents available makes one to believe that Jurzykowski was in fact among the founders of that factory, but as a foreigner just recently arrived in the US he preferred that others – American citizens well known from their busi-nesslike activity, stepped forward. This supposition is additionally confirmed by Alfred Jurzykowski’s letter to the President of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences with which the Polish businessman showed himself for the first time as a philanthropist and supporter of Polish culture. He declared his willingness to a generous finance of a scholarly work – a publication about the contribution of the Polish forces in Allied army to the victory in the WWII. He signed this letter of December 1948 as the President of the Board and it seems improbable that in eight years he could have made such a career even in a relatively small business as “Delicia” was: from “nobody,” to the President of the company. The paper makes only a small contribution to Alfred Jurzykowski’s biography. It is important though, since it was Jurzykowski’s constant search for less expensive sources of production – cocoa and coffee – that has made him go farther and farther from New York City to Central America until he got to Brasil. And it was there where he found out that in that enormous country there was an opportunity for a much larger business – automobile industry which became source of his huge fortune.
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The aim of the article was to analyze international migration from countries with the highest poverty rate. The following hypothesis was set: international migrations cannot be considered as a measure significantly contributing to the reduction of poverty in the world. As stated, the poorest countries – even though they have the strongest incentives for emigration – have a limited international mobility. In addition, benefits from migration are limited, which raises a number of challenges, among others, to increase the positive impact of remittances as an instrument for working against extreme poverty.
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Globalization as a process closely linked to the development of the modern world has an impact on the development of national economies, companies, as well as households that can work in other countries. One of the elements of globalization is migration which is becoming increasingly important both for households and economies of individual countries. This article aims to analyse the phenomenon of migration of households as an important part of the process of globalization. There are few issues that raise as much controversy as migration, especially international migration. In part, this is due to the fact that it involves many other issues: economy, demographics, politics, national security, culture, language, and even religion.
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This article is an attempt to present the latest European relations with the Islamic World, through the lens of active involvement in the political life of the Muslim population in the United Kingdom and Federal Republic of Germany. The author cities the history of Muslim migration to these countries and the steps that led them to change their status from immigrant to citizen. The next section of the article presents profiles of Muslim politicians who represents British and German political parties and whose political career is developing successfully to this day.
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In this article, the author tried to present the figures of priests, participants of national uprisings on the Polish lands in the nineteenth century, who took up pastoral work in French parishes or joined religious orders and other religious institutions in France. The majority of Polish clergymen came to France after the November Uprising, the Spring of Nations and the January Uprising. During my research I found almost 100 Polish priests who had joined the Catholic Church in France. The Polish Mission in Paris, which was founded in the nineteenth century by the Resurrectionists, was not the subject of my research. It was not considered to be a parish and was not part of the structure of the local church in France. Most of the Polish priests carried out their pastoral work in parishes of Paris or those surrounding the capital, such as: Notre-Dame-de-Victoires, Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, La Madeleine, Notre-Dame-des-Blancs Manteaux, Saint-Augustin, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Saint-Denys du Saint-Sacrement, Saint-Louis--d’Antin, Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, Saint-Paul et Saint-Louis, Saint-Joseph, Saint-Martin and in Batignolles (Notre-Dame des Batignolles), Belleville, Clamart, Gentilly, Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Cloud. Poles could also be found among the chaplains on Parisian cemeteries: Montmartre, Père-Lachaise, d’Ivry, de Pantin, du Nord and others. Émigré priests worked outside Paris as well, in parishes of Amiens, Anvers, Avignon, Aurillac, Le Mans, Lourdes, Marseille, and Strasbourg.
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Following article deals with the Kurdish diaspora in Middle-Europe at the background of current conflict with so called Islamic State. Kurds are one of the main actors of this strong regional conflict and their diaspora in Germany and Austria are forced to react to such a situation. The text is focused not only on actual situation in Syria and Iraq, but mainly on Kurdish reaction towards it. Not only for Czech reader there is interesting part dealing with Kurdish community in Czech Republic, although this diaspora is not as numerous and strong as in Germany or Austria. One of the important outcomes of the article is an attempt to predict future scenarios of Kurds situation development. But it is necessary to mention the high dynamics of conflict with Islamic State complicates any such an attempt of prediction.
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The article presents the results of research on selected aspects of the development of Vlach settlement confronted with the effects of the previous geographic and historical studies on this topic. The study addresses the origin and direction of migration of Vlach people in Southern, and Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Poland. This serves as a backdrop for a discussion of results of the author's comparative studies based on the collected source material. Also discussed are the issues of the distinguishing factors of Vlach law, as well as the methodological problems in identifying villages founded according to this law in Sanok region in Medieval and modern times. The paper also analyses the spatial distribution and chronological sequence of the formation of Vlach villages in the context of ownership relations and the physiographic diversity of the area of research.
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The article focuses on the issues of forced displacement of people from regions with high growth potential. The search for valuable mineral resources and available land for future commercial crops (such as soybeans) make the peripheral regions in developing countries, mostly inhabited by the farming population, including indigenous tribes (e.g. Indian) interesting object for the activities of criminal groups and guerillas supported by big global investors who intend to expand their business here. The obstacles are inhabitants of these lands, who do not have the right tools and the political force to defend themselves against aggression and displacement them forcibly from villages they inhabit. This phenomenon is analyzed here on the example of the department of Chocó in Colombia, which is rich in valuable raw materials (such as gold and platinum) and has a vast sparsely populated areas suitable for the introduction of export crops (such as palm oil, soybeans and others).
