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Русия срещу антихриста: страховете на православната общественост и позицията на Църквата

Author(s): Victor Shnirelman / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

History shows that in times of deep social crises there is a considerable growth of eschatological sentiments. At the end of the twentieth century Russia encounters revolutionary political, economic and cultural changes, some of them being related to a religious renaissance. The discrediting and collapse of the former communist ideology created a vacuum which was quickly filled with a variety of ideas, including the revival of some pre-revolutionary myths. The return of religion leads not only to increase of the number of believers but also to the emergence of Orthodox monarchist organizations in which faith is combined with the dream of restoration of the kingship. Prophecies based on images from “Apocalypse” are quite popular in these circles. The article analyzes the content of the prophecies, the characteristics of their publication and dissemination, the nature of the activists dealing with these matters as well as the religious political movements and their impact on the believers. The author discusses the question about the different meaning of these prophecies, about the radical right-wing movements, and the ezoterists and konspirologists who have their own interpretations and use them differently. In addition, the question about the relationship between religion and politics in the modern era is also raised.

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Doświadczenie muzyki, doświadczenie w muzyce. Refleksje na podstawie książki Przeciw muzykologii niewrażliwej Macieja Jabłońskiego

Author(s): Iwona Sowińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

Review: Maciej Jabłoński, Przeciw muzykologii niewrażliwej [Against Insensitive Musicology], Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, Poznań 2014.

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Między nature a nurture. Transfer międzypokoleniowy, epigenetyka i „więzy krwi”

Author(s): Anna Artwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

This article explores two family or generational narratives – Anna Janko’s A Minor Extermination and Sergey Lebedev’s Oblivion – to tackle the question of intergenerational transmission, including from a biological perspective. Artwińska is interested in the inscription of figures and metaphors belonging to the genealogical discourse, as well as in their function in and beyond the text. Janko’s work can be read as a literary manifestation of the concept of epigenetics, while Levedev’s presents the metaphorization of problems related to the image of ‘blood ties’. The two family narratives exemplify how topical the notion of generation is in its genealogical dimension.

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Vlna antisemitizmu v Československu vyvolaná politickým procesom s Rudolfom Slánskym a spol

Author(s): MARTIN ŠROMOVSKÝ / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The beginning of 1950s in Czechoslovakia was a period of political processes, among which the Rudolf Slansky et al. trial had possibly the largest impact on the society. It was accompanied by a massive media campaign, characterized by a strong anti-cosmopolitan, anti-Zionist and anti-Israel spirit. Articles in newspapers that tried to accuse, inter alia, the Zionists, cosmopolitans (thus people of Jewish descent) and the State of Israel of the negative economic situation in the country, could not cause any other reaction but the anti-Semitism. In contrast to the so-called Popular anti-Semitism, which was on the scene mainly in Slovakia after the Second World War, in the early '50s the anti-Semitism was caused by government – so-called government anti-Semitism.

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Popkultura wobec izraelskich wzorców pamiętania o Zagładzie

Author(s): Jagoda Budzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

After the long period of intentional silence surrounding the subject of the Holocaust survivors in the official discourse of Israel, more and more often the Holocaust served as a justification for the Israeli military activity as well as it became a central element shaping the national identity of the Israeli Jews. This situation is directly reflected in the texts of Israeli mass culture but also has been widely criticized with the use of tools it offers. The main objective of the article is to give a brief overview of the history of this dual relationship between Israeli pop culture and the Holocaust memory, as well as to explain the special status it has in Israel from the first decades of the state’s existence until the period of an extensive presence of the topic of Holocaust memory in various kinds of popular media.

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John Zorn. Jak być żydowskim postmodernistą (albo postmodernistycznym Żydem)?

