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Ks. Jan Macha w drodze na ołtarze. Kulisy procesu beatyfikacyjnego śląskiego męczennika

Author(s): Damian Bednarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Rev. Jan Macha, a priest of the Diocese of Katowice, during the Second World War established a charity organization, whose activity was questioned by the Germans. Fr. Macha was arrested, imprisoned, sentenced to death and guillotined on December 3, 1942. In 2012, the Archbishop Wiktor Skworc made efforts to initiate the beatification process of the Silesian martyr. Focusing on following the procedures established by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in a consistent and faithful way, the author does not avoid mentioning the difficult moments of the process.

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Participacija 4. gorskog zdruga domobanstva NDH u ratnim zločinima u Slavoniji 1942.-1943. godine

Author(s): Milan Radanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2019

Very little has been written in historiography about the participation of the Home Guard of the Independent State of Croatia (until the autumn of 1942 – the Croatian Home Guard) in crimes in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia. The stereotyped notion that the Ustashas committed all or almost all of the crimes committed by the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia is still the dominant conception in both collective memory and historiography. When it comes to the perception of Slavonia’s past in the Second World War, especially mountainous Slavonia, the same stereotype persists, with the Ustashas being blamed not only for the crimes of the Home Guard but also for the crimes of the German SS police. The massacre at Kamenski Vučjak from the 22nd until 24th of March in 1943 is perhaps the best illustration of this stereotype. This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the little-known topic of the crimes of the Home Guard on the territory of Slavonia.

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U službi fašizma: akterke ustaškog pokreta između karijere, politike i zločina

Author(s): Martina Bitunjac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2019

The Ustasha movement sought to ideologise a ”Croatian woman“ who ”releases“ herself from the idea of equality and sacrifices herself for the benefit of the ”people’s community“ – only in the patriarchal role of the mother and educator of the „Aryan race.“ This propaganda image of a woman in the war years could not be realized because the mobilisation of women workers in various professions was necessary for the survival of the Independent State of Croatia. Members of the Ustasha movement, who actively supported Pavelic’s organization from the beginning, were very rarely confined to the role of mother. As functionaries, they politically participated in the formation of a new state, leading the ”Female Ustasha Youth“ and the ”Women’s Vine of the Croatian Ustasha Movement“ where they were tasked with spreading Ustasha propaganda and mobilising girls and women in the movement. Neither the support of the criminal system was merely the domain of male Ustasha members. Article based on the publication „Verwicklung. Beteiligung. Unrecht. Frauen und die Ustaša-Bewegung“ (Involvement. Participation. Injustice. Women and the Ustasha Movement) will focus on ideological opinions and opportunities for women to act in the fascist movement.

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Teresa Prekerowa: Going against the Grain

Author(s): Marta Kalabinski / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

In November 1940, an eighteen-year-old Polish girl went into the Warsaw Ghetto to see how she could help a girl she barely knew. Without initially telling family or friends, she went back a dozen times over the next two months, bringing food and medication to the girl and her family. Why would she go to such great lengths and at such considerable risk to herself to help someone she barely knew? Teresa Prekerowa’s story provides some much needed insight into the psychology of rescuers, shedding light on what makes attempted rescue possible, and why it is impossible for the vast majority of people.

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Both Researcher and Second-Generation Witness—On Rescuing Local Memory of the Holocaust in Poland

Author(s): Antoni Sułek,Wendy Bracewell,Krzysztof Jasiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This sketch narrates an account of the author’s abundant years of fieldwork, delving into the Holocaust and memory thereof in the Polish countryside. The region selected is highly representative in a phenomenological sense: much of the destiny met by Polish Jews in rural areas played itself out in these lands. Born and raised in this vicinity, the author of the text at hand was able to obtain otherwise inaccessible information about the fate of local Jews, culled from conversations with current and former inhabitants. Moreover, this inquiry was accompanied by engagement: a complementary goal was to reintroduce Polish Jews and the Shoah into the memory of a community and, by the same token, to demonstrate that the rebuilding of memory is possible in contemporary Poland. In consequence, a memory that includes the Jews who used to live in this area is gradually returning to the region under investigation. Among other things, a monument now stands in the village, playing a central role for the community—a wall commemorating murdered local Jews as well as local non-Jewish Poles recognized as Righteous Among the Nations. This provincial society has thus also been prepared to face knowledge about local persecutors and perpetrators of Holocaust crimes against local Jews.

