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Francie a smlouva o Evropské ústavě

Francie a smlouva o Evropské ústavě

Author(s): Jan Eichler / Language(s): Czech

I po neúspěchu referenda v roce 2005 je Francie nadále jednoznačným stoupencem a jednou z hlavních hnacích sil procesu evropské integrace. Zesílila důraz na sociální dimenzi evropského modelu a na naplňování cílů Lisabonské strategie. Všichni tři hlavní kandidáti prezidentských voleb se shodují, že je nutné napsat nový text ústavní smlouvy, který by měl zdůraznit význam sociální politiky, energetické bezpečnosti, ochrany životního prostředí a společného přístupu k přistěhovalectví. Podporují další rozvoj zesílené a strukturované spolupráce a vytvoření funkcí prezidenta EU a ministra zahraničních věcí EU. Dva uchazeči se vyjadřují ve prospěch nového referenda, třetí (a doposud nejlépe připravený z nich) to odmítá a navrhuje „zjednodušenou smlouvu“, ke které by se nejprve vyjádřila mezivládní konference a potom francouzský parlament. A právě ten se z pohledu dalšího pokroku evropské integrace jeví jako nejlépe připravený a nejméně problémový. Ať vyhraje kdokoli, k textu z roku 2005 se vracet nebude. V určité parafrázi se znovu uplatní stará francouzská zásada: text smlouvy je mrtev, ať žije nový text.

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Ensuring the Stability of Central Asia after the 2014 Withdrawal from Afghanistan

Ensuring the Stability of Central Asia after the 2014 Withdrawal from Afghanistan

Author(s): Nikita Odintsov / Language(s): English

The prospects of stability in Central Asia after the 2014 withdrawal will be influenced by the developments in Afghanistan. Yet the overall fragility of the states in the region necessitates taking preventive measures. The previous strategies of the terrorist groups in the region allow us to identify a few focal points of strategic importance which must be protected. To achieve this, it is necessary to use private military companies and return Russian border guards to Tajikistan. Also, the Collective Security Treaty Organization must prepare for possible massive security and refugee crises. The implementation of state social policies can be outsourced to NGOs, which shall refrain from any political activity.

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Voting in a Time of Great Emigration: The Electoral Landscape in Croatia
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Voting in a Time of Great Emigration: The Electoral Landscape in Croatia

Author(s): Tomasz Żornaczuk / Language(s): English

After six years of painful recession, the main debate before the parliamentary elections in Croatia is how to repair the economy. However, the dynamics of the campaign are also influenced by the migration crisis that unexpectedly hit Croatia less than two months before the election. The ruling left wing and the right wing opposition have similar chances of winning, but the former has a greater ability to build a coalition. Regardless of the election result and the shape of the future government, the winning party will have to test its optimistic economic promises and, together with the country’s neighbours and the EU, find a common solution to the growing problem of the Balkan migration route.

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Głosowanie w czasach wielkiej migracji: krajobraz przedwyborczy w Chorwacji
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Głosowanie w czasach wielkiej migracji: krajobraz przedwyborczy w Chorwacji

Author(s): Tomasz Żornaczuk / Language(s): Polish

Sześć lat bolesnej recesji sprawia, że głównym tematem przed wyborami parlamentarnymi jest naprawa gospodarki. Jednakże na dynamikę kampanii wpłynął też kryzys migracyjny, który niespodziewanie dotknął Chorwację na niespełna dwa miesiące przed głosowaniem. Rządząca lewica i opozycyjna prawica mają podobne szanse na wygraną, ale to ta pierwsza ma większą zdolność koalicyjną. Bez względu na wynik wyborów i to, komu uda się sformować rząd, zwycięska partia będzie musiała zweryfikować optymistyczne obietnice gospodarcze, a także – razem z sąsiadami i krajami UE – znaleźć wspólne rozwiązanie narastającego problemu bałkańskiego szlaku migracyjnego.

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Canada’s Ukrainian Diaspora and the Country’s Strong Support for Kyiv
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Canada’s Ukrainian Diaspora and the Country’s Strong Support for Kyiv

Author(s): Piotr Kościński / Language(s): English

The existence of a large, very politically active Ukrainian diaspora in Canada largely explains the strong commitment of the country to military and economic assistance for Ukraine. This makes Canada an important partner for the EU’s and Poland’s joint projects in building support for Ukraine, including both the construction of a stable democracy there and in strengthening its economy. Cooperation with Canada through NATO can contribute to strengthening the Alliance’s eastern flank.

