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Eden od glavnih razlogov za negativen odnos do migrantov je dejstvo, da obremenijo objekte in infrastrukturo gostiteljske skupnosti, sami pa veliko ne prispevajo h gospodarstvu in družbi države gostiteljice. Ta negativni odnos je močen zlasti v mestih, kjer je pritisk na javne dobrine zgoščen in opaznejši. Zato so migrantske soseske še posebej zaničevane. S tem stereotipnim pogledom se ne ujemajo izkušnje z migranti v okolici pokopališča Rookwood Cemetery v Sydneyju, ki velja za »največjo nekropolo na južni polobli«. V tej migrantski soseski potekajo živahne in raznovrstne dejavnosti (zlasti korejskih) migrantov, ki so za to območje, znano pod imenom Lidcombe, nekaj popolnoma novega. Na podlagi različnih virov, analiziranih z zgodovinsko-strukturnega vidika migracijskih študij, vključno z arhivskimi raziskavami v lokalnih knjižnicah, pogovori z dolgoletnimi prebivalci tega območja in vidno etnografijo, so v članku predstavljeni zgodovina Lidcomba in njegove izkušnje z migranti v 21. stoletju. Pri tem avtorja na podlagi demografskih, družbenih in geografskih sprememb poudarjata prispevek migrantov k prenovi »mrtvega mesta« in izpodbijata podedovane stereotipe, ki pogosto vodijo k rasistični obravnavi migrantov kot »grešnih kozlov« ter na podlagi katerih se migranti prikazujejo kot »paraziti« in »kriminalci«, ki »izčrpavajo« gospodarstvo države gostiteljice. Predstavljena študija primera kaže, da lahko migranti prostore, v katerih živijo, pogosto preoblikujejo tako, da pozitivno in dolgotrajno prispevajo h gospodarstvu in družbi države gostiteljice. Ta primer bi morale kot pomembno lekcijo upoštevati tako evropske države, ki se soočajo z »migrantsko krizo«, kot tudi politiki po svetu, ki želijo gostiteljska gospodarstva in družbe pred migranti zaščititi z zidovi.
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A major contributor to negative attitudes towards migrants is that they exert pressure on the facilities of the host communities without making any (substantial) contribution to the host economy and society. This negative sentiment is particularly acute in cities, where pressure on amenities is concentrated and more visible. In turn, migrant neighbourhoods are particularly despised. Migration experiences in the Rookwood Cemetery area of Sydney, Australia, widely regarded as the “largest necropolis in the southern hemisphere”, however, challenge this stereotypical view. This migrant neighbourhood is the site of vibrant and diverse migration and migrant (especially Korean) activities never before seen in the history of the area, which is now called Lidcombe. Drawing on multiple sources of evidence, including archival research at local libraries, discussion with long-time residents of the neighbourhood and visual ethnography (analysed from the historical-structural perspective in migration studies), this study offers a history of Lidcombe and appraises its twenty-first-century migration experiences. By doing so, it highlights the demographic, social and economic changes to emphasise the contribution of migrants to the regeneration of a “dead city” and also to contest inherited stereotypes of migrants that often lead to racial scapegoating and misrepresentation as “parasites”, “criminals” and a “drain” on the host economy. Overall, this case study suggests that migrants can and often do transform the spaces they occupy in ways that make a positive and lasting contribution to the host economy and society more generally. This is an important lesson for European countries facing the “migrant crisis” to consider, as it also is for politicians around the world seeking to wall out migrants to protect host economies and societies.
