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„Catastiful” Mitropolitului Nichifor din martie 1740

Author(s): Costin Clit / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LII/2023

Church historians establish for the Phanariot century the Church of Moldavia as „the only institution in which the Greek element could not penetrate” and the occupation of the metropolitan seat of Iasi by a single Greek hierarch, „imposed, under exceptional circumstances, by the Phanariot lord of that time”, to which is added a Greek bishop to Roman. From Metropolitan Nichifor, originating in the Peloponnese (Moreea), perhaps born in Nauplia, a „catastif”/ inventory from March 1740 is preserved, which includes much of the wealth of the Metropolitan Church of Iasi: villages, houses, dugouts, cellars, places of houses, vineyards and gypsies. Metropolitan Nichifor distinguished himself by increasing the wealth of the Metropolia, supporting the printing press and schools, continuing the works at the assembly of the metropolitan cathedral.

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Bulla Piusa VII De salute animarum a odradzający się Kościół katolicki na Pomorzu Zachodnim i ziemi lubuskiej w latach 1821–1945

Author(s): Grzegorz Wejman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2024

The papal bull of Pope Pius VII De salute animarum of 16 July 1821 put in order the affairs of the Catholic Church in Prussia, including West Pomerania and Lubusz Land. Together with it, the face of the Catholic community, which in the Middle Ages was part of the Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski and Lubusz Bishoprics, and completely destroyed during the diaspora (starting from the mid-16th century), began to be reborn in its structures. The area of the former Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski Bishopric was subordinated to the Berlin Delegation, which was part of the Wrocław (Breslau) Diocese, which in 1930 was raised to the rank of a bishopric, and the areas of the former Lubusz Bishopric directly to the Wrocław (Breslau) Bishopric. When in 1821 there were three parishes within the Berlin Delegation (in Szczecin, Stralsund and Frankfurt (Oder)), already in the mid-19th century there were two archpresbyterates: Pomeranian with 10 parishes and Frankfurt with 7 parishes, and within the Wroclaw (Wrocław – Breslau) Diocese the Neuzelle Decanate with 5 parishes (covering the area of the former Lubusz Bishopric). Before the outbreak of World War II (1938), the face of Catholicism changed even more: the Berlin Bishopric already included 5 archpresbyterates: Szczecin (with 14 parishes), Stargard (11), Koszalin (8), Stralsund (8) and Frankfurt (6) and 4 parishes belonging to the Walcz (Wałcz) and Lębork Decanates, and within the Wroclaw (Wrocław – Breslau) Archdiocese there were two Decanates: Gorzow (Gorzów) (with 11 parishes) and Eberswald (2). In total, there were 64 parishes in the former Dioceses of Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski and Lubusz in 1938 (51 parishes in the area of the former Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski Diocese and 19 in the Lubusz Diocese), and in addition, 3 male religious congregations (with 3 monastic houses) and 5 female religious congregations (with 14 monastic houses) performed pastoral services here.

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Istočno-pravoslavni bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu: inicijative, osnivanje, ukidanje

Author(s): Velimir Veselinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

In the article, the author deals with the Faculty of Eastern Orthodox Theology on the basis of archival material stored in the Rectorate of the University of Zagreb, the Notes of the sessions of the Croatian Parliament and relevant literature. The Faculty of Eastern Orthodox Theology was the sixth faculty established in the history of the University of Zagreb. Initiatives for its establishment, operation and position in the University, as well as its abolition, are presented. For the first time in historiography, a list of its full-time students and those who completed their studies is included. At the initiative of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, in 1861 the Croatian Parliament adopted the legal basis for the University of Zagreb. Even then, at the parliamentary session, it was proposed to establish a faculty of Eastern Orthodox theology within the university, where Serbs from the Habsburg Monarchy would study primarily. The opinion of the Serbian episcopate in Srijemski Karlovci was also sought on this issue, but it did not give an answer. The idea was repeated in the Croatian Parliament in 1873 on the eve of the opening of the modern university in Zagreb. The leadership of the Karlovci Metropolis replied that this issue cuts into autonomy, and that it could only be decided by the Serbian Church-People's Assembly, before which it had never appeared. The idea also appeared later in the Croatian Parliament as well as in social life. The Faculty of Eastern Orthodox Theology was founded in 1920 and Serbs and Russian refugees studied there. The number of students was small. Eight students received course complete certificates signed by the dean and the rector. During the four years of operation, four professors and one substitute worked at the Faculty. The faculty was in a bad financial position, and its existence was threatened by resistance in Belgrade, Srijemski Karlovci and the Serbian Orthodox Church, which subsided after its abolition in 1924. This act ended the study of Orthodox theology in Zagreb and Croatia, and the last attempt from 1942 did not come to fruition.

