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Töprengés a honi antiszemitizmus természetéről, avagy óvatos javallatok a magyar–magyar viszony rendezésére
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Jews were given a guarantee of equality by the Emancipation Act no. XVII/1867, which meant the same role for them like for all other citizens of Europe: to fulfil civil obligations and be loyal to the Hungarian statehood and the crown. They had to stop operating as a separate unit, that is, they had to suppress through reforms the cultural and ethnic particularities that distinguished them from the rest of the population and, consequently, to blend in with the majority, keeping their own religion at the most. Assimilation was intended as the consequence of emancipation and, in fact, its fulfilment. Such a liberal model, based on the Enlightenment ideals of the French Revolution, was in place everywhere in Western Europe. In the Hungarian intentions the assimilation had to take place toward the dominant ethnic Hungarian (Magyar) culture in order to strengthen its tenuous position within the boundaries of the historic Kingdom of Hungary, or, in other words, to increase at least statistically the number of ethnic Hungarians compared to other “nationalities”. In the beginning of the 20th century, Jews in Hungary amounted to about 6 % of the total population, which was a really high number compared with 1 % in Germany. The assimilation process in Hungary took place much faster than in Western Europe, or in less time, generally between the Compromise and World War I, and was most evident in the area of language. The difference was also in the fact that while the assimilation took place in the West in strong national cultures and modern economies, in Hungary it unrolled in generally less developed economic, cultural and political conditions.
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Politika antisemitizmu na Slovensku sa spája predovšetkým s obdobím slovenského štátu. Výskum najmä po roku 1989 ukázal, že už v období autonómie Slovenska od 6. októbra 1938 do 14. marca 1939 politickí predstavitelia Hlinkovej slovenskej ľudovej strany (HSĽS) položili základy antisemitskej politiky vrátane prvých deportácií.
More...Egy méltatlanul „elfelejtett” magyar vezérkari tiszt
The unparalled military intervention on July 6, 1944 by Colonel Ferenc Koszorus and the Hungarian First Armored Division under his command foiled a coup-like action planned by State Secretary Laszlo Baky. Backed by thousands of gendarmerie, Baky was poisd to deport approximately 250,000 Jews, including refugees, living in Budapest to the Nazi German death camps. A few debate as to who should be deemed primarily res-ponsible for the so-called Koszorus „action”. Should it be the Regent Ad-miral Miklos Horthy, who ordered the First Armored Division into action, or Colonel Koszorús, who after volunteering his services and requesting an order to block Baky, successfully carried out the order. Nonetheless, it is beyond dispute that this casualty-free military operation in German oc-cupied Hungary resulted in the survival of thousands.The article written by Géza Gecse describes the tragic situation in oc-cupied Hungary in 1944. He also sheds light on incontrovertible facts de-monstrating that consistent with their duty of loyalty, there were patriotic and humanitarian Hungarian soldiers who were prepared to act at great danger to themselves even in this dark and perilous time.
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The research premise addresses the question whether and how the historical politics of Germany and Austria affects the cinematic representations of Jews. Both countries are responsible for the consequences of World War II, but they have dealt with their wartime heritage differently. The dissertation investigates to what extent the assumed rhetoric of the debate on Nazism and the Holocaust shapes the cinematic representations of Jews. Also, taking into account the present situation of the Jewish minority in these countries. Selected examples from Austrian and German films make up interesting research material for comparative analysis. By stressing possible similarities and differences between the two national cinemas, it allows to capture certain patterns in presenting Jews as well as indicates their national invariants. The methodological approach draws on theories in the field of memory studies. Particular attention is directed to the question whether analysed films reproduce anti-Semitic stereotypes, or whether their approach is creative and subversive. The dissertation also reflects on the problem whether the generation of Survivors and their descendants are presented in the same way, or whether their cinematic images are constructed in relation to the same or different stereotypes: the Jew as the Other, or the Jew as a Victim?
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The author of the article focuses on the issue of anti-Semitism in Roman Dmowski’s publications, with particular attention paid to his novel Legacy. In the following steps of the analysis, the author describes the National Democracy ideologist’s attitude towards Jews in his official political writings and long prose pieces published under a pseudonym, showing the interdependencies between these two spheres of activity (political and artistic). The research uses mainly the tools of psychoanalysis and gender studies.
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Mitteleuropa se naște sub semnul revizionismului. Se vor granițe noi, în numele unor criterii rasiale culminante la Auschwitz. De altfel, subliniază preopinenții lui Kundera (studiul său a stârnit nu doar aplauze furtunoase, ci și furtuni polemice), e corect să scriem că Mitteleuropa are, de fapt, două centre : Viena culturii și Auschwitz-ul asasinatului. Cei care privesc cu circumspecție termenul nu uită să evoce anii de formare ai lui Hitler, într-o Vienă antisemită. Mitul Vienei paradisiace este subminat de un altul, cel puțin la fel de viguros : acela al orașului infernal, aflat sub întreitul blestem al antisemitismului, al Casei imperiale degenerate și al kitsch-ului.
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Besides the introductory notes on the position of the Jews and anti-Semitism in Russia, Germany and Hungary, the article deals with two sermons delivered by the Chief Rabbi of Zagreb, Dr Hosea Jacobi, on the celebration of Hanukah in November 1883 and on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his rabbinic ministry in Zagreb on 14 January 1893. Regarding the first sermon, particularly interesting are the impressions overwhelming him while, for the first time, preaching in the synagogue in Croatian language. In the second sermon, he emphasized that Croatia is an example of a country in which Jews live peacefully and may develop their cultural, economic and religious potentials, in which they are spared of anti-Semitic assaults and hatred, to which they are exposed in many other countries. Both sermons are important as sources for the research of Croato-Jewish relations in the nineteenth century.
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