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Die Last der Geschichte und die Falle der Erinnerung

Author(s): Philipp Ther / Language(s): German Issue: 30/2005

Seit der Entscheidung für die Erweiterung der EU steckt Sand im Getriebe der deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen. Ein zentraler Streitpunkt seit 2003 war und ist ein vermeintlich abstraktes Thema: die Geschichte beider Länder.Umstritten ist vor allem die Frage, wie man die Besatzungszeit von 1939 bis 1945 und die anschließende Flucht und Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten behandelt. Zwar haben sich die Bundespräsidenten Rau und Köhler und der scheidende Staatspräsident Aleksander K wasniewski immer wieder um versöhnliche Gesten und den deutsch-polnischen Dialog bemüht, aber damit lassen sich die Differenzen zwischen Deutschen und Polen in der Erinnerung an das Jahrzehnt zwischen 1939 und 1948 nicht überbrücken.

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NJË RISHIKIM MBI THEMELIMIN DHE VEPRIMTARINË E DIVIZIONIT SS “SKËNDERBEU” BRENDA BOTËKUPTIMIT TRANSNACIONAL TË NAZIZMIT (1942‐1944)

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NJË RISHIKIM MBI THEMELIMIN DHE VEPRIMTARINË E DIVIZIONIT SS “SKËNDERBEU” BRENDA BOTËKUPTIMIT TRANSNACIONAL TË NAZIZMIT (1942‐1944)

Author(s): Mrika Limani Myrtaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 49/2019

In analyzing transnational aspects of the development of National Socialism in Albanian speaking territories, the paper puts forth in focus the establishment of the 21st Mountain Division SS Skanderbeg and the social and political circumstances which prompted the Nazi hierarchy to establish a foreign SS division in Albanian territories. The paper argues that the initial idea behind the establishment of the Albanian SS division was related to Nazi strategy in engaging the Muslim population in Europe to fight against communists and maintain German hegemony over the Balkans. However, further archival research proved that the Germans were unsure if incorporating religious insignia would be beneficial in recruiting Albanian soldiers. The documents highlight the German impression of Albanians, who perceived the latter as predominantly patriarchal with strong tribal connections. Through instrumentalizing long standing inter-ethnic animosities, and implementing a strategy that would use for its own benefit the tribal system of hierarchy among Albanians, Nazi officials supported the formation of local Albanian militias, among which was also the Albanian SS division. By providing the latter with ammunitions, they were tasked to fight the Chetniks and Partisans. The establishment of such alliances would make it easier for Germans to keep their focus on the Eastern Front. However, the decline and eventual defeat of Nazi Germany triggered the rather quick demise of the Albanian SS division, which was disbanded in October of 1944, only five months after its creation.

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Mary Fulbrook, A Small Town Near Auschwitz. Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2014

Review of: Mary Fulbrook: A Small Town Near Auschwitz. Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust. Oxford Univ. Press. Oxford u.a. 2012. XVII, 421 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-0-19-960330-5. (£ 20.–.). Reviewed by Klaus-Peter Friedrich.

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Jeannie J. Łabno, Commemorating the Polish Renaissance Child. Funeral Monuments and their European Context

Author(s): Dirk Suckow / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2014

Review of: Jeannie J. Łabno: Commemorating the Polish Renaissance Child. Funeral Monuments and their European Context. Ashgate. Burlington – Farnham 2011. XIV, 457 S., 16 Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. im Text sowie 23 Tafeln. ISBN 978-0-7546-6825-1. (£ 70,00.). Reviewed by Dirk Suckow.

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Jürgen Hensel, Stephan Lehnstaedt (Hrsg.), Arbeit in den nationalsozialistischen Ghettos

Author(s): Karin Orth / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2014

Review of: Arbeit in den nationalsozialistischen Ghettos. Hrsg. von Jürgen Hensel und Stephan Lehnstaedt. (Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Bd. 29.) fibre. Osnabrück 2013. 438 S., graph. Darst., Kt. ISBN 978-3-938400-92-0. (€ 39,80.). Reviewed by Karin Orth.

