Mieliśmy swój modernizm
Review: Włodzimierz Bolecki, Modalności modernizmu. Studia, analizy, interpretacje [The Modalities of Modernism: Studies, Analyses, Interpretations], Wydawnictwo IBL, Fundacja Akademia Humanistyczna, Warsaw 2012.
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Review: Włodzimierz Bolecki, Modalności modernizmu. Studia, analizy, interpretacje [The Modalities of Modernism: Studies, Analyses, Interpretations], Wydawnictwo IBL, Fundacja Akademia Humanistyczna, Warsaw 2012.
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Review: Edward Balcerzan, Literackość. Modele, gradacje, eksperymenty [Literariness: Models, Limits, Experiments], Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, Toruń 2013, series: Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej [Monographs of the Foundation for Polish Science].
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In his review of the book by Roberto Esposito Due. La macchina della teologia politica e il posto del pensiero Ratajczak tries to reconstruct and evaluate Esposito’s attempt to reinterpretate the legacy of Western political theology by introducing the concept of the “machine of political theology”. He focuses first of all on the use Esposito makes of the notion of person in reconstructing the common matrix of both political and economic theology. In the end the author proposes to expand Esposito’s reference to the philosophical tradition of impersonal thought in order to search in philosophy not only a different paradigm of community, but also a different paradigm of the subject of production.
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A review of the volume edited by Dario Gentili and Elettra Stimilli Differenceze italiane. Politica e filosofia: mappe e sconfinamenti. It explores the validity of speaking about “Italian Theory” or “Italian Thought” and reconstructs the main characteristics of contemporary Italian political philosophy based the the reviewed volume and other publications by i.a. Roberto Esposito. In the end the author formulates critical remarks about the role the French philosophy, especially Derrida’s deconstruction, assumes in works by some Italian philosophers.
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The aim of an article is to analyse a problem of belief and history in Franz Overbeck’s selected writings. Overbeck (1837–1905), a German theologian-agnostic and historian of Christianity, known also in regard to his close friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche, describes in his works the eschatological and countercultural dimension of an origin Christianity. During the history of the Church eschatology was slowly replaced by a conservative project with its aim to maintain and to stabilize the Western culture and civilization. For this reason Overbeck – defending Christianity as an integral cultural phenomenon and referring to its universalist heritage – criticizes representatives of the “cultural Protestantism” (A. Harnack) and post-Christian and nationalistic alternatives (P. Lagarde, D.F. Strauss). In my paper I argue that from the perspective of eschatological Christianity Overbeck’s remarks against traditionalistic, liberal and leftist political theology remain valid. I present also two separate ways of Overbeck’s reception in 20th-century German thought – a revival of Protestantism as a “state of exception” religion (K. Barth) and a critique of theology and a skeptical-ironic farewell to Christianity (H. Blumenberg).
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The main purpose of this study is to examine whether God can be free in His actions according to al-Ghazâlî and Thomas Aquinas, whether their assessment on divine actions has legitimacy and internal consistency. For this purpose, in the Introduction, it was given some general explanations on the problem and some works were done about this matter are taken into consideration and evaluated. In the first part of the dissertation, I tried to analyze the concept of ‘freedom’ and its relation to determinism. I also tried to give some explanations in terms of ontological and semantical aspects of the divine freedom. After these explanations, I pictured historical panorama of the problem of divine freedom and how to be understood divine actions in the historical period. In the second part of the dissertation, I tried to demonstrate how interaction took place between al-Ghazâlî and Thomas Aquinas. After this step, I took into consideration the concept of God in al-Ghazâlî and Thomas Aquinas, and I tried to give their resemblances and differences about this matter. In the third part of the dissertation, I considered their ideas about God-World relationship. In this context, I took in to consideration the issue of indicators of God’s freedom, like creation, miracles, relation between moral truths and God’s commands.