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Due to immigrants, we currently witness a dynamic development of Islam in Europe. The existence of two religions in the same area, both regarded as true and universal, causes problems that are too hard to deal with for contemporary Europe and its culture. In this paper I explain why the Muslims who come to Europe not only decline any dialogue with Christians but straightforwardly contest the European law and customs. For this purpose I indicate the most important doctrinal differences between Islam and Christianity. They refer to the image of God and the vision of salvation. Muslims, who are convinced of the genuineness of their religion, make critical judgements about the social, political and cultural situation of contemporary Europe. For that reason, the majority of Muslims who come to Europe want to implement the Koranic law (the Sharia Law) in Europe and to enjoy it just like the cultures in Islamic countries which they have abandoned. And since they do not accept the European basic division into the sphere of religion and the sphere of politics, their actions which aim at disseminating Islam in Europe may take extreme forms just like, for instance, terrorist attacks.
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Migration, as a global phenomenon has a long history also in the Slovak Republic. Most of the migrants come, or are passing through its territory legally. There are still cases of illegal migration, too. The reasons for this form of state borders crossing are diverse. Part of illegal migrants are also people who are belonging to vulnerable groups, including unaccompanied minors. Since this is a specific and particularly vulnerable group of migrants, the European Union and subsequently the Slovak Republic adopted several legislative measures in the area of migration and asylum. Their aim is to adjust the status of unaccompanied minors and to contribute to finding lasting solutions to their current situation, taking into account their best interests.
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This paper investigates the issues of education and integration conditions for Vietnamese immigrants’ children in Poland. These points of interest were primarily treated as the additional research connected with our teaching practices. It was conducted as an empirical study with three non-standardised interviews with the families, informal observations, and group discussions. Regardless of the limitation of a perhaps not significantly substantial range of data, the study led to the outlining of some concerns connected with the process of education and integration of the children in these Vietnamese families. The main four findings which are related to the research question are: the cultural differences and expectations of the parents, the language barriers of the parents, the typical stereotypes of educating children at home, and the conflicts of self-identification in the future. The research implied that children from all the immigrant groups should be assessed as to their growth as well as to the quality of their adaptation into the society.
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The aim of this text is an attempt to show different perspectives of the aspect of childhood spent as an emigrant, in this case in Norway. The stereotype describing this Scandinavian country as not very different culturally from Poland is a subject worth going into more deeply. Childhood spent outside the home country may have different faces. This article shows both the aspect of cultural differences and expectations connected with emigration and also brings the reader to a place in which he or she may objectively find out whether the common opinion on the ease of children’s integration into the culture of another country is misleading or not.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of the social-psychological state of pupils of boarding establishments that had to migrate. On the basis of practical experience of communication and work with pupils of boarding establishments the author of the article analyses the specific nature of giving social-pedagogical help to this category of children. The article’s problematic field is a description of the migration situation among pupils of boarding establishments in the conditions of occupation regime and specification of the perspectives of the future investigation in this topic.
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The author of this article analyzes the topic of migration crisis which appeared inEurope in 2015. She discousses the reaction of four countries creating Visegrad Group — the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary — on the flow of refugees and the opposition of these countries towards a quota mechanism to relocate refugees. Migration crisis united countries of Visegrad Group in their common position on the forum of the European Union.
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The main objective of the present article is to outline issues related to the main reasons and symptoms of the crises that have emerged in the European Union (EU) in the second half of the 21st century and to indicate their direct implications to the realization of integration project in Europe. The European Union is currently facing a number of crises: the euro zone crisis, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) crises, the migration crisis, the crisis related to the Great Britain’s referendum on the EU membership and the crisis related to the leadership of the EU accepted by all the member states. The enumerated crises led to increased disintegration tendencies in the EU, which entail: tendencies to different levels of integration in the EU, “renationalization” of EU member states’ policies and decrease in attractive– ness of the European integration model.
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In the article, an attempt to characterize migration movements observed in the beginning of the second decade of the XXI century is made. The aim is to present challenges and threats for security of the EU region and member states, caused by massive migration flows. A debate within the European Union on possible solutions of the problem is analyzed. Differences in the approach to the migration crisis are taken into account, motivated on one hand by the desire to guarantee protection to refugees and persons in a refugee-like situation, on the other – to preserve security of EU citizens, member states and the organization.
