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One of today’s most painful problems of the society of Lithuania is massive emigration, which is often heated debated in different circles of the society. One of the aspects of the problem is concerned with the Lithuanian language: whether or not the language should be maintained. Lithuanian emigrants often complain that their children are not willing to talk with their parents in their native/heritage language. On the other hand, there are many examples when after spending long years in emigration, people are still fluent in their native tongue and/or maintain strong national identity. Thus the paper aims at exploring strategies of how Lithuanian emigrant families maintain the Lithuanian language.The paper analyses the US subset of the data collected during the research project “The Language of Emigrants”. The subset consists of three generations of Lithuanian emigrants. The investigation is based on a quantitative survey (n = 438) and qualitative in-depth semi-standardized interviews (n=15) from the USA (most of them recorded in May 2012 in Los Angeles, CA). The results of the research suggest that successful maintenance of the Lithuanian language has been due to a conscious decision by the members of the family to keep the language as a language of communication in the family and to pass it over to the younger generation. Emotional ties with the native/heritage language are also very important. The investigation has identified the prevalence of the authoritarian management model of language maintenance in those families.No less important is the social environment outside the children’s home domain. Formal education and active involvement in the Lithuanian community are considered significant factors contributing to learning/maintaining the Lithuanian language. Regular trips to Lithuania also help strengthen the sense of ethnic identity.
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Multiculturalism is a cultural category typical of the present times, locating the individual within the borderlands of cul-tures, i.e., in a place of experiencing not only one’s own self and own culture, but also the relation with Others and their cultures. Thus, this is a place of constant choices and cultural identifications, conceptualizing the process of developing multidimensional cultural identity and establishing a community in these cultural borderlands. The frontier character of an individual’s functioning exposes the category of inter-culturalism by entailing its typical competencies, i.e., social (per-sonal, interpersonal, cross-cultural) and civic ones. The acquisition of such features by the young generation is subject to intentional educational influences, carried out, among others, within the framework of the cross-cultural education. Therefore, the importance is assigned to the role of the teacher and his/her professional competencies (personal, interpre-tative- communicative, creative-critical, cooperation, axiological, teleological and executive), shaped within academic education.
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Language learning is a prerequisite for successful intercultural communication. Learning the official language of a coun-try is of significant importance for this process as well as for learning English, which is a globally accepted language in the international community. The training of students, prospective teachers, to work in an intercultural environment includes a complex development of linguistic, pedagogical and intercultural competence. This article is dedicated to developing student teachers’ pedagogical skills in teaching the official language of a country (Bulgarian language in this case) as part of their overall training in intercultural education. The theoretical part contains a brief analysis of specialized linguistic, pedagogical and methodological literature as well as an analysis of preschool education programs in the Republic of Bulgaria.
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This research analyzes the approach of Lithuanian, Latvian and Polish school youths to music performance in an ethnocultural en-semble as a means for the development of ethnic and cultural identity (national identity). The motives for choosing the non-formal music activities in an ethnocultural ensemble, the importance of ethnocultural education in young people’s lives and the problems of ethnocultural music education are analyzed. The higher schools’ experiences of ethnocultural non-formal music education of neigh-boring countries (Latvia and Poland), associated with Lithuania by cultural and historical links, are disclosed. Our research poses several questions. What is the concept of ethnic culture among young people in higher education schools in Lithu-ania, Latvia and Poland? What motives determine young people’s decisions to participate in ethnocultural musical ensembles of non-formal education? What value do they see in the participation in ethnocultural musical ensembles? Methods of collecting the research data included a qualitative study, which was conducted in Lithuania, Latvia and Poland in 2015-2016. A questionnaire survey using open-ended questions that were presented in the Lithuanian, English and Polish languages was employed to gather information. Participants of the study were students of higher education institutions, they provided written opin-ions. A qualitative content analysis was used in the processing of data.