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Sługa Boży ks. Stanisław Szulmiński SAC: duszpasterz, wychowawca, wykładowca, ekumenista

Author(s): Przemysław Krakowczyk SAC / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2024

This article presents the person and life of the Servant of God Fr Stanislaus Szulmiński (1894–1941), a Pallottine. He is a figure little known in the Church in Poland. His life and heroic attitude in the Soviet gulag Uchta deserve to be reminded especially to the new generations of priests. From his youth, Fr Szulmiński was regarded as a holy man. He devoted his entire priestly life to working with young people, as an educator, teacher and spiritual father. His great desire was to work for Christian unity (ecumenism). To this end, he founded the Apostolate of Reconciliation in 1937. Members of this association included Blessed Elizabeth Czacka, Blessed Joseph Jankowski and the Servant of God Ignacy Posadzy. Almost 100 people were involved in this work, in small circles of a few people in various parts of Poland. The main aim of the Apostolate’s activities was self-education through the formation of a spirit of unity. Father Szulmiński understood Christian unity as a process of reconciliation that begins in the heart of every believer. In this spirit and as an act of love to save the inhabitants of the former eastern borderlands of the Republic (who were sent to the gulag in Uchta), he probably suffered martyrdom in 1941, sacrificing his life. He was accompanied by an intention to ask for freedom and salvation, and in particular to ask for the conversion of Bolshevik Russia and religious freedom for the Christians living in that country.

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Positioning of Constantine the Great in the Order of 313–324 as the Main Determining Factor for His Religious Policy during the Period

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Positioning of Constantine the Great in the Order of 313–324 as the Main Determining Factor for His Religious Policy during the Period

Author(s): Boyan Stoev / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

The following paper will examine the religious policy of Constantine the Great, most importantly in the period from his alliance with Licinius to his victory over his fellow Augustus at Chrysopolis, resulting in Constantine becoming the sole Augustus of the Roman Empire. Said religious policy will be examined through the political positioning of Constantine within this order, as well as numismatic evidence and legislative activity throughout the period in question. Consequently, the paper will establish that Constantine the Great’s religious policies primarily followed his position within the religio-political consensus between himself and Licinius during 313–324, rather than pursuing policies based on gradual change of his own personal and distinct beliefs towards solar or Christian monotheism.

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Supliki z diecezji przemyskiej do Penitencjarii Apostolskiej z XV wieku na tle porównawczym

Author(s): Monika Saczyńska-Vercamer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2024

The subject of the article is a group of about 30 supplications from the Przemyśl diocese from the 15th century, which have been preserved in the archives of the Apostolic Penitentiary. The Przemyśl diocese is a particularly interesting research area due to the diverse religious population living in its area, the coexistence of the Orthodox church organization, as well as close ties (geographical, personal) with Małopolska. It was also a missionary area of the Catholic Church. The number of supplications from the Przemyśl diocese, the smallest among the dioceses of the Lviv archbishopric – less than 30 – is very small compared to the dioceses of the Gniezno archbishopric, but significant (the largest) on the scale of the local metropolis. This should be seen as the result of close ties with the Gniezno metropolis, but the influence (cultural transfer, preaching, care for the cathedral school) of the cathedral chapter environment, which included many outstanding people, such as Mikołaj Wigand, was also significant. The supplications from the Przemyśl diocese illustrate almost the full scale of the authority of the office serving papal reserves. Both broader phenomena (e.g. elite papal privileges) and local specifics (e.g. irregularities in the performance of worship, a specific understanding of marital impediments) are visible. At the same time, they allow us to observe the functioning of canon law in an area that is not only on the periphery of the Western Church.

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Jana Peroutková, „Chrám Matky Boží před Týnem v období středověku”, NLN, s.r.o., Praha 2020 (Opera Facultatis theologiae catholicae Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Historia et historia artium, 36), ss. 272, fot. i rys. kolor. i cz.-b. nlb.; ...

Author(s): Bogusław Czechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2024

An extensive and polemical review concerns two books devoted to the main parish church of the Old Town in Prague. One of their features is Bohemocentrism. It is expressed in the perception of this church and its furnishings almost exclusively in the context of political and artistic phenomena taking place in the Bohemian Kingdom, and not in the context of the entire Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia. This is all the more striking because this building actively participated in the political life of the capital of the state and as such came into coincidence with phenomena taking place in the second largest city of the Bohemian Crown – in Wrocław. The scholarly nature of both studies is also undermined by the peculiar patriotic tone stigmatized in the review, taken from the nineteenth- and twentieth-century publications, now anachronistic and certainly completely unnecessary.