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The material constitutes a review of articles published in 2015 in British academic journals dealing with International relations. Texts have been selected from sixteen issues of: „International Affairs”, „The British Journal of Politics and International Relations” and „The Political Quarterly”. The articles published in these journals have been analyzed in context of thematic groups such as: the Ukrainian conflict, Middle East issues, migration policy, British policy and climate change.
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The subject of the consideration in this article are issues related to the functioning of the Schengen area in times of the 2015/2016 immigration crisis in Europe. The Author of this article firstly referred to the origins of the crisis, the role of the Schengen area in the process of integrating the European continent, and then analyzed the phenomenon of uncontrolled growth of immigrants coming to Europe, taking into account decisions, initiatives and activities of certain Schengen area countries and the impact of these actions on running of the Schengen zone. In conclusion, the author stated that in times of serious difficulties, the Schengen area would probably survive, but it has to undertake certain steps (reforms, strengthening of the external border controls) helping to adapt to the new circumstances.
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Researchers (Walters 2002; De Genova 2010) argue that deportations and their sheer possibility – the deportability of migrants – produce state sovereignty against the uncontrolled border-crossings, which are perceived by states as a disturbing symptom of ‘losing control’ (Sassen 1996). This article assumes a micro-perspective and, drawing upon the phenomenologically-informed concept of ‘state as lived experience’ (Correa 2013), it explains how state sovereignty is localized in the experience of a deportee. The narratives of 27 former deportees, expelled from the United States between 2006 and 2012 and interviewed back in their Mexican hometown, are the basis for the analysis. The author argues that a continuum of violence experienced by the migrants throughout the process of deportation reconstructs US sovereignty in lieu of an extralegal zone, the corollary of migrants’ unauthorized border crossings.
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The terrorist attacks in Europe in the last period prove that the dialogue between the East and the West has not been working for multiple causes, among which the most important one is religion.
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We know astonishingly little about life of Alfred Jurzykowski, one of the richest Polish businessmen, and also the founder of the largest of the Polish foundations, as well as the Alfred Jurzykowski Award program, commonly called “the Polish Nobel prize”. There are only two short bios both of them omit almost completely the New York period of life and activity of the Polish businessman. Zenon Rogoziński, author of one of those concise biographies mentions only that after the September 1939 war against Nazi Germany, Jurzykowski arrived in New York City, where he founded, together with Mr. Alfred Schenker, known to him from the pre-war Poland, a chocolate factory, “Delicia” Chocolate and Candy Manufacturing Co. Facts, established after my research at the New York archives deny that. There are names of different persons on a letter of incorporation of December 1940. They were somehow connected with Poland, as well as engaged with the confectionary business. However, there is no name of Jurzykowski nor Schenker. Name of the latter, one may find only on the next official document from 1954 when a fusion between “Delicia” with another business took place. Closer examination of documents available makes one to believe that Jurzykowski was in fact among the founders of that factory, but as a foreigner just recently arrived in the US he preferred that others – American citizens well known from their busi-nesslike activity, stepped forward. This supposition is additionally confirmed by Alfred Jurzykowski’s letter to the President of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences with which the Polish businessman showed himself for the first time as a philanthropist and supporter of Polish culture. He declared his willingness to a generous finance of a scholarly work – a publication about the contribution of the Polish forces in Allied army to the victory in the WWII. He signed this letter of December 1948 as the President of the Board and it seems improbable that in eight years he could have made such a career even in a relatively small business as “Delicia” was: from “nobody,” to the President of the company. The paper makes only a small contribution to Alfred Jurzykowski’s biography. It is important though, since it was Jurzykowski’s constant search for less expensive sources of production – cocoa and coffee – that has made him go farther and farther from New York City to Central America until he got to Brasil. And it was there where he found out that in that enormous country there was an opportunity for a much larger business – automobile industry which became source of his huge fortune.