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Primarily, mass media, together with online dailies, which became popular due to its activity changes, makes an increasing impact on thinking, beliefs and conduct of the society. By emphasizing aspects of various actual social issues of the society in news agendas, such as emigration, and framing them in a discourse, mass media influences an attitude of the society toward the issue of emigration; it forms an assessment of the country of origin and induces to make decisions whether to stay or leave a country. The article presents the results of a pilot research of emigration discourse framing in Lithuanian online dailies delfi.lt and 15min.lt. Precisely, the research aims at examining an emigration discourse constructed in Lithuanian online dailies and identifying the role of mass media in representing an issue of emigration. The research is carried out by combining the methods of a quantitative content analysis and a critical discourse analysis under the discourse research methodology of N. Fairclough. Furthermore, the research has revealed that the role of mass media in representing emigration can be assessed as a formation of tendencies and regularities that motivate to depart from Lithuania. The pursuit of mass media to form tendencies is revealed by a demand to enlighten an issue of emigration in a field of political realities and international events, which are particularly significant to Lithuania, to provide a topic of emigration in the most readable news sections of online dailies, not describing it in detail, but relating it to the most favorable public realities, namely, the welfare of the people and the financial situation of the country. The issue of emigration presented in mass media is constructed by a negative one-sided discourse, which forms positive frames of emigration. Moreover, it has been ascertained that a negative valuation of Lithuania as the country of origin is predominant in online dailies. There are very distinct tendencies to propagate an economic migration, whereas a positive evaluation of the country is very abstract and it does not reveal any specific peculiarities of Lithuania, which would be a reason to stay in this country. Finally, the emigration discourse in online dailies can by characterized by an emotional, biased rhetoric, which further intensifies an expression of tendencies formed by mass media.
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This paper presents a study on the contribution of individual factors (cultural intelligence and feedback-seeking behaviour) and social capital factors (shared vision and trust) on knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals (HCNs) as perceived by expatriates. The study adopted Social Capital Theory, and Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Theory to support the theoretical framework of the investigation. Data were analysed from a sample of 90 expatriates from selected universities and multinational corporations (MNCs) in the area of Klang Valley, Malaysia. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between individual factors as well as social capital factors and knowledge transfer. In addition, only shared vision shows a significant influence on knowledge transfer. The regression results disclose that the variables explain 24.1% of variance in knowledge transfer.
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The postmodernist mind tends to consider non-spatial spheres in spatial terms, and literature is not an exception. The term “literary space” is more and more frequently offered instead of the traditional phrase “literary process” when it goes about juxtaposition of various texts. When looked upon under this angle, literature behaves like any other space, with its conventional places, utopias and heterotopias. The article in question deals with a particular kind of a literary heterotopia, namely, emigrant press, which acts as “other place” in relation to both cultural environments it exists in (both native and foreign). We closely analyse the Polish literary magazine Zeszyty Literackie (Literary Notebooks) of its Parisian period (1983–1989), and touch upon the role of the outstanding American poets of European origin – Czesław Miłosz, Joseph Brodsky and Tomas Venclova – in the creation and making of the magazine. The analysis claims that the participation of the “triumvirate of poets” in the edition had made it a “double heterotopia”, i. e., a “different place” within the emigrant press, as well.
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The paper aims at providing insights into sociolinguistic factors which affect the understanding of the first-generation emigrants that their L1 is different (or not) from Lithuanian used in Lithuania. The data for the analysis comes from the project The Language of Emigrants (2011-2013, coordinator Meilutė Ramonienė, funded by The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language). The data from the surveys were analysed using SPSS (version 20). Answers to the target questions of 1,491 first-generation emigrants were analysed. As the assumption was that the perception of change in one’s L1 can be a reflection of the L1 attrition of that individual, seven factors that could play a role in this change based on the previous studies were chosen for the analysis. The analysis revealed that five factors played a role in the perception of change of one’s L1: 1. The length of the stay abroad: the longer the respondents lived abroad, the higher percentage of the respondents claimed that their L1 was different from the Lithuanian language used in Lithuania. 2. The age of the respondents: older respondents more frequently thought that their L1 had changed. 3. Gender: fewer men perceived their L1 as different. Also, the interplay between gender and occupation was important. 4. Contact with the L1 in the country of residence: the general use of L1 in the country of residence played a role in the perceptions, especially the use of L1 at home. 5. Ethnic identity: respondents who strongly identified themselves as Lithuanians perceived the difference of their language. The answer to the question which factors were the most important for perceiving the change in one’s L1 can be informative for answering the question what influences a faster or slower loss of L1 when living in emigration; however, to answer this question, analysis of actual language performance of the emigrants would be necessary. It has to be acknowledged that some of the analysed subgroups were rather small; therefore, insights about them should be tested on a larger number of respondents. Also, a limitation of this study is the fact that during the project The Language of Emigrants, emigrants who intentionally had cut the ties with Lithuania were not contacted; therefore, the data does not reflect their attitudes and their perception about their language change. It has to be noted that all the insights only concern the respondents of the participants in The Language of Emigrants project.