Author(s): Michal Wandzilak,Mariusz Czubaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

Being one of the most prominent figures of the New York avant-garde scene since the early 1980s of the 20th century – John Zorn is almost nonexistent in the Polish musical studies. Moreover, even though his art is densely packed with the dilemmas of the contemporary culture, Zorn’s music seems to be unnoticed neither by the anthropology nor by the cultural studies. Style-wise, due to the theory of the Jonathan Kramer and other notable music theorists, John Zorn’s music should be classified as connected to the postmodern movement. In his early works Zorn explores different musical contexts: the concept of “high” and “low” styles, structural unity, eclecticism, popular culture, etc. But dated from the release of the album, titled Kristallnacht, the next period of Zorn‘s musical activity is deeply involved in search for the Jewish identity in music and therefore rerouted to the new political religious social and traditional context. In short, John Zorn through his music is questioning the fundamental issues of contemporary culture: its identity, existence and tradition.

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Żydowska Warszawa w obrazkach. Komiksowa antologia Złote pszczoły jako przykład kultury historycznej

Author(s): Gaweł Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The following article aims to show places where pop culture merges with Jewish tradition on the example of comic books. The author tries not only to reconstruct the evolution of the genre and its changing reception but also to show the history of comic books which introduce Jews as their main characters. The emphasis is put on comics about the Holocaust and superheroes which have actually become a separate category of graphic stories. The author uses as an example the Polish comic anthology - Złote pszczoły, which is one of the rare examples concerning the comic art about Jews and which has been incorporated into the cultural heritage and rescue history. The article draws attention to the fact that this is and institutional comic in which animal symbols have an important meaning and the Holocaust is not mentioned by its name at all, which seems to be done on purpose.

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Śledztwo w osnowie stereotypu, legendy i przemilczenia, Wątki żydowskie w polskich współczesnych powieściach sensacyjnych

Author(s): Robert Więckowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The authors of contemporary Polish crime stories frequently use the threads connected with the history of Polish-Jewish relationships, which are full of stereotypes, legends and concealments. This arouses the authors’ interest and makes them write the most intriguing novels. In my article I analyze such solutions used by three Polish crime story authors in some of their novels. The critical assessment concerns both the ways of coping with the stereotypes and the significance, which, in social perception, may be attributed to the fact of working out in crime stories the legends and concealments from Polish-Jewish history.

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Co kultura popularna zrobiła z Żydem Wiecznym Tułaczem? Współczesne renarracje legendy o Ahaswerze.

Author(s): Szymon Makuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The main purpose of the article is an analysis of the ways of existence of the Wandering Jew character in contemporary culture. Considerations include literary texts, movies, comic books and computer games. In the 20th and 21th century this motif is still present in pop culture, and the apocrypha is very interesting material for many reinterpretations and renarrations. The analysis is based on two types of narration – “biblical” and “non biblical.” The first group includes works where the Wandering Jew participates in the suffering of Jesus and has a possible impact on the course of events. The second group includes works where the Wandering Jew does not participate in life and death of Jesus; however, characters have his name or there are references to the legend.

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Wątki żydowskie w polskim kabarecie na początku XXI wieku

Author(s): Diana Karwowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The paper deals with the image of Jews in contemporary Polish cabaret. Increasingly, homegrown artists take up the subject of anti-Semitism and intolerance although sometimes they include stereotypical figures, clever Jews. Sometimes you can still find very nostalgic references to the lost past. Generally, this subject does not enjoy the popularity of cabaret performers; their focus on describing the present Polish society rarely takes into account any representatives of other nationalities. The analysis of these representations is supplemented by the reflection on the vitality of prejudices against the Jewish community and the place of their Polish heritage in popular culture.

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Siedmioro karłów z Auschwitz, które „Doktorowi Śmierć zawdzięczały życie”. O bohaterach reportażu Kukiełki doktora Mengele Yehudy Koren i Eliat Negev

Author(s): Agnieszka Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

A man mistreated day after day – experiencing his own death every day for years, denigrated, beaten, threatened, with no perspectives for the future – should hate his oppressor. The story of a Jewish Hungarian family of dwarfs shows that this is not always the case. In this sketch, the author analyzes the biographical narrations of the chacters of the book, who are clearly ambivalent towards doctor Mengele. It appears that the key to the interpretation of their behavior lies in deep psychological mechanisms. The analysis of the subjects’ narrations shows that Holocaust survivors suffered until the end of their days from, what psychologists and psychiatrists have named, the posttraumatic stress disorder. As the author is not a psychiatrist, she does not discuss PTSD symptoms from a medical perspective. The aim of the study is to look at the memories presented in the book with an approach informed by the humanities and embedded in the context of psychiatric terminology. The main analytical method is hermeneutics (Prot 2009).