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Ukraińska diaspora i kanadyjska pomoc dla Kijowa
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Ukraińska diaspora i kanadyjska pomoc dla Kijowa

Author(s): Piotr Kościński / Language(s): Polish

Istnienie dużej, bardzo aktywnej politycznie ukraińskiej diaspory w Kanadzie w znacznym stopniu wyjaśnia silne zaangażowanie tego kraju w pomoc wojskową i gospodarczą dla Ukrainy. Czyni to z Kanady istotnego partnera dla Unii Europejskiej i Polski w tworzeniu wspólnych projektów wspierania Ukrainy, zarówno w budowie stabilnej demokracji, jak i w umacnianiu gospodarki. Współdziałanie z Kanadą w NATO może umocnić wschodnią flankę Sojuszu.

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Far behind Riga: Latvia’s problems with uneven development
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Far behind Riga: Latvia’s problems with uneven development

Author(s): Bartosz Chmielewski / Language(s): English

Latvia’s economic situation is gradually deteriorating due to its uneven development. One of the main reasons for this is that the metropolis of Riga accounts for as much as two-thirds of the country’s economic growth. Economic and social indicators for Latvia’s regions are sometimes several times lower than those for its capital. The non-metropolitan areas are struggling with numerous problems: high unemployment, an aging population, deteriorating living standards, insufficient medical care, or a shrinking network of educational institutions. Another important fact is that local governments often function like ‘appanage principalities’. If the current trends continue, the state will continue to fall behind its neighbours Estonia and Lithuania.

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Mobilisation in Russia: society’s reactions and the economic consequences
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Mobilisation in Russia: society’s reactions and the economic consequences

Author(s): Iwona Wiśniewska,Katarzyna Chawryło (Jarzyńska) / Language(s): English

The mobilisation of 300,000 reservists into the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which has been ongoing since the end of September 2022, has laid bare the chaos in the administrative apparatus and has given rise to concern among citizens. It has made many Russians realise that their country is waging a genuine war, which requires direct involvement on their part. The government’s decision has provoked a visible reaction in society, involving young men emigrating from Russia in numbers which are difficult to estimate.

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Ukrainian society rallies against the aggressor
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Ukrainian society rallies against the aggressor

Author(s): Jadwiga Rogoża / Language(s): English

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion, Ukrainian society, as well as the military, central and local authorities, have demonstrated courage and determination in standing up to the aggressor, and displayed the ability to take effective action in extremely difficult conditions. Despite Russia’s military advantage, the brutality of its army and the enormous scale of destruction and casualties suffered by the Ukrainian people, the prevailing attitudes are rage against the invader and pride in their country, people and army. A large stream of refugees, primarily women and children, has poured out of Ukraine, but those who have remained in the country are putting up stiff resistance, even in cities that have already been occupied by the enemy. ‘Grassroots work’ is also progressing steadily with various forms of self-organisation and solidarity, together with support for the army and internally displaced persons. These attitudes – contrary to Moscow’s expectations – are also being adopted by the residents and authorities of the eastern Ukrainian regions most affected by the war, most of whom are Russian speakers. Throughout the country, a fellowship of hatred is forming rapidly – not only towards the Russian state, the Russian authorities and the invading army, but also towards almost everything Russian, thus crystallizing the myth of a reborn Ukraine as an ‘anti-Russia’. Such attitudes do not bode well for plans to occupy the country by Russian troops. Even if some territories are seized and puppet administrations are installed, Russia will have to face a strong resistance movement, which will sharply increase the costs of such a project.

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Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central Asia
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Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central Asia

Author(s): Arkadiusz Legieć / Language(s): English

The economic crisis in Central Asia resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic will degrade the security situation in the region. Among the consequences of the recession will be the intensification of anti-government protests and increased ethnic tensions, added migration pressure from the region and greater activity of terrorist organisations. By using Russia’s passivity towards the pandemic, China will seek to increase its influence in the sphere of security in Central Asia.

