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Autonómia Slovenska 1938 – 1939: Počiatočná fáza holokaustu a perzekúcií (Úvod)

Author(s): Martina Fiamová,Michala Lônčíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The end of the 1930s was critical for the democratic regime of the Czechoslovak Republic and the international situation after the signature of the Munich agreement on 29th September 1938. The movement for autonomy for Slovakia resulted in the declaration of Slovak autonomy on 6th October 1938. The Hlinka´s Slovak People‘s Party (HSĽS) immediately started to establish a single ruling party system. During this relatively short 6-month period, until the declaration of the Slovak State in March 1939, significant political changes were dramatically implemented. The conservative, nationalist, and Christian regime of the HSĽS initiated the process of forming a “new” Slovakia under the protective umbrella of Nazi Germany, including the struggle against its enemies – real and also fictitious. The move to Slovak Autonomy represented a significant transition period when the planning and organisation of the initial phase of the Holocaust and the persecution of other potential opponents was begun by political representatives.

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Trauma z vojny aj po vojne

Author(s): Katarína Mešková Hradská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

Antisemitism was part of the anti-Jewish policy of the “ľudák” regime in Slovakia during World War II. Deportations to the concentration camps in occupied Poland meant that the overwhelming majority of the Slovak Jewish community was wiped out. Shortly after the war, two groups of Holocaust survivors were formed. One group, in an effort to prevent their descendants from learning the truth about what they had been through, kept their past secret. On the contrary, the other group felt an inner need to talk about the concentration camps. Even decades later, the succeeding generation of children still experienced the trauma suffered by their loved ones. It has become their own trauma, because they have found themselves in a situation where they, too, have to come to terms with the Holocaust, with the past which is merciless and which has a common denominator for both generations: being impacted by Jewishness.

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Reviews

Author(s): Peter Maňo,Michal Uhrin,Monika Vrzgulová,Peter Slavkovský / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Review of: 1. VLADIMÍR BAHNA: Nadprirodzené skúsenosti a naratívna myseľ – Sociálna nákazlivosť spomienok [Supernatural experiences and the narrative mind – The social contagion of memories] Bratislava: Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology, VEDA, 2019, 207 p., Review by: Peter Maňo; 2. TATIANA BUŽEKOVÁ: Mágia a čarodejníctvo v etnografických štúdiách do polovice 20. storočia [Magic and Witchcraft in the ethographies until the mid-20th century] Bratislava: AKAmedia 2019, 372 p., Review by: Michal Uhrin; 3. JÁN HLAVINKA, PETER SALNER (Eds.): Tábor smrti Sobibor. Dejiny a odkaz. [Sobibor Death Camp. History and Legacy] Bratislava: Institute of Ethnology SAS, DSH, Marenčin PT, 2019, 256 p., Review by: Monika Vrzgulová; 4. IVETA ZUSKINOVÁ: Ovčiari na Slovensku [Shepherds in Slovakia] Society of Friends of the Liptov Village Museum, supported by the Slovak Arts Council. Liptovský Mikuláš 2020, 221 p., Review by: Peter Slavkovský

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Social status of the interwar Jewish political elite in Prešov and its influence on surviving the holocaust

Author(s): Zuzana Tokárová / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The paper analyses the social status of the Jewish members of the interwar municipal political elite during the Holocaust in the example of the town of Prešov. They lost their democratically elected mandate due to the dissolution of Jewish parties and opposition parties in Slovakia after Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party came to power in October 1938. The main attention is focused on the (declining) vertical social mobility of members of the former elite in order to find out whether their previous political engagement and possible social ties associated with it influenced their social status at the time of the systematic implementation of anti-Jewish policy or helped them to survive during the Holocaust. The paper intends to capture a common model of behaviour, as well as individual actions and apply the acquired knowledge to the whole group of Jewish municipal political elites in the period under review.

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Deportácie židovského obyvateľstva zo Slovenska v roku 1942: organizácia, priebeh, dôsledky

Author(s): Ján Hlavinka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

In the period from 25 March to 20 October 1942, around 57,700 Jews were deported from the Ludak Slovak Republic to the Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Around 39,000 persons were transported to the Lublin Area where the Reinhardt Operation had been launched, and another 18,700 Jews were taken to the Auschwitz Nazi concentration and extermination camp. The so-called first wave of the deportations of Jews from Slovakia was the culmination of the years-long systemic anti-Jewish policy of the Ludak regime. The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the first wave of deportations of Slovak Jews from Slovakia. It explores the motivations of the initiators and organisers of deportations, their organisation and different stages, and briefly covers the locations (places of destination of the transports) at which Slovak Jews found themselves after the deportation. This issue was until recently absent from Slovak scientific literature (mainly when it comes to the Lublin Area).

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Hana Levi, Iz Belzena: 1944–1945.