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„Duch mlčí, len surové mäso vyvádza“. Protižidovské stereotypy v ideológii Svetozára Hurbana-Vajanského

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The study deals with the emotional history of Slovak antisemitism in the late 19th century. Inspired by the theory of Sander L. Gilman, it examines the role of the stereotypes of "race", sexuality and disease in the political thought of Svetozár Hurban-Vajanský who was the most influential Slovak ideologue in the 1880s and 1890s. The detailed analysis shows the impact of "race", sexuality and disease on Vajanský's perception of the nation-building processes in East Central Europe and their failure, respectivelly. The anti-Jewish stereotypes are seen as an integral part of the so called "naturalization-codes" (Bernhard Giesen) which helped the nationalist intellectuals to distinguish between their own national communities and the "others" in terms of "race" and gender. The search for the roots of the racialist antisemitism of the first half of the 20th century will thus reveal a particular ideological mixture of tradition and modernity, of Christianity and science – similar to the contemporary allegations of "ritual murder" or the visual anti-Jewish bias.

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Sealed Borders, Trafficking and Deportation – Austrian Refugees in the Czechoslovak Border Region after the “Anschluss”

Author(s): Wolfgang Schellenbacher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Between the “Anschluss” of Austria to Nazi Germany in March 1938 and the first mass transports from Vienna in 1941, 135,000 Austrians, who were defined as Jewish by the Nuremburg laws, fled abroad. This article looks at the key moments in their expulsion, focusing on those who sought refuge in Czechoslovakia, especially in the border regions during 1938 and an examination of the processes of flight, trafficking, smuggling and illegal expulsions as the geo-political landscape of both countries changed dramatically. Using biographies reconstructed through transnational research and the application of geo-referencing, fresh insight into the major routes taken and the effect on the fates of those who fled or were expelled to Czechoslovakia is offered.

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Sociálna zmena v biografických naratívoch obyvateľov dnešného Slovenska. Od Mníchova po 14. marec 1938

Author(s): Monika Vrzgulová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

This paper provides information about the social change that started in autumn 1938 and the way this historical period is reflected in the biographical narratives of witnesses of today’s Slovak Republic. The author analysed oral histories from 200 interviews that focused on memories of the period from September 1938 (Munich Agreement) to March 1939 (establishment of the wartime Slovak State). She concentrated on two questions: 1. Which images, moments and situations represented social change in this historical period for the witness? 2. How do the biographical narratives describe the social change at a local level, in both the public sphere as well as in private within families? The author is interested in the relationship between the communicative and cultural memory (A. Assmann) and the relationship between memory and identity.

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Obraz Żyda na łamach „Rycerza Niepokalanej”, 1922-1939

Author(s): Anna Juszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

W okresie międzywojennym wysoką pozycję wśród społeczności opiniotwórczej zajmował Kościół katolicki. Było to możliwe dzięki temu, że Kościół miał najlepiej rozwiniętą działalność wydawniczą. „Rycerz Niepokalanej” – miesięcznik wydawany od 1922 roku – charakteryzował się wysokim poziomem zawartych w nim treści antysemickich. Magazyn przedstawiał Żyda jako komunistę, bolszewika, masona – oczywiście w negatywnym świetle. Religia żydowska była zła i bezpodstawna, dopuszczając wszelkie deprawacje. Mniejszość żydowska była również przedstawiana jako męty społeczeństwa niosące śmiertelne zagrożenie, realizujące z premedytacją plan zemsty na świecie chrześcijańskim.