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The Polish Station of Radio Free Europe in New York had commenced its activity almost two years earlier than the Munich station, i.e. in 1950. The first director in New York was Lesław Bodeński. After just one year, he was replaced by Stanisław Strzetelski, who appointed Zygmunt Lityński as his deputy. They resigned in 1955. Under their leadership, the RFE considerably developed its programme activity, hired several new permanent employees, thus expanding the editorial team, and, what is particularly important, acquired a new spacious office at the prestigious address of Park Avenue 110 West 57th Street in Manhattan. One of its significant programmes was a daily international commentary. Among some other distinguishing programmes there were also Jan Lechoń’s discussions at the round table presenting opinions of independent writers, scholars and specialists. The literary programme with a strong political tinge propagating the freedom of speech and beliefs placed special emphasis on the Polish cause. Politicians’ debates concentrating on various plans referring to the future democratic system of Poland and definitions of independence connected with the system were also presented on the Radio Free Europe, and in this context, attempts were made to find methods of developing so-called pressure groups which could effectively influence the American authorities. It was here that various ideas clashed, such as those considering cooperation with the so-called “old Polonia” [Polish community abroad], the establishment of new Polish organizations abroad, and political cooperation with other national groups within the context of joint organizations, e.g. the Assembly of Captive European Nations. It was here that disputes concerning the form of future Poland and its relations with the eastern neighbours were carried on. Thus different political thoughts clashed in the programmes; they were presented by outstanding leaders or representatives of Polish political parties, both those who had come to America and those who had arrived from London. In 1955 St. Strzetelski resigned from his post and Z. Lityński left together with him. Jan Nowak-Jeziorański became the director of both sections, the one in New York and that in Munich. Paying attention to the teams’ autonomy, Nowak still had a considerable influence on their programme policy. He appointed Marek Święcicki as the New York branch director, who however held this office for a short time only. Next, Karol Wagner--Pieńkowski was appointed as the branch director. Radio Free Europe finalized its activity in New York in December 1973. For two more years the branch received funds and functioned with a radically reduced editorial staff. At first, there were two editors and in the final year, only one, who was the New York correspondent of the Munich branch.
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The Congress of Canadians of Polish Origin was founded in 1944 and accepted the following three goals of their activity: 1. integration of Poles in Canada aimed at cultivating the national culture; 2. fight for Poland’s sovereignty after World War 2; 3. actions for the good and unity of Canada as a foster mother country. These tasks were realized from the very moment of establishing the Congress, although the priorities changed. In the first period (1944–1989) there dominated a political current, whose delineating element was the concern about Poland’s regaining sovereignty. The year 1989 saw a very clear modification of the goals pursued by the Congress: the politics-oriented direction was slowly disappearing to make room for the cultural-educational current, where the priority was integration of Canadian of Polish origin on the ground of the common culture. This was accompanied by the awareness of the concern about the vital place which Poland was entitled to occupy in the multicultural Canadian society. Through-out the whole period of its activity the Congress showed a great concern over the prosperity and good of Canada, at the same time taking care of proper relations with the Canadian authorities and representatives of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of Canada.
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The aim of the article was to analyze international migration from countries with the highest poverty rate. The following hypothesis was set: international migrations cannot be considered as a measure significantly contributing to the reduction of poverty in the world. As stated, the poorest countries – even though they have the strongest incentives for emigration – have a limited international mobility. In addition, benefits from migration are limited, which raises a number of challenges, among others, to increase the positive impact of remittances as an instrument for working against extreme poverty.
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Globalization as a process closely linked to the development of the modern world has an impact on the development of national economies, companies, as well as households that can work in other countries. One of the elements of globalization is migration which is becoming increasingly important both for households and economies of individual countries. This article aims to analyse the phenomenon of migration of households as an important part of the process of globalization. There are few issues that raise as much controversy as migration, especially international migration. In part, this is due to the fact that it involves many other issues: economy, demographics, politics, national security, culture, language, and even religion.
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