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The supposition that the Galindians could take part in the Migration Period are being accepted as the scientific truth in Lithuania and associated mainly with the name of the Russian scholar V. Toporov. Although traces of the Galindian migrations are not found, Toporov’s main concepts were completely adopted by E. Jovaisha in his books and school manuals. The article regards the history of this question and its argumentation. The main focus of the paper is the methodology used by V. Toporov, and a systemic examination of all relative facts. During 1977–1983, the scholar published two theses and three small articles, which were all devoted to the Galindians. Yet his handling of the subject was somewhat unexpected. Before that, in 1972, V. Toporov published two substantial works, devoted to the toponymy of the Moscow region: any traces of the Galindians were absent there. It is possible to state that all aspects of the Galindian problematics were adopted by V. Toporov from another substantial work, written by V. B. Vilinbachov and N. V. Engovatov (1963). In many aspects, it would later become a starting point of his crackpot ideas.
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Apie Jono Drungilo disertaciją „Lenkų bajorų integracija Žemaitijoje: migracija, kalba, atmintis XVI a.–XVIII a.“ ir jos gynimą
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This paper aims to determine how online news media represent the public interest in the discussion of emigration issues in Lithuania and how the coverage of emigration issues is affected by the need of consistency and adjustment between private and public interests. This study follows the idea that the pursuit of private and public interests motivates a different approach to the audience, and this, in its turn, conditions the coverage of the social issues that are relevant to society. In response to public interest, miscellaneous information is provided with a diversity of opinions and some degree of analysis, which sheds light on the causes of the problem and the possible solutions instead of presenting a mere account of compiled facts. In the provided analysis of the matter, we see that the satisfied private interest compels a recourse from shallowness, the presentation of overrated negative aspects, emotionality, and the discordance between the body and headlines of news texts.
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In contrast to the ongoing emigration, immigration to Lithuania cannot be called intensive, and this topic as a whole remains on the periphery of public and academic attention. This article offers a description of the situation of immigration from the perspective of sociolinguistics. In particular, an analysis of the discourse of today’s Russian-speaking immigration to Lithuania reveals the linguistic attitudes of immigrants with a native Russian language or their own, their adaptation strategies, family language planning, and, ultimately, makes it possible to formulate general conclusions about the prospects of preserving / not preserving Russian-speaking community in the host country. The paper summarizes interview materials with immigrants from Russia and some post-Soviet countries posted on the Lithuanian Internet, as well as recorded during this study.
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This article outlines the advantages of introducing some new terms to describe the current sociolinguistic situation in Lithuania. Its essential components are the heterogeneity of the country’s ethno-linguistic landscape, intensive internal and external migration and the different types of language practices within the country, which are the result of the first two factors. The term “imported language” proposed by the author of the article and the term “newspeakerism”, which has recently become established in European sociolinguistics, have not yet been used in the works of Lithuanian sociolinguists. However, these terms can be important for describing the linguistic specifics of some regions of Lithuania. The first term seems appropriate to denote the language of immigrants, which is used relatively widely in the host country, not only in family, but also in the everyday and official communication, and the second – for the sociolinguistic categorization of such immigrants. Most immigrants are residents of post-Soviet countries with native or well-mastered Russian language, therefore, in the article, it is Russian that is defined as an imported language. The paper examines the theoretical prerequisites for the introduction of new terms for a more accurate description of the current linguistic situation in Lithuania and the designation of its participants. Statistical data on migration processes in Lithuania and fragments of interviews with immigrants of chronologically different arrival streams are used.
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This study explores the economic impact of population emigration with special reference to the case of Lithuania. For this reason, we developed a SVAR model and applied related IRF and FEVD tools using quarterly data for the period of 2001-2020. Our findings reveal that a positive shock in emigration is related to lower unemployment. It is also found that the increased emigration is linked to higher real wage growth but with a lower confidence interval. Moreover, our estimates suggest that international out-migration increases real GDP growth in the short term, with no significant effects in the long run perspective. Finally, we found that most of the emigrants-to-be were inactive for a long term prior to departure, which offers a new look into the consequences of Lithuanian emigration, suggesting that the economic losses of emigration could be overstated. This study contributes to the knowledge about the impact of emigration on the economy and specifies directions for further studies in the field.