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№94: Much Ado About Very Little? Migration-Linked Development Assistance - the Cases of Poland and Norway
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№94: Much Ado About Very Little? Migration-Linked Development Assistance - the Cases of Poland and Norway

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel,Viljar Haavik,Morten Bøås / Language(s): English

In response to the migration management crisis that peaked in Europe in 2015-2016, the EU institutions and some European states promised to address the “root causes of migration”, with development assistance seen as an important tool in that respect. By comparing the development cooperation policies of Poland and Norway, this paper shows how the development-migration nexus has been implemented in practice by new and traditional donors alike. Despite important differences at the rhetorical level, neither state has substantially changed their development cooperation to link it directly to migration interests. This demonstrates the limited usefulness of the “root causes of migration” approach.

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№186: Migration-Development Nexus: The Case of the Rohingya in Bangladesh
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№186: Migration-Development Nexus: The Case of the Rohingya in Bangladesh

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English

The expulsion of more than 700,000 Rohingya Muslims, a minority in Myanmar, to Bangladesh since August 2017 has caused one of the gravest humanitarian crises in the 21st century. It has also imposed a huge burden on one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world, which is also one of the major sources of international regular and irregular migrants globally. As observed in the similar large inflow of refugees to developing nations, this migration creates immense pressure on the host community and can lead to secondary migration to third countries. This paper attempts to assess whether one humanitarian crisis (the forced expulsion of the Rohingya) will lead to another migration crisis (out of Bangladesh), and what the international community is doing to address this duel challenge.

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How to postpone a demographic crisis. Estonia and the lifeline of immigration
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How to postpone a demographic crisis. Estonia and the lifeline of immigration

Author(s): Bartosz Chmielewski / Language(s): English

Estonia is the only one of the three Baltic states to have recorded stable population growth in recent years. The main reason for this has been the increasingly positive rates of immigration and re-remigration, which have enabled Estonia to compensate for its negative birth rate. Despite Tallinn’s cautious migration policy, the continuation of these trends will postpone a future demographic crisis, and also enable the state and society to better prepare for population-related challenges in the future.

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Socijalna uključenost povratnica - Rodno osjetljiva situaciona analiza
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Socijalna uključenost povratnica - Rodno osjetljiva situaciona analiza

Author(s): Nina Bosankić,Bojan Šošić / Language(s): Bosnian

Rodna ravnopravnost u oblasti socijalne, ekonomske i zdravstvene politike je izuzetno važna kako na razini Evropske unije i Vijeća Evrope, tako i na razini domaćih institucija zaduženih za promociju i implementaciju međunarodnih standarda ženskih ljudskih prava. U zadnjih nekoliko godina napravljeni su određeni pomaci, ali je još uvijek potrebno ulagati napore kako bi se reducirala stopa nezaposlenosti i socijalne isključenosti žena, a napose žena koje pripadaju najosjetljivim dijelovima bosanskohercegovačkog stanovništva, a to su povratnice. Socijalna isključenost povećava stopu siromaštva, nesigurnosti, a time i ukupnog razvoja društva. Siromaštvo i obespravljenost općenito najviše pogađaju žene, a u Bosni i Hercegovini zbog teške sveukupne ekonomske situacije i postratne tranzicije povratnicama je izuzetno teško, jer često same vode brigu o domaćinstvu i porodici i suočavaju se sa različitim vrstama traumatskih iskustava koja su preživjele i za koja ne nalaze adekvatno razumijevanje i podršku u zajednici. O socijalnoj uključenosti do sada se pisalo i govorilo (UNDP, Socijalna uključenost u BiH), ali status povratnica nije posebno analiziran, niti postoje podaci o njihovom ekonomskom i socijalnom statusu. Situaciona rodno osjetljiva analiza koju je provela TPO fondacija, prvi je pokušaj da se detektira stanje i da se shodno tome predlože mjere unaprijeđenja statusa povratnica. Te mjere podrazumijevju promicanje rodno osviještenih politika u cilju postizanja ravnopravnosti i jednakih mogućnosti za žene i muškarce, o čemu se detaljnije govori u TPO publikacijama: ''Mjere zapošljavanja za povratnice u BiH'' i Rodno osjetljiva analizi zakona i drugih dokumenata relevantnih za povratnike/ce.'' TPO fondacija implementira projekat Socijalne uključenosti povratnica zahvaljujući partnerskim organizacijama u lokalnim zajednicama Bosne i Hercegovine: Lara Bijeljina, Forum žena Bratunac, Krajiška suza S. Most, Udruženje žena B. Grahovo, Medica Zenica i Žena BiH Mostar, bez čije podrške ne bi bilo moguće uspješno uraditi posao na terenu, te im se na ovaj način najiskrenije zahvaljujemo za uspješnu saradnju. Nadamo se da će ova analiza biti od koristi relevantnim državnim institucijama koje se bave pitanjima povratka i rješavanjem socijalnog statusa povratnika/ca da u svojim politikama povratka uključe i rodno osjetljive pristupe i perspektive i osiguraju veću uključenost povratnica kroz različite vidove pomoći u obrazovanju, prekvalifikacijama, zapošljavanju i boljim uvjetima socijalne zaštite. Na taj način će se ispoštovati postavljeni standardi evropske unije u oblasti socijalnih politika, a što je još važnije, najranjivijim grupama – povratnicama bit će data šansa da osiguraju sebi i svojim porodicama život dostojan čovjeka. Norveška vlada je podržala ovaj projekat na čemu smo posebno zahvalni, jer smo po prvi put u Bosni i Hercegovini dobili mogućnost da se pozabavimo povratnicama i općenito rodnom perspektivom povratka. Stavovi izeneseni u ovoj analizi ne odražvaju zvanične stavove norveške vlade.