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The aim of article was to examine if the prime ministers of state governments in Germany (Winfried Kretschmann, Horst Seehofer, Bodo Ramelow, Stanislaw Tillich, DietmarWoidke), who represent the main German political parties, maintained or reconsidered their standpoint on the asylum policy after 2015. The state governments’ policy, as well as the statements and actions of local politicians, will affect the results of the federal electionsin 2017. The inflow of refugees has created new challenges in the integration policy: a rise in crime rate, an increased danger of terror and social protests against the Merkel open door policy have been observed.
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Every year in the Russian Federation decreases the number of inhabitants. According to the UN estimates, by 2050 years there will be 30 million fewer Russians. At the same time, the number of immigrants is constantly increasing – both from abroad and from the peripheries of Russia (internal migrants). Currently around 10-12 million legal and illegal immigrants live in the Federation, which leads to the increase of number of supporters of nationalist and xenophobic ideas. The incidents on ethnic grounds take place often. According to the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, in 2012, 18 people were killed and 171 people were injured in the racist-ground encounters. The article shows, how increase in the number of immigrants and xenophobic acts influences the public safety and order in Russia.
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The aim of this article is to analyze cultural security from the micro and meso perspective of immigrants. The paper covers following issues: cultural security in migration context, cultural citizenship, description of Polish diaspora in Reykjavik in the context of cultural activities and Icelandic support for immigrants’ cultural security. The article is based on researches carried out in Reykjavik in 2010 and in 2014 and on a desk research carried out in May 2014.
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Education represents one of the most important dimensions of social inclusion, while migrants are often subjected to exclusion in the important domains of social life. The aim of this paper is to analyze educational achievements of children of migrants who have been coming to germany since the 1960s in order to stay for a short period of time, but remained to reside permanently in the country. The introductory part of the paper contains a brief explanation of the topic, followed by theoretical considerations of the links between social inclusion and education. Education in germany, with an emphasis on the education of children with migrant background, is described in a separate section, as well as the obstacles and opportunities for the inclusion of migrant children into the education system of germany. The paper represents a case study and is based on the qualitative content analysis of documents of the german educational system and educational outcomes of migrant children.
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Complementing a wide theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Johnson, 1987; Charteris-Black, 2004; Benczes, Barcelona, & Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, 2011) with multimodality (El Refaie, 2003; Forceville, 2009; Forceville & Urios-Aparisi, 2009; Bounegru & Forceville, 2011), the paper explores the role of pictorial and multimodal metaphors in structuring Europe’s migrant crisis in Serbian daily newspapers. The data collection for our analysis consists of twelve cartoons pertaining to the topic of migrant crisis published in daily newspapers Politika and Večernje novosti in 2015. The aim of our investigation is twofold: a) to determine how visual metaphors, independently or in a symbiosis with verbal metaphors, render two cognitive schemas – CONTAINMENT and MOVEMENT and the metaphors of WALL, HOUSE, JOURNEY, thus contributing to the conceptualisation of the major participants in the migrant crisis; and b) to reveal how visual and/or verbal modalities of metaphor and other cognitive instruments convey an axiological value and more or less covert ideological stances.
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The article addresses the issue of peace in the world, particularly through an appeal to care for all those who suffer from armed conflicts and who, for this and other reasons, decide to leave their homes. The involvement of the Catholic Church in providing help to the victims of armed conflicts is the subject of the article, in which, on the basis of the support provided for families in Ukraine and evacuated to Poland, the author attempts to demonstrate the practical dimension of the Church teaching on this subject. The paper analyses the biblical guidance concerning aid to newcomers and foreigners, and the teaching of the Catholic Church on refugees and migrants. An appeal addressed to Catholics to support those harmed by armed conflicts in their home country and all migrants and refugees is presented. The article shows how the appeal derived from the Catholic teaching is implemented in practice by helping the sufferers from Ukraine. The aid to the persons evacuated from Donb as provided at the first stage of their adaptation to Poland by Caritas of the Warmian Archdiocese is analysed in detail.
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Memories of Bishop Edward Samsel from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land were created in the period from 31 March to 13 April 1989. Travel the exchange rate was held with colleagues at the 25th anniversary of priestly ordination. His pilgrimage, as well as stay and work in Palestine described on pages 16 size paper A 5 handwriting. The original is in the Archives of the Diocese of Elk, in a file devoted to pilgrimages.
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The author's aim of the analysis presented in the article is an attempt of answering the question: are we able to protect and save Latin civilization? His considerations are based mainly on theories of Feliks Koneczny and Henri Massis but also other philosophers, who agree that we should protect Christian values, are mentioned. The author notices that Islamic State is a real danger to biological and cultural existence of western Europe. He also points that we should protect our own civilization from the external threat – especially evoking last occurrences in Paris or Middle East, because they clearly show that strives between civilizations might affect the armed conflicts. The article reveals that protecting Latin civilization is a real challenge for contemporary western society as it is facing permanent attacks from extraneous civilizations.The author points that as a consequence we might suffer from debasement of morals and losing our own unique identity.
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Tsarfans did not accept the political power after Bolshevik Revolution and fought against the new government in Russia. Rebels who were eventually defeated in the battle lasted few years had to leave Russia. About 150 thousands of refugees mass came Turkey after leaving Russia and 25 thousands of them were placed in Gallipoli. Then the refugees emigrated from Turkey to European countries according to the agreement. Some of these refugees wrote their memories of days in Turkey. In this article these memories and the Gallipoli days of immigrants are evaluated according to Russian sources.
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Review of: Miloš K. Vojinović, "Hundreds of years since the emigration of Muslims from Montenegro to Turkey 1914-2014", Kolašin 2014, 361 p. by: Murat Kirman
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