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„Aké je dobré a aké milé“ (Ž 133,1b). Dobrota a milota bratského prebývania v poetike Ž 133 (I.)

Author(s): Pavel Prihatný / Language(s): Slovak,Hebrew Issue: 1/2025

Psalm 133 is by its very placing at the end of a small collection of Psalms of the Ascent in the composition of the Masoretic text presented as a climax of the human fellowship and its ascent. And the climax consists in the brotherly dwelling. Whole literary composition of the Psalm 133 testifies, by the use of various poetic devices, that brotherly dwelling is not some spontaneous, natural phenomenon. On the contrary: its achieving is a fruit of orderliness and lifelong endeavour which protect the dwelling as such and lead it, in its permanent process of transformation, into goodness and amiability. This process has to be – essentially and continuously – permeated by the gift of sanctifying grace.

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The First Stage of the Communist Struggle for Power in Central and Eastern Europe, 1945–1956: The Tragic Fate of the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Author(s): Jan Mikrut / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2024

After the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia became a communist state. Until 1948, the country still enjoyed relative peace. After the communist coup in February 1948, all areas of social life were permeated by the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. The Catholic Church and other smaller Christian communities became enemies of the ideological state. In Slovakia, the Catholic Church was more numerous and had a strong tradition; in Bohemia, it had a more complicated history due to the Hussite Wars, the influence of the Lutheran Reformation, and the Thirty Years’ War. After 1918, the Czechoslovak state had been built in opposition to Catholicism according to the slogan, “Down with Rome! Down with Vienna!” From 1948, the communist authorities sought to extinguish all religious activities: educational activities, monastic life, and charitable activities were banned. Research on this period is still quite difficult because religious activists were forced to hide their bravery. This article uses international The First Stage of the Communist Struggle for Power in Central and Eastern Europe, 1945–1956After the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia became a communist state. Until 1948, the country still enjoyed relative peace. After the communist coup in February 1948, all areas of social life were permeated by the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. The Catholic Church and other smaller Christian communities became enemies of the ideological state. In Slovakia, the Catholic Church was more numerous and had a strong tradition; in Bohemia, it had a more complicated history due to the Hussite Wars, the influence of the Lutheran Reformation, and the Thirty Years’ War. After 1918, the Czechoslovak state had been built in opposition to Catholicism according to the slogan, “Down with Rome! Down with Vienna!” From 1948, the communist authorities sought to extinguish all religious activities: educational activities, monastic life, and charitable activities were banned. Research on this period is still quite difficult because religious activists were forced to hide their bravery. This article uses international literature on the subject to present the first stage of the fight against religion and the tragic fate of the Catholic Church hierarchy

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Tělesnost a výchova

Author(s): Martina Kočerová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2024

The paper presents the partial results of an empirical investigation, focusing on the description of the education emphasized by churches in relation to corporeality. The empirical investigation focused on the perspective of selected Christian churches (Roman Catholic Church, Czech Brethren Evangelical Church, Czechoslovak Hussite Church) through church documents and commentaries in church newspapers during the period from 1917 to 1970 in the Czech Lands. Research has shown that cultivating the body and corporality is an art, which does not belong to the natural equipment of man, and man is equipped with this art in the process of education. Church emphasized education is one that leads to holistic development, so it cannot merely be dressage, but always education and self education.

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“Religion’s firm-rooted truths”: Richard Polwhele, Pulpit Oratory and Loyalist Romanticism in the English Province

Author(s): Dafydd Moore / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

This article explores the rearguard action fought by the clergyman and writer Richard Polwhele against what he saw as the threat of Anglican Evangelicalism and Methodism in Cornwall during the French Revolutionary period, highlighting the connections between religious experience, rhetorical performance and politics. Whether it be through his theorizing of pulpit oratory, his rows with those he considered Enthusiasts or his understanding of ordination oaths, Polwhele maintained that religious belief should be regulated by rhetorical distance. Explaining this stance, the article shows how Polwhele’s theological and ecclesiological opposition to the Enthusiasm he regarded as dangerously inherent in Evangelical Protestantism also led him to address shortcomings within the governance of the Church of England itself. This danger was embodied in Polwhele’s eyes by the failure of too much pulpit oratory, particularly in the provinces, to engage through its language, content and tone with its popular audience. By focusing on the neglected figure of Polwhele, the article brings together and adds to current work on regional identity, Loyalism, Romantic religion and the sermon as a performative literary form in the eighteenth century.