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Socijalna uključenost povratnica u Bosni i Hercegovini - Razvijanje mjera za aktivno trište rada sa fokusom na povratnice
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Socijalna uključenost povratnica u Bosni i Hercegovini - Razvijanje mjera za aktivno trište rada sa fokusom na povratnice

Author(s): Besima Borić / Language(s): Bosnian

Odgovoriti na pitanje koje je mjere aktivne politike zapošljavanja, sa fokusom na žene povratnice, potrebno poduzeti i predložiti, traži i odgovor na nekoliko bitnih i nezaobilaznih pitanja koja zadiru u samu bit života i rada u Bosni i Hercegovini. Događaji iz nedavne prošlosti, politička volja, ustavno uređenje, institucionalna i pravna spremnost, ekonomska razvijenost, perspektive evropskog puta i zakonske usklađenosti sa evropskim standardima, povratak kao takav, položaj žena općenito i specifično u oblasti rada i zapošljavanja, briga o ljudima, koordinacija resornih subjekata po vertikali i horizontali, itd. Sve su ovo pitanja koja utiču na ovu oblast. Ovaj rad nema ambiciju odgovoriti na sve njih niti dati rješenja za niz nezavršenih i nedorečenih, a uvezanih procesa, koji, više ili manje, bitno utiču i na pitanja u fokusu ove analize, ali ima ambiciju snano naglasiti bitnost stanja u svim nabrojanim oblastim, kao kočnice u bržem rješavanju pitanja rada i zapošljavanja povratnika, i svakako, poloaja žena u tom kontekstu. Ipak, da bi odgovorili na pitanje u fokusu, ova analiza će se pozabaviti pitanjem povratka općenito u Bosni i Hercegovini, te položajem povratnika i povratnica, kao i pitanjem (ne)zaposlenosti općenito, sa fokusom na položaj žena, a posebno povratnica, na bosanskohercegovačkom trištu rada.

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The EU and the Refugees: The Way Forward
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The EU and the Refugees: The Way Forward

Author(s): Michal Šimečka,Benjamin Tallis,Vít Beneš,Petr Kratochvíl / Language(s): English

The EU has always existed in the dual world of strongly professed universal values and its ability to accommodate the mundane interests of its member states. However, this – at times fruitful – tension has recently come under so much strain that it threatens to bring down not only the EU's always fragile foreign policy consensus, but even the most fundamental freedoms on which the EU has been built, such as the free movement of people, and which it has come to stand for in the eyes of its populations. The first blow came with the Eurozone crisis, and the second with the still growing migration malaise. But while the crumbling solidarity during the economic crisis and the negotiations with Greece could still be explained away as a result of rational economic calculus, the current crisis does not offer any such comforts. The two fundamental tenets of the integration ethos – universal values and particular state interests – seem to be at odds as never before. The ultimate question which is so often posed today is whether the EU should comply with the still powerful state-centric push and simply build up the barriers again or whether the time has come for the EU to fulfil its higher calling and take action based on its broader humanitarian obligations.