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Tożsamość żydowska – Warszawa i zagłada. O Królu i Królestwie Szczepana Twardocha

Author(s): Dorota Rochecka-Sembratowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9-10/2020

Artykuł jest próbą analizy dwóch powieści Szczepana Twardocha, które ukazały się niedawno i nie były szczegółowo analizowane przez literaturoznawców. Autorka skupia się na głównym temacie, jakim jest żydowska tożsamość i samoświadomość. Pierwsza część artykułu koncentruje się na głównym bohaterze, rozdartym między tożsamością żydowską a polską. Autor na podstawie obu powieści ukazuje sposób zdrady tożsamości żydowskiej i jej konsekwencje. Rozpoznaje korelacje między rozpadem tożsamości a formą narracji. W drugiej części artykułu autorka dokonuje interpretacji metaforycznej postaci, jaką jest mistyczna kreacja wieloryba – Litani. Postać przedstawia wszystkie ważne kwestie: tożsamość i eksterminację.

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Visual Antisemitism for Peasants: Representations of Jews in the “poporală” Press from Transylvania and Their Antisemitic Function (1867-1940)

Author(s): Marian Pătru / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

The study examines the visual antisemitism propagated by two gazettes for peasants published in Transylvania, one before 1918 (Gura satului – Village Voice) and one during the interwar period (Lumina satelor – The Light of Villages). By researching caricatures on Jews and the stereotypes about them, the current study highlights the continuities and discontinuities in the antisemitic imaginary articulated by the two periodicals.

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“Genetically Criminally Inclined” and Worse than the Gestapo? Decoding the Holocaust-Distorting Narrative on the (Jewish) Informer Stella Goldschlag

Author(s): Philipp Dinkelaker / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article addresses the teenage years spent in Nazi-era Berlin of the infamous Gestapo informer Stella Goldschlag (also named in some sources as Kübler, Isaaksohn, Kübler-Isaaksohn or Goldschlag-Isaaksohn). Previous research and recent commercial adaptions of her case have focused on her actions between 1943 and 1945. Caught in hiding as an “illegal” Jew, tortured, and blackmailed with the lives of her parents in July 1943, Goldschlag “agreed” to help the Gestapo to hunt escapees to the Berlin underground as a so-called Jewish Greifer (snatcher). The article complements the state of research on the case by focusing on her life before 1933 and her family background, her connection to swing culture, and the question of her religion. Confronting the little we know about her early life with some of the far-reaching assumptions that make the recent commercial adaptations of Goldschlag’s story so problematic, the article sheds light on how Nazi persecution impacted Goldschlag before 1943. Punishing her more severely than the Gestapo officers who had enforced her betrayal (if they were indicted at all), Soviet and West German authorities consecutively sentenced Goldschlag as a Nazi perpetrator in 1946 and 1957, explaining her actions by her pathological evilness. The article demonstrates how the Berlin police shaped the image of Goldschlag as a “Jewish perpetrator” immediately after the Shoah, using established antisemitic imagery. Placing the case in the context of how dealing with alleged Jewish collaboration led to a reversal of victim and perpetrator as a denial of guilt antisemitism in post-war Germany, the paper offers a starting point to decode core aspects of what could be regarded as the “Goldschlag narrative”.

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„Spuren jüdischen Lebens in der Ukraine wieder sichtbar machen“ Die ukrainische Historikerin Viktoria Soloschenko im Gespräch mit Marianne Windsperger

Author(s): Viktoria Soloschenko,Marianne Windsperger / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

In this interview VWI fellow Viktoria Soloschenko gives insights into her research topic „Confiscations and Traces of Cultural Property of Ukrainian Jews During the Holocaust“ and provides the reader with information on current research in Ukraine in this field. However, she also talks about the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on her daily life as a scholar and how the experiences of the current war shape her research topics.

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History and Politics in Polish Jewish Israeli Relation 1989–1995

Author(s): Jacek Stawiski / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2022

After 1989 Poland decided to re-establish diplomatic relations to the State of Israel that were severed in 1967. Poland also opted for the dialogue between Poles and Jews that was very limited during communist period. Lech Wałęsa as President was keen on opening new contacts with the Jewish diaspora and Israel. Wałęsa visited Israel as first ever Polish President and Chaim Herzog visited Poland as well. In the 1990s key anniversary ceremonies were organized commemorating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the liberation of the Nazi German camp Auschwitz. In those years the issues of anti-Semitism and complexity of Polish-Jewish relations, particularly during the Holocaust, were addressed.

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