Author(s): Valentina Kezić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2024

Review of: Hana Levi, Iz Belzena: 1944–1945., Sarajevo: Buybook, 2024., 99 str.

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Maja Vasiljević: Jevrejski muzičari u Beogradu: od Balfurove deklaracije do Holokausta

Author(s): Fatima Hadžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2024

Review of: Maja Vasiljević: Jevrejski muzičari u Beogradu: od Balfurove deklaracije do Holokausta, HERAedu, Muzikološki institut SANU, Beograd, 2021, str. 323, ISBN 978-86-7956- 181-7 (The Jewish Musicians in Belgrade: From the Balfour Declaration to Holocaust, HERAedu, Institute for Musicology SASA, Belgrade, 2023, ISBN 978-86- 7956-198-5).

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“The Bolshevik” and “The Martyr”: Mapping the Romanian Far-Right’s Rehabilitation of Mircea Vulcănescu through Digital Memory Activism

Author(s): Adina Marincea / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

Despite legal condemnations of the Romanian war criminals and the existing – but poorly implemented – legal sanctions, we see an increasing rehabilitation of historical figures responsible for the Holocaust in Romania. A reframing and rewriting of history are taking place through the whitewashing of the most radical interwar fascist criminals and ideologues as “martyrs” and anti-communist “prison saints”. Antisemitic, ultranationalist ideas and discourses of the Romanian interwar far-right are being repackaged with the help of the online environment, and a reversal of the victim/perpetrator roles occurs. This is done by a network of actors, ranging from grassroots neo-legionary, Orthodox fundamentalist and ultranationalist groups, right-wing football ultras and “alternative” media up to the highest fora of representative democracy. The 2020 legislative elections marked a historical turn through the access to power of “radical return” parties and politicians reviving fascist inter­war symbols, for the first time after 1989. As a result, far-right senators are livestreaming political declarations honoring war criminals such as Mircea Vulcănescu and downplaying the Holocaust, normalizing such revisionist, denialist attitudes. The current study maps the contemporary far-right network of actors who actively contribute to this process of rehabilitation, rewriting, and circulation of fascist interwar memory through digital videos, memes, blog articles, social media content, and public chats. The study employs a network analysis and a qualitative content analysis, starting from a corpus of posts extracted from 28 Romanian far-right Telegram channels. The analysis uncovers the discursive mechanisms employed in this process of far-right digital memory activism.

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From Interwar Sports Hero to Holocaust Victim: The Biography of Lenke Ziszovits-Popper

Author(s): Pompiliu-Nicolae Constantin / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

Lenke Ziszovits-Popper was born in 1909 into an Jewish family in Petrozsény, a town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was renamed Petroșani after 1920, when it became part of Romania. She is recognized as a prominent tennis player representing the Oradea Athletic Club, her sporting achievements during the 1920s and 1930s making her one of the leading female athletes in interwar Romania. Despite the challenging circumstances of her era, which was marked by antisemitism, she embraced her ethnic identity, actively participated in her community, and competed in a tennis tournament even in Nazi Germany, where she secured a trophy. However, Lenke Ziszovits-Popper was forced to cease her sporting activity after Northern Transylvania was annexed by Hungary, which resulted in the exclusion of Jewish individuals from sporting activities. Furthermore, she was forcibly relocated to the Oradea ghetto, wherefrom she was subsequently transported to the extermination camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Her life was tragically ended in the gas chamber. Her premature death contributed to her falling into oblivion in the context of the historical transformations within Romanian society. This research aims at rehabilitating the historical significance of Lenke Ziszovits-Popper, not only as an athlete and a representative of modern women in interwar Romania, but also as a notable figure of the Jewish community and a Holocaust victim.

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“You Are All a Bunch of Cowards”: The Odesa Massacre and the Postwar Trial of Nicolae Macici

Author(s): Emanuel-Marius Grec / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

Romanian postwar trials were not just acts of justice, retribution, and pedagogy, but also a platform where perpetrators tried to excuse their behavior during the war by emphasizing their so-called “humanity”, “friendship to the Jews”, lack of choices, as well as a way to present their own twisted interpretation of “the law”. In this study, I focus on the trial of Nicolae Macici, arguably the most symbolic perpetrator from the Odesa Massacre, while trying to map how public accusers framed his case, how the general established his defense, and how these aspects interacted with the historical case of the Odesa Massacre. Some of the main questions presented here are: What was the role Macici played in the massacre, as presented in the trial? What did Macici say about his own actions and those of others? How did other accused people and witnesses relate to the general, and how did they interpret the roles of the orders and the military hierarchy within the Romanian Army? In which ways did the prosecutors present him and why did they choose to do so? By reconstructing and deconstructing specific aspects of the postwar trial of General Macici, we can relate not only to the events of the massacre itself, but also see how the mind of a perpetrator works.