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КНИГА Р. А. КРАВЧЕНКО-БЕРЕЖНОГО «МЕЖДУ БЕЛЫМ И КРАСНЫМ» КАК ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ИСТОЧНИК И АВТОРСКИЙ ТЕКСТ

Author(s): Irina Alekseevna Razumova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2020

The aim of the article is to determine the sociocultural significance of R. A. Kravchenko-Berezhnoy’s memoirs as a historical source and literary work. Kravchenko-Berezhnoy is best known as the author of a diary, which he kept when he was a young boy living in Western Ukraine occupied by Nazi Germany. This diary was used at the Nuremberg trials among other evidence against the Nazi war criminals. It became part of a book of memoirs that was written during the post-Soviet period. This book of memoirs is analyzed in the context of various problems of the humanities, related to the typology, specific characteristics, and literary diversity of ego-documents (personal narratives) serving as historical sources. The article investigates the content and structure of the autobiographical book of memoirs Between the White and the Red. The information capacity of this source is significant for studying the chronicle of events, the ethnosocial situation in the occupied city, the genocide of the Jews, everyday life during the war, the history of the family of Russian emigrants, as well as for understanding the processes of a Russian intellectual’s personal formation in specific historical and cultural contexts of the XX century. The author makes a conclusion that the book is a valuable resource for historical, anthropological and literary studies.

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Drawing Lessons from the Past: Mapping Change in Central and South-Eastern Europe

Author(s): Aline Sierp / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2016

This introductory article to the special section on “Europe’s Changing Lessons from the Past” argues for a close analysis of acts of public remembrance in Central and Eastern European countries in order to uncover the link between the issue of public memory and long-term processes of democratisation. In countries facing a period of transition after the experience of war and dictatorship, the debate over its memory is usually as much a debate about a divisive past as it is about the future. While it is part of a sensitive political scrutiny that is related to different ideas on how to ensure sustainable peace, it also provides the basis for the recreation of a common sense of belonging and identity. The often resulting coexistence of different memory traditions creates two clearly identifiable levels of conflict: one on the national level and one on the supranational one. In mapping change in Central and Eastern Europe, this special section aims at making the connections between the two visible by on the one hand questioning the sociological turn in Memory and EU Studies and on the other, pinpointing the necessity to concentrate on processes and not only on their results.

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Introduction

Author(s): Jan Tomasz Gross / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

The articles presented in this special edition of East European Politics and Societies (EEPS) were delivered at the conference “The Holocaust in Occupied Poland: New Findings and New Interpretations” held at Princeton University on 29–30 October 2010. Prof. Jan Grabowski of Ottawa University and I conceived of and coordinated the meetings. Our intention when organizing the conference was to provide a forum for Polish historians and their American colleagues to discuss their new research on the Holocaust period. [...]

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Postscript. The Holocaust in Occupied Poland, Then and Now

Author(s): Benjamin Frommer / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

The postscript reports on the conference and comments on what the papers and audience participation tell us about the state of the field and Poland’s struggle to come to terms with its past.

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“THE JEWISH QUESTION” IN THE PAGES OF CONTIMPORANUL

Author(s): Emilia Faur / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Issue/2020

“The Jewish Question” in the Pages of Contimporanul. It is my interest to investigate how one of the Romanian leading interwar avant-garde magazines, Contimporanul (1922-1932), tackled the “Jewish question”. In this respect, I will consider the various standpoints the contributors took on the matter, presenting it in all its facets and complexity, as both a political and a cultural phenomenon. The analysis of the numerous articles covering the “Jewish question”, its causes and consequences, is meant to illustrate the sensibility Contimporanul demonstrates in regard to the “Jewish question”. Finally, I will conclude that, as in all matters covered, the magazines’ ideological position is democratic – For its contributors’ main claim is that the young Romanian state should prove itself to be united, modern, democratic based on the principles of integration and plurality, and not a nation-state based on ethnic and religious discrimination.

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Romi u Hrvatskom primorju za vrijeme Drugoga svjetskog rata

Author(s): Danijel Vojak,Ivan Brlić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2020

During World War II, the Roma population in Croatia was exposed to the repression and assimilation policy of several authorities. Ustasha authorities in the Independent State of Croatia persecuted Roma based on racial laws aimed at their genocidal extermination. This paper analyses the position of Roma in some present-day Croatian areas, especially in the Croatian Littoral, which were under Italian (Fascist) rule during the war. Only a few dozen Roma lived in these border areas before the war, who were already subject to the repressive-assimilation policies of the official Italian authorities. This is evidenced by the provisions issued by the aforementioned authorities with the aim of better monitoring the movement of Roma in the Italian–Yugoslav border area. As World War II approached, it was noticeable that the Italian authorities’ relationship with the Roma was intensifying, because they feared, first and foremost, Roma espionage and association with the anti-fascist (communist) resistance movement. The deportation of Roma from the wider Istrian area to internment camps in southern Italy, Sardinia, etc. must be observed in this context. According to other Roma living in the Croatian Littoral, the Italian authorities often sought to control their movements, especially after the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941, when attempts were made to reach the Roma in areas under Italian rule. This paper studies the attitude of Croatian anti-fascists towards the Roma. Some tension (conflicts) can be seen in the perception of the indigenous population towards the Roma, in this case in the Omišalj area on the island of Krk. The Roma population managed to survive the war in the Croatian Littoral area, though a considerable number of them died.