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Migrace ze Subsaharské Afriky do Evropské Unie se zaměřením na Nigérii a Českou Republiku
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Migrace ze Subsaharské Afriky do Evropské Unie se zaměřením na Nigérii a Českou Republiku

Author(s): Jan Prouza / Language(s): Czech

This policy paper analyzes the migration flows from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to the European Union (EU), focusing on Nigeria and the Czech Republic. It identifies the main trends and factors influencing migration from SSA, such as population growth, economic situation, security issues, and climate change. It also evaluates the current strategy of the Czech Republic in addressing migration from SSA, mainly through humanitarian aid and foreign development cooperation. Finally, it proposes some recommendations for the future policy making in this area, such as increasing the official development assistance, diversifying the Czech export, supporting the creation of jobs and education in SSA, enhancing the coordination among different actors, and framing migration as an opportunity rather than a threat.

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The current state of EU-Turkey relations and implications for Czech foreign policy
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The current state of EU-Turkey relations and implications for Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Pelin Ayan Musil / Language(s): English

The Czech Republic should approach the EU-Turkey relationship from the perspective of how to bring back the EU’s democratizing influence over Turkey because the decline of democracy in the country is conducive to its unilateral and disruptive foreign policy in areas that are of strategic importance to the EU. The EU has recently adopted a global human rights sanctions regime that targets autocratizing regimes responsible for human rights violations, which can potentially include Turkey. Yet, some softer mechanisms contributing to democratization, such as the strengthening of the linkage between autonomous civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey and their European counterparts, are also worth considering as a foreign policy tool. The Czech Republic’s concern about the decline of democracy and rule of law worldwide makes it ideal that its foreign policy should employ such a soft strategy toward Turkey. It can motivate its own CSOs to increase their linkages with the CSOs that have managed to remain autonomous within Turkey’s polarized domestic setting. To this end, the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs can consider including Turkey as one of the priority countries in its Transition Promotion Program. The potential transnational cooperation between the Czech CSOs and the autonomous CSOs in Turkey can focus on less controversial issues for Turkey that still, however, constitute urgent challenges for both the Czech Republic and Turkey. Immigration and climate change are two such exemplary issues.

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Circular Migration: Does Serbia Have a Solution?
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Circular Migration: Does Serbia Have a Solution?

Author(s): Ana Milinković / Language(s): English

Circular migration represents an innovative response to the challenges of demographic decline and population outflow in Serbia. This migration model allows the country to harness the benefits of migration, transfer knowledge and capital from abroad, thus contributing to its economic development. However, circular migrants face specific challenges due to frequent changes in their place of residence, requiring tailored services and support. Managing circular migration requires careful consideration to meet their needs and create favourable conditions for their return with new skills and experiences, thus strengthening Serbia’s competitive advantages in the global market. Based on these assumptions, this policy brief provides recommendations for enhancing support for circular migrants, thereby contributing to Serbia’s economic and social development. The brief analyses the significance and effectiveness of two key platforms – the eGovernment portal and the Returning Point – in supporting circular migrants and returnees to Serbia. Through a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis, challenges and potential solutions related to the use of these portals are explored. Additionally, user satisfaction is considered, their specific needs are examined, and potential improvements are proposed.

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Policy Recommendations on Integration in Europe
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Policy Recommendations on Integration in Europe

Author(s): Andrea Spehar,Ana Trifunović,Gordan Bosanac,Despina Syrri / Language(s): English

Through FORA project we have implemented several interactive activities with migrants, refugees and local population in Serbia, Croatia, Greece in Sweden. Through those interactions we have extracted some of the policy recommendations for decision makers on local, national and European level. In each country the situation related to integration is different. This is why we have left to each participating organization to create its own recommendation priorities and use its own stile of presentation. We hope that our recommendations will be heard and implemented by relevant decision makers and make Europe more open towards the newcomers.

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