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Analyzing Compensation Files: A Quantitative Study of Holocaust Victims under Romanian Administration in Buzău County

Author(s): Petre Matei / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

This article examines 286 compensation claims submitted in the summer of 1970 by survivors from Buzău County, Romania. The analysis encompasses three categories of claims: from Jews (169 compensation forms), from either sedentary or nomadic Roma (109), and from “political prisoners” (8). The study’s objective is to assess to what extent, and under what conditions, this collection of compensation claims can contribute to our understanding of the Holocaust in Romania. Given that the primary purpose of these claims was to secure West-German compensation, rather than to provide historical information (which was consequently presented and filtered by both the claimants and the Romanian authorities), the article concludes that this collection of compensation claims can only prove useful, if considered within its specific context and approached with caution. The study thus offers insights into the complexities of using such compensation claims as historical sources and their potential limitations in Holocaust research.

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EDUCAȚIA DESPRE HOLOCAUST ȘI EDUCAȚIA DESPRE DREPTURILE OMULUI ÎN PEISAJUL EXTREMISMULUI COTIDIAN

Author(s): Delia Drăghici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

Education about the Holocaust has long been seen as a particular way of teaching history, specific to this phenomenon, the focus of the educational approach falling solely, on the past. To be sure, studying the past will always be an important part of the Holocaust education process. However, one is becoming more and more aware of the danger of carrying out this approach without giving much consideration to a palliative and preventive approach, one that would bring about serious changes of the present trends of thought and action that could lead to a reiteration of the Holocaust in the future. This paper focuses on an interdisciplinary approach that combines the methods of Holocaust education with human rights education, on the one hand, and intercultural education, on the other hand. It is thus possible to create a framework for studying the past that would facilitate a greater understanding of it, of how the past influences the present and that would promote a democratic culture as well as positive intercultural relations, fully understood and assumed by those who make up present-day society.

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L’héritage familial de la Shoah : approches et perspectives des historiens et des romanciers

Author(s): Silvia Rybárová / Language(s): French Issue: Special/2024

The memory of the Holocaust has been long shaped by the testimonies of camp survivors or other witnesses of the times rather than by historians. Over time, the perspective of the victims continues to dominate research, but eyewitnesses are no longer those who speak out. Descendants of those deported to Auschwitz retrace and put into words their family experience of the Jewish genocide. Nevertheless, revisiting history requires a different approach due to a mediated access to the past, the family/collective forgetting and the “sacred” nature of the experience. Investigation shows the closeness of the practices of historians and novelists and blurs the line between literature and history. Through contemporary narratives of the French historians Ivan Jablonka and Annette Wieviorka and novelists Anne Berest and Santiago H. Amigorena, the article examines historical and literary modes of writing about the family experience with Holocaust, and their intersecting perspectives.

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Wiara w cieniu śmierci. Obóz zagłady Treblinka II

Author(s): Martyna Rusiniak-Karwat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Na podstawie wspomnień dziesięciu byłych więźniów obozu zagłady Treblinka II (Abrahama Jakuba Krzepickiego, Eddiego Weinsteina, Jankiela Wiernika, Jerzego Rajgrodzkiego, Tanhema Grinberga, Eliasza Rozenberga, Oskara Strawczyńskiego, Jechiela Rajchmana, Richarda Glazara i Samuela Willenberga) został pokazany stosunek do wiary i jej praktykowania w warunkach ekstremalnych. Z perspektywy bezpośredniego świadka zostały opisane reakcje ludzi, którzy szli na śmierć – ich modlitwy. Na przykładzie opisu przeżyć w obozie ocalałych zostało pokazane praktykowanie przez nich i ich współtowarzyszy niedoli zasad judaizmu: modlenie się i obchodzenie świąt w cieniu komór gazowych, ale także zwątpienie w Boga. Modlitwy i pieśni były też formą komunikacji pomiędzy więźniami, którzy pochodzili z różnych państw. Natomiast załoga niemiecka w obozie narzucała praktykowanie wiary więźniom w celach rozrywki jak i też, aby jeszcze bardziej ich poniżyć i pokazać, że to Niemcy są wszechmocni niczym Bóg.

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Dzieci różnych nacji w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym na Majdanku

Author(s): Magdalena Gącikowska,Ryszard Skrzyniarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

W artykule skupiono się na dzieciach trzech narodowości, które stanowiły największe grupy w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym na Majdanku: polskiej, żydowskiej i białoruskiej. Gehenna i eksterminacja dzieci na Majdanku jest jednym z najtragiczniejszych zagadnień w dziejach tego obozu zagłady. Nie można podać dokładnej liczby dzieci przebywających w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym na Majdanku, ani ile z nich w nim zginęło, ponieważ Niemcy dokumenty celowo zniszczyli lub wręcz nie odnotowywali wszystkich danych o dzieciach, aby zataić faktyczny stan rzeczy. Stąd nigdy nie poznamy prawdziwych danych o zbrodniach niemieckich na dzieciach w czasie drugiej wojny światowej

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Pontica 56

Author(s): Monica Negru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

Report on the conference "Sesiunea Științifică Internațională Pontica", held at “Adrian Rădulescu” hall from 4th to 6th of October 2024.