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Slovenski prognanici u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Barbara Riman,Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2020

The problem of the expelled Slovene population from the areas occupied by the Third Reich during World War II is present in Croatian, Slovene, and Serbian history, but is primarily linked to the emigration and expelling of the population of other ethnicities (mostly Serbian). This phase of Slovene history is not well-known to the broader public in Croatia. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight the large number of Slovenes who survived World War II on the territory of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. then the territory of the Independent State of Croatia, which had different borders than Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina today. Papers on the topic of the Slovene population displaced to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina often do not consider the cultural shock that the displaced persons suffered. Apart from describing the activities of the institutions that were legal and responsible for providing for the expelled Slovene population, this paper also presents individual cases that exemplify the difficult situation and problems faced by those expelled from Slovene lands.

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Boravak i zločini Jevđevićevih četnika na prostorima Liburnije 1944. godine

Author(s): Roberto Žigulić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

The paper describes the most significant moments of the war path, during and after the capitulation of Italy, as well as the stay of the military group of the chetnik duke Dobrosav Jevđević, the so-called Jevđević’s Chetniks, who appeared in Liburnia after the capitulation of Italy and in much greater numbers in February 1944 at the latest. Less known or unknown facts and events related to this stay were described and analyzed based on insights into numerous historical sources from that period. A special contribution to this was given by the collected narrations of the engaged narrators, which additionally clarified certain crimes committed by Jevđević’s Chetniks. Also they „plastically“ described Chetnik’s general behavior, in terms of daily treatment of the population of Liburnia and collaboration with military units of the German occupier.

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Sprawa Marty Puretz, domniemanej agentki Gestapo z krakowskiego getta

Author(s): Aleksandra Kasznik-Christian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2020

Reference literature casts Marta Puretz in a role of a Gestapo informer. However, a search query conducted in the large collection of documents stored at the Archives Nationales in Paris contradicts that. It is not by accident that Puretz is called a ‘purported agent’. This article constitutes a typical, meticulously documented reconstruction of her life – in Poland, in Hungary, and also in France after the war, for only such an outlook can facilitate a revision of existing opinions. The author describes the milieu of the assimilated Cracow Jewish intelligentsia which shaped her; her stay in the ghetto and fight for survival; her escape from the Płaszów camp and the fortunate circumstance of her having two women on the ‘Aryan’ side – her nanny and former maid – who she could always count on. Before fleeing to Hungary she received help for several months from a group of her Polish friends, who sheltered her. Hungary was not a salvation to her. It was more of a trap. An unfortunate episode was her temporary dependence on a Polish Jew, a man named Faber, who later accused her twice of cooperation with the Gestapo. In Hungary she became romantically involved with Charles Heroz, an employee of the French attaché’s office in Budapest.

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Der schweizer Frontenfrühling und die Nationale Front

Author(s): Csilla Lodi / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2016

In the early thirties a lot of far-right political groups and parties appeared in Switzerland, the National Front was the most determinative one of them. In the German speaking parts of Switzerland where these far-right groups influenced by the Italian fascism and German national-socialism, the elements of the ideologies where often mixed. Because of the multiplicity of these political groups only three of the them will be presented in the Study: the Homeland defence (Heimatwehr), the Swiss Fascist Movement (Schweizer Faschistische Bewegung), and the biggest and strongest one, which had the most followers, the National Front (Nationale Front). The fact that these far-right groups existed in Switzerland between the two World wars shows us that fascism and national-socialism had such a wide and strong reach, that even in the neutral Switzerland it blossomed the political far-right out.