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NOTES ON THE COMMEMORATIVE “CULTS” OF SOME OF THE FOURTH CRUSADE’S LEADERS

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NOTES ON THE COMMEMORATIVE “CULTS” OF SOME OF THE FOURTH CRUSADE’S LEADERS

Author(s): Kalin Yordanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The commemoration of the Crusader / Crusading ruler and lord, whose image occupied a specific place in the collective memory of the Latin world had a particular privileged position in the celebration of the remembrance of the heroes and the “holy martyrs” of the Crusades. The physical remains of the slayed crusader heroes were often left on the battlefields in the East and were sometimes used as war trophies by their enemies. Their tragic deaths nourished the local folklore and satisfied people’s instinctive enthusiasm for gossip, rumors and bizarre legends. Back home their Christian sacrifice raised local community commemoration and recognition, family remembrance and domestic devotion. The Western European princes who led the armies of the Fourth Crusade and who perished in battles with Bulgarians, Cumans and Turks in the Balkans have worthily entered this centuries-old crusading tradition and soon became a legend, both in the West and in the East, thus laying the foundations of new “cults” of commemoration.

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RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM – CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATIONS IN THE THEOLOGICAL-MISSIONARY APPROACH

Author(s): Irinel Ciobotaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The complexity of today's world reflects the theological, missionary and pastoral challenges facing the Church of Christ. The missionary exercise is a fundamental essence of the Church, which has the vocation to be in the world as the depository and preacher of the Truth revealed in the Gospel. In the context of 2024, in which religious diversity coexists with secularization and religious indifferentism, the Church's mission must remain faithful to its identity tradition while adapting its strategies to effectively articulate its witness to Christ, the risen Son of God. The article aims to explore the dimensions of religious syncretism from a missionary perspective.

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THE ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE ON ROMAN RELIGION

Author(s): Daniel Ene / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The adoption of Etruscan elements into Roman religious practices signals a dynamic process of cultural appropriation and adaptation, and underlines the complexity of religious and cultural interactions among ancient peoples.Our study explores the significant influence of Etruscan culture on early Roman religious practices, focusing on divination (augury), the veneration of specific deities, and other religious rites. Through a detailed analysis of these elements, our study reveals how Etruscan religion not only shaped the foundation of Roman religious practices but also contributed to the broader cultural and political development of the Empire.

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CLERICAL SACRAMENTAL INSTITUTIONS: EPISCOPATE, PRIESTHOOD AND DIACONATE

Author(s): Florentin Ionut Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The Mystery of the Priesthood in the Orthodox Church is deeply anchored in Christian doctrine and practice, representing a fundamental pillar of spiritual and community life. The Holy Fathers, including St. John Chrysostom, extensively explored the sacredness and responsibilities of the priesthood, emphasizing its crucial role in mediating divine grace and in the spiritual leadership of the faithful. The priesthood is presented not only as a liturgical function, but as a vocation that involves a profound spiritual transformation, which is equivalent to a permanent state of sacrifice and dedication in divine service. This mystery is manifested in a double dimension: an ontological one, through which the priest becomes an intermediary between God and man, and a functional one, oriented towards the administration of the Holy Mysteries and the moral and spiritual guidance of the community. Reflecting on the nature and consequences of the Priesthood, Orthodox theology emphasizes its continuity from Christ through the Apostles, to contemporary priests, who are seen as true stewards of the divine mysteries. The current study aims to deepen the theological and spiritual understanding of the Priesthood by analyzing the relevant patristic and scriptural texts. It will examine how this mystery contributes to the perpetuation of Christ's mission and presence in the world, emphasizing the essential role that the priest plays in the individual and collective salvation of the faithful, as well as its impact on the structure and dynamics of ecclesiastical life.

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THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CROSS AND THE RESURRECTION OF CHRIST IN THE MISSION OF THE CHURCH

Author(s): Iulian-Constantin Vrabie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The deepest meaning of creation is revealed only in a correct understanding of the Incarnation, the crucified sacrifice of Christ, penetrating into the "profound meaning of the Cross" and of the Resurrection as the crowning of His redemptive activity, according to which "the Cross represents a new step in Christ's work of our salvation, the highest culmination of it, having on the one side the Incarnation and on the other side, and closely united with the Cross, the Resurrection from the dead. In this way, the perspective of Orthodox missionary theology witnesses permanently through the Cross of Christ and the result of the Resurrection, thus emphasizing the joy in both aspects due to their permanent connection because in the sacrifice of Christ is seen the perspective of the Resurrection.