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Ghettos and Collection Camps in Northern Transylvania An Attempt to Reappraise the Use of Certain Terms

Author(s): Attila Gidó / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The goal of this study is to classify the Hungarian-controlled ghettos and collection camps of Northern Transylvania according to their topographical and infrastructural characteristics. It is an effort to determine the extent to which their features correspond to Hungarian and international typologies, and the degree to which they differed from camps elsewhere. These themes are by no means unfamiliar to Hungarian scholars, several of whom have in recent decades studied Holocaust-era ghettos and the living conditions that prevailed there. None of their analyses, however, have addressed the situation in Northern Transylvania, and thus my objective in this article is to fill in the resulting gap.

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Deportation from the Szeged Brick Factory in the Summer of 1944 Facts About and Survivors’ Interpretations of the Functioning of the Special Jewish Council

Author(s): Kinga Frojimovics / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

To this day, the role of Jewish functionaries during the Holocaust remains highly controversial among scholars and a broader public. Immediately after the war, Jewish survivors already attached particular importance to the so-called Jewish collaborators. In the displaced persons’ (DP) camps, Jewish courts tried Jewish functionaries, and in Israel the “Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law” (1950) was designed to filter out collaborators, primarily from among immigrants. This article presents a case in Hungary. Immediately after the war, in May 1945, the Szeged Jewish Community launched an investigation against some members of the community. These members had, before the deportation of the local Jews in the summer of 1944, and on German orders, selected the persons to be deported on various deportation trains. The study shows that the survivors did not find the forced collaboration itself unacceptable. What they could not accept was that the members of the committee had carried out their task arbitrarily, with some redefinition of the sorting criteria. In this way, according to the survivors, they were actively involved in determining the fate of the deportees.

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Martin Gilbert – History and the Jews, the Second World War and the Holocaust

Author(s): Esther Gilbert / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article explores the methodology and contributions of Sir Martin Gilbert, one of the few historians of the twentieth century to integrate the Jewish experience into the broader historical narratives of the Second World War and the Holocaust. Gilbert’s unique approach, characterised by meticulous research, the extensive use of primary documents, and personal testimonies, sought to highlight the intertwined fates of Jews and the nations embroiled in the war. His work emphasised that the Jewish story, often sidelined in traditional war histories, is an integral part of the larger narrative. Through examples drawn from Gilbert’s seminal works, including Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction and The Second World War: A Complete History, this study examines how he documented the plight of European Jewry alongside the strategic and political challenges faced by leaders like Winston Churchill. Key topics include Gilbert’s mapping of synagogue destruction during Kristallnacht, Britain’s Kindertransport initiative, Churchill’s resistance to anti-Jewish immigration policies, and the Allied Declaration of December 1942. As Lady Esther Gilbert reflects, Martin Gilbert’s portrayal of Jewish resistance and defiance, such as Adolf Liebeskind’s doomed attack on German forces in Cracow, ensures that these acts are remembered as more than just “three lines in the history books”. By weaving the Jewish experience into the broader context of global conflict, Gilbert reshaped historical discourse, ensuring that the Holocaust was understood not as a separate tragedy, but as a fundamental part of the twentieth-century story.

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Introduction Special Issue in Tribute to Sir Martin Gilbert

Author(s): Yaron Pasher,Verena Buser,Boaz Cohen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This special issue of the S:I.M.O.N. Journal, dedicated to the memory of Sir Martin Gilbert, examines the intersection of the Second World War and the Holocaust – two pivotal events that shaped modern history but, quite surprisingly, were long studied as separate and disconnected phenomena. Inspired by an international conference organised by Western Galilee College in March 2024, this collection explores interconnected narratives of military strategy, genocidal policies, and resistance. Topics include Winston Churchill’s complex relationship with Zionism, the controversial question of bombing Auschwitz, British responses to the Holocaust, and the ideological and genocidal dimensions of Nazi policies. The issue also delves into the experiences of children during the Holocaust, Wehrmacht operations, and Jewish resistance in Belarus. By bridging military and Holocaust studies, this volume underscores Sir Martin Gilbert’s legacy and his pioneering approach to integrating Jewish history into broader historical narratives. Through this collection, the issue seeks to deepen understanding and inspire further exploration of the intertwined histories of war and genocide.

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