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The overall objective of this research is to determine the religious perceptions and its levels of university youth and to interpret the findings from the point of view of their psychological features. This research consists of four chapter. These are: introduction, first chapter consist of discussions of the basic concepts such as religiosity, spirituality, second chapter that the data obtained from the survey was assessed the relationships with hypotheses and conclusions in which the findings were interpreted. The study’s population consists of the students at the undergraduate level in faculties of the Erciyes University in 2011-2012. A questionnaire was administered on 553 students, chosen randomly in this population. The survey contains descriptive and Likert style items. As independent variables in this study, branches of science, faculty, department, class, age, gender, living environment for the longest time before coming to university, graduated high school, mother's and father's education level and the accommodation place during training have been taken. When analyzing the data, percentages, frequency distributions, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and T-Tests and Chi-Square (x²) techniques were used. As a result of this research hypotheses associated with gender, age, branches of science, faculty and department were confirmed on the other hand the others were rejected.
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Gathering information about theological Islamic dissidents/sects and classifying and listing them in various ways as a literary genre in Islamic literature has been of interest to Muslim scholars as a result of scholarly curiosity or in the aim of criticizing and refuting their ideas from a certain ideological and theological point of view. After especially taking the ḥadīth saying that the Muslim community will divide into 73 sects as a main reference, heresiological classifications or lists became more systematic and schematic. These heresiological classifications or lists are in fact mostly different attempts in terms of material, method and style. This enables to determine and offer possible traditions of classifying and listing sects based on the similarities, differences and connections among them.This dissertation that examines heresiological classifications and lists that emerged in particularly seven centuries after the hijra and appeared in books of various literary genres tries to identify their characteristics and historical development, and categories them according to their methods, scopes, styles and contents in order to reach a holistic understanding. Also it offers possible traditions for heresiological classifications or lists after analysing and comparing the available ones.
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Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zāhid al-Ṣaffār is one of the important representatives of the Kalām thought of the Ḥanafī-Māturīdī School. He was born in A.H. 450/ C.E. 1058 in Bukhara that is one of the city of Transoxiana/Mawara al-nahr where Maturidi School has been emerged around this socio-cultural environment. He completed his education and served as a leader (rais/ ṣadr) of the Hanafite scholars there until he was exiled to the city of Marv. Upon his return from exile, he passed away in Bukhara in A.H. 534/ C.E. 1139. The present study aims to determine his method in Kalām. The introduction outlines the subject, significance, purpose, method and sources of the research. In this study, it was employed a method that focuses on a person in which he/she is examined with his/her views and thoughts by taking into account his/her socio-cultural factors. By doing this, the first chapter of this study deals with the political, socio-economic and scientific situation in Transoxiana, and the activities of diverse religions, sects and philosophical schools in this region in A.H. V-VI/C.E. XI-XII. In the second chapter, it studies al-Ṣaffār’s life, scientific personality, works as well as the sources that he made references to in his works in detail. In the third chapter, the kalām method of al-Ṣaffār has been tried to be determined. For this purpose, it analyzes his extant works, Talkhīṣ al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd and Risālah fī al-kalām and elaborates first at his defense of the Kalām that gives a great importance to reason (ʿaql) and to intellectual debates, if necessary, in theological issues. Then it explores his theory of knowledge with his ideas on the definition, possibility, sources and types of knowledge, and the epistemological understandings he defensed or criticised. Furthermore, to determine his Kalām method, it evaluates his approach towards the value of ‘aql and naql (Qurʾān-Ḥadīth) as sources of knowledge. Since this issue is a distinctive tool for unveiling the kalām methods of different mutakallims and Muslim sects. Finally, it finds out the types of istidlāl, meaning inference of one thing from the other that he used when he argues and defends his views, and illustrates with examples.
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The journal´s section that contains reviews, short reports from scientific life, conference reports and obituaries.
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Dalibor, Brozović, Rasprave i članci, Matica hrvatska, 2015
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„Svarbiausia – viską sustikliukint pagal supratimus, sustatyti teisingus vaikinus, laikyti nevykėlius prie išvietės“ („Glavnoje - ustakanit vsio po poniatijam, rastavit pravilnych pacanov, deržat lochov u parašy“)Vladimir Sorokin, „Opričniko dienos“ autorius
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