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The civil war broke out on March 15, 2011 with the political tension between either domestically legitimate or illegitimate actors in Syria so that many people had impelledly or forcedly to migrate neighboring countries via crossing the land or maritime boundaries. These demographic transitions, in which many people, particularly children lost their lives, led admittedly European and Middle Eastern authorities to pursue the state of migratory exception policies. The state of exception revealing the homo sacer through including the exclusion of bodies, considering the use of Giorgio Agamben, corresponds to the temporary suspension of de facto legal norms, but the permanent state of this temporality. By problematizing the exemplary cases from European and Middle Eastern countries, this paper therefore copes not only with the exclusion of Syrians as homines sacri who are the subject of inclusionary techniques with regard to the spatial management of boats, cities and camps but the outlawry of existing juridico-political capabilities, also which may flexibly rule over the ways encompassing their lives and deaths.
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The aim of the study is to identify the problems of the generation of the 1990s, raised in the poetry collection of S. Zhadan “Ballads of war and reconstruction” and to clarify the specifics of the author's vision of their causes and impact on society. Research methods: cultural-historical, biographical, comparative. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the article analyzes the author's artistic vision of the crisis of the generation of the 90s, acute social problems, the causes of which are caused by the socio-political circumstances of the last century, and also highlights the key thematic features of the collection. Conclusions. The collection “Ballads of war and reconstruction” is the author's revelation about his attitude to the past. S. Zhadan does not hide anything and not afraid to be incomprehensible. The poet does not disguise the truth and does not try to smooth it out. The collection contains works that raise important problems of the last century, including war, its consequences and influence on the formation of consciousness of subsequent generations, the destruction of cultural figures by the Soviet regime, population migration and criticism of the political system. The author draws attention to details that often contradict the subject and the dissonance “high/low” becomes noticeable. But this technique only exacerbates the problem, causes even more attention and reflection. In general S. Zhadan's collection testifies to the development of the author's style at different levels as well as continues the main motives of his literary work and shows the peculiarities of artistic vision. Prospects for further research of S. Zhadan's poetic work are seen in the observation of the development and in the detailed analysis of the problems and topics of the author's collections of poems as well as in the study of emphony, stylistic and artistic means in his texts, features of versification etc.
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The article describes the study of the Irish Lithuanian (IL) L1 lexical attrition. Several indications can show lexical attrition: vocabulary reduction, use of hypernyms instead of hyponyms, code switching, and hesitation markers. These signs indicate that the person is having difficulty retrieving words from memory. The article analyzes 30 IL speech examples (recordings of picture description) while focusing on the hesitation markers (pauses, corrections, repetitions, etc.) and the units of lexical expression. The study involves first-generation emigrants who left Lithuania at the age of 12 or older and have lived in Ireland for 5 years or more. The data of the target group are compared with the data of the control group – Lithuanians living in Lithuania (LL). The significance of the results is confirmed by applying T test. During the study, informants were asked to describe two pictures. The results show that there were more hesitation markers in IL speech rather than in LL speech (p = 0.000). In addition, less relevant units of lexical expression were used in IL rather than in LL speech (p = 0.002). Such results suggest that the target group experience difficulties retrieving words from memory and this could mean that their L1 lexicon is facing attrition. It also turned out that the picture related to private life situations was described more fluently than the picture related to public life situations.
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The article deals with the identification of foreigners and stateless persons, problems of legal regulation of relations of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on collecting biometric data of persons, types of data subject to collection, processing, storage and administration. The problems existing in the mechanisms of collecting biometric data of foreigners and stateless persons, as well as issues of personal data protection are considered. An attempt was made to suggest changes to laws and regulations in the field of migration and border protection on the basis of empirical data. The goal is to investigate the mechanism of identification of foreigners and stateless persons during border control procedures at border crossing points (checkpoints) and at entry-exit checkpoints, as well as during administrative proceedings and to identify ways to improve the legal regulation of these procedures in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The methods used in the research were the analysis and comparison of national legislation with the legislation of the European Union Member States and the Council of Europe (including the case law of the European Court of Human Rights) on biometric data. The questionnaire survey method enabled to obtain objective information about the border guards' awareness of personal data. The forecasting method was used to formulate proposals for amendments to the legislation to improve the organization of work processes in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine when using IT systems. The research will enable to improve the procedure for collecting biometric data of foreigners and stateless persons by border guards, strengthen the capacity of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine to combat illegal migration.
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In the terminological apparatus of sociolinguistics, there are many unambiguous and ambiguous concepts that refer to the non-first language of different social groups. In line with the new European tendency, Bulgarian sociolinguistics names the language of Bulgarian emigrants around the world using terms offered in the theoretical papers of famous authors or schools working in the field of sociolinguistic emigration. The text proposed here is an attempt to redefine all these concepts and summarize them into one which indicates the hereditary Bulgarian emigrant language that is characteristic of the language of the Bulgarian immigrant community in Australia.
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