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THE ECUMENICITY OF THE CHURCH AND ITS PHILANTHROPIC MISSION REFLECTED IN THE HYMNS OF THE CANON AND THE FIRST PRAYER OF THE HOLY UNCTION

Author(s): Iulian-Constantin Vrabie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

In the Great Eclection, in addition to the other petitions, there is the prayer that "may this oil be blessed with the power, the work and the coming of the Holy Spirit". In this petition is reflected what Father Stăniloae calls the awareness that "the Holy Spirit is the power that sustains in us - through the prayer of the Church - the tension towards resurrection: it is He who will bring about our resurrection by which we will participate in the risen, fully transparent body of the Lord, through our bodies themselves becoming fully transparent in the joyful experience of the treasures of His love". This awareness also accompanies the prayer for the sick person: "For the servant of God (N) and for his seeking in God and that the grace of the Holy Spirit may come upon him". Moreover, this is the conscience of the whole Church of Christ, the Church being the community of those who are advancing by the power of the Spirit of Christ towards the resurrection and the fullness of perfect communion with Christ and with all who believe

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THE EVOLUTION OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS IN THE ROMANIAN SPACE – FROM BYZANTINE SYMPHONY TO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Author(s): Andrei DORNEANU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The article "The Evolution of Church-State Relations in the Romanian Space – From Byzantine Symphony to Contemporary Challenges" explores how the relationship between secular authority and the Church has evolved throughout history, focusing on the Orthodox tradition and the Romanian context. The first part introduces the concept of the Byzantine Symphony, which served as the foundation for the relationship between Church and State in Orthodox tradition, promoting a model of cooperation and balance influenced by Byzantine heritage. After that, we will see how this model was applied in the Romanian space, highlighting the historical particularities of the relationship between rulers and the Church. Special attention is given to the communist period, when the Romanian Orthodox Church was subjected to strict state control under the atheist regime but managed to survive through a complex relationship with the authorities. After 1989, the Church-State relationship was redefined, with both democratization processes and debates on the role of the Church in contemporary society.The second part provides an overview of the legislation regulating Church-State relations after 1990. It analyzes the 1991 Romanian Constitution, which establishes the principle of religious neutrality of the state, and the Statute of Organization and Functioning of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which defines the Church's autonomy. Additionally, it discusses the legal provisions that allow local governments to finance projects in collaboration with the Orthodox Church and other legally recognized religious denominations.

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THE CURRENT DYNAMICS OF THE CHURCH'S MISSION IN THE ORTHODOX TRADITION: LITURGICAL AND SOCIAL INTERSECTIONS

Author(s): AURELIU VOICU / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The Orthodox Church, as an institution with a double functionality – religious and social – is founded on the Christian doctrine instituted by Jesus Christ and perpetuated by a rigorous hierarchical structure. This dual structure is vital for the perpetuation and functionality of the Church, facilitating the salvation of souls through participation in the Sacred Mysteries, in a community setting. This paper analyzes the dynamics of the parish, considered the basic structural unit and at the same time the most exposed to vulnerabilities within the Orthodox Church, in the context of the year dedicated to parish and monastic mission. Contemporary challenges and strategies for revitalizing parish community life are investigated, with a particular emphasis on preserving the doctrinal heritage and adapting to the current needs of parishioners. Scriptural references illustrate the model of early Christian communities, emphasizing the importance of unity and communion, reflections of divine unity, in the parish liturgical structure, focused on the celebration of the Eucharist. The study also addresses the deterioration of the connection between parishioners and the parish structure in the contemporary landscape, a consequence of the influences of atheistic regimes and the process of secularization. A redefinition of the life of the parish community is proposed, through the active and non-discriminatory integration of all demographic segments of the parish, in order to counteract the tendencies of anonymity and social disintegration, essential for revitalizing the authenticity of the Orthodox Christian confession in modern society.

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Pavel Krafl: Dějiny církevního práva v českých zemích ve středověku

Author(s): Thomas Wünsch / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2025

Review of: Pavel Krafl: Dějiny církevního práva v českých zemích ve středověku. [Geschichte des Kirchenrechts in den böhmischen Ländern im Mittelalter.] (Ius canonicum medii aevi, Bd. 3.) Středoevropské centrum slovanských studií. Olomouc 2022. 412 S. ISBN 978-80-86735-21-4.

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