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La Flotta Italiana e la Geopolitica Fascista nel Mediterraneo

Author(s): Alessandro Mazzetti / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2016

The relationship between the Italian navy and Benito Mussolini has not always been idyllic. Paolo Thaon de Revel was appointed Minister of the Navy to monitor what could be a transitional government. Despite numerous declarations on the Italian domain of the Mare Nostrum Benito Mussolini will never allocate the money necessary for this purpose. There was no mistake between the two. In fact it was the Regia Marina that had to convince the Duce to diplomatically resolve the Corfu crisis. A clash with the Royal Navy would have meant a sure defeat for the Italian naval force. Revel, Ciano, Bernotti succeeded, with great difficulty, in persuading the Italian prime minister. Mussolini perceived England as the true enemy while for the leaders and men of the Regia Marina the real danger was the French appetite in the ancient sea.With the Conference on Naval Disarmament Italy had become the third world naval power. Italy has played a very important role, often played almost unconsciously, but continually afflicted by the economic constraints that have influenced the choices.

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Muzeum-cmentarz. Kilka uwag o (infra)strukturalnej przemocy

Author(s): Zuzanna Dziuban / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Examining Polish sites of memory and museums established on the grounds of former Nazi death camps, Dziuban proposes that practices dealing with human remains ought to be reconceptualised in terms of necroviolence: violence against human remains. The museum-cemetery is defined here as a politically productive infrastructure that instantiates a material articulation of hierarchies and social norms as well as structural violence in which human remains become objects of subjectification/desubjectification, dehumanisation and exclusion. Analysing the postwar history of Polish sites of memory dedicated to the Holocaust and the practices and infrastructural transformations that arise around them – practices and transformations that include grave robbery, archaeological research and work on commemoration – Dziuban discusses different forms of necroviolence that affect dead bodies as forms of subjectivity susceptible to violence, from immediate physical violence to the violence of abandonment.

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Konzentrationslager Buchenwald, Post Weimar (w literaturze polskiej)

Author(s): Arkadiusz Morawiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

In the context of the Polish literature devoted to Nazi German concentration camps, the works dealing with the subject of Buchenwald are rather scarce. None of them are masterpieces or at least exceptional literary works. Some, however, are interesting cognitionor artistic-wise. The former include the prewar reportages by Stanisław Nogaj entitled Za drutami i kratami Trzeciej Rzeszy (Behind the fences and bars of the Third Reich) and the memoirs of Władysław Wójcik entitled Byłem w piekle… (I’ve been to hell…), overlooked by the researchers of the Nazi camps, and the poems written in Buchenwald, which are an interesting account in their own right. I would include among the latter the first edition of Bohdan Urbankowski’s poetry cycle Głosy (The Voices) and Piotr Matywiecki’s poem *** Wywleczeni na słońce… (*** Dragged into the sun). Situated between the two groups is Mieczysław Lurczyński’s revelatory – not just in the context of Polish literature – drama Stara Gwardia (The Old Guard), which depicts the so-called “grey zone” (to use the term of Primo Levi). The remaining works are interesting mostly as manifestation of ideological and political involvement (visible not just in the Polish People’s Republic period, although mostly then), as well as of collective and individual memory and sensitivity. As a literary theme, Buchenwald has not been and likely never will be able to “compete” with camps located in the Polish territories, especially with Auschwitz-Birkenau, which is a central symbol of Polish martyrology and of Shoah, also being, in the words of Imre Kertész, “a timeless tale marked with the stigma of non-transience”

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Piąta rocznica powstania wgetcie warszawskim wświetle dokumentów archiwalnych Centralne- go Komitetu Żydów w Polsce

Author(s): Zofia Mioduszewska-Wajszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

The article concerns the fifth anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising seen through the prism of archival material at the archive of the Central Committee of Polish Jews. Mioduszewska-Wajszczak focuses on the organisation of the celebration in 1948, presenting its global dimension (with delegates from all over the world and a careful propaganda campaign) as well as the local dimension, as the event was understood in the context of the city of Warsaw. The Committee’s efforts to shape postwar memory of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are discussed, as well as the probable goals of commemorating the fighting within the ghetto. Mioduszewska-Wajszczak shows that these goals were not necessarily achieved.

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Krystyna Żywulska, parade gojka. Odwóch językach polskiej kultury po Zagładzie

Author(s): Aleksandra Szczepan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

Szczepan reads Krystyna Żywulska’s memoir Przeżyłam Oświęcim [I Survived Auschwitz] as a Marrano testimony of the Shoah, and also as a record of the “two languages” (G.Niziołek) of postwar Polish culture – that of the victim and that of the witness of the Shoah. Żywulska’s memoir (1946), written from the point of view of a member of the Catholic Polish intelligentsia, is juxtaposed with her second book Pustą wodą [Empty Water, 1963], where she describes her experiences as a Jew in the Warsaw Ghetto. Szczepan examines the strategy of camouflage and mimicry that serves Żywulska to construct a non-Jewish biography in her memoir; she also explores the connections between the Jewish and non-Jewish lives that Żywulska creates to describe a counterfactual history of her own life.

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