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Robert Kuwałek, Das Vernichtungslager Bełżec

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2014

Review of: Robert Kuwałek: Das Vernichtungslager Bełżec. Übers. aus dem Polnischen von Steffen Hänschen. Metropol-Verl. Berlin 2013. 392 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-86331-079-0. (€ 24,–.). Reviewed by Klaus-Peter Friedrich.

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Robert Gerwarth, Hitler’s Hangman. The Life of Heydrich. Reinhard Heydrich. Biographie

Author(s): Karel Hruza / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2013

Review of: Robert Gerwarth: Hitler’s Hangman. The Life of Heydrich. Yale Univ. Press. New Haven u.a. 2011. XX, 393 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8. (€ 28,99.); Robert Gerwarth: Reinhard Heydrich. Biographie. Aus dem Englischen von Udo Rennert. Siedler. München 2011. 478 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-88680-894-6. (€ 29,99.). Reviewed by Karel Hruza.

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Susanne Heim u.a. (Hrsg.), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945. Bd. 4: Polen, September 1939 - Juli 1941

Author(s): Alexander Brakel / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2013

Review of: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945. Bd. 4: Polen, September 1939 – Juli 1941. Bearb. von Klaus-Peter F r i e d r i c h . Mitarb. Andrea L ö w . Hrsg. von Susanne H e i m , Ulrich H e r - b e r t , Hans-Dieter K r e i k a m p , Horst M ö l l e r , Dieter P o h l und Hartmut W e b e r . Oldenbourg. München 2011. 751 S., Kt. ISBN 978-3-486-58525-4. (€ 59,80.). Reviewed by Alexander Brakel.

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Günter Morsch, Bertrand Perz (Hrsg.), Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas. Historische Bedeutung, technische Entwicklung, revisionistische Leugnung

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2013

Review of: Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas. Historische Bedeutung, technische Entwicklung, revisionistische Leugnung. Hrsg. von Günter M o r s c h und Bertrand P e r z unter Mitarbeit von Astrid L e y . (Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten, Bd. 29.) Metropol-Verl. 2., überarb. Aufl., Berlin 2012. XXXI, 446 S. ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2. (€ 24,–.). Reviewed by Klaus-Peter Friedrich.

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Evolution of memory policy in Germany

Author(s): Christoph Meissner / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (41)/2020

Prior to Germany’s unification in 1990, the official memory of the Second World War developed differently in the two German states. The first period that marked a divergence in memory was that of the Allied occupation which lasted from 1945 to 1949. This was followed by a long period when both states built their own narratives of the Nazi past, and created their own response to the guilt for the committed crimes. With unification came a consensus that is now at risk of being undermined.

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Babyn Yar - When will the tragedy be finally commemorated?

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Babyn Yar - When will the tragedy be finally commemorated?

Author(s): SVITLANA OSLAVSKA / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (42)/2020

It has been 79 years since the massacre of Babyn Yar. Naturally, commemorative initiatives have been intensifying in Ukraine in recent years, as they usually do before round figure anniversaries. At the moment, there are at least two memorial projects at Babyn Yar, and both have a common aim: to commemorate the Babyn Yar massacre.

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Wojna i jej skutki jako ideologiczne źródło europejskiego faszyzmu

Author(s): Maria Zmierczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The First World War and its consequences constituted the soil, on which the fascists movements rose in all European countries, gathering people mainly on the basis of discontent and disagreement with the Treaty of Versailles. On the one hand, after the end of multinational imperial state, promise to respect the right of every nation to self-ruling was a popular idea; on the other hand, the Treaty of Versailles did not always respect the idea, e.g. in case of Slovakia, Austria or Hungarian. The so- -called little treaty, concerning the minorities, was also treated as non-equal position of nation. The fascists movements based on this and began not only to identify everyone on the basis of national identity, but also to glorify war as a unique experience, as an example of heroism, something much better than pacifism. This idea was fundamental in education, beginning with children. It seems also very important to underline the fact, that most of the charismatic leaders of fascists movements personally took part in the First World War, treating the war as a splendid example of national community, it was the case not only of Mussolini and Hitler. The dream that the Treaty concluded after the Great War will be a guarantee of eternal peace, from the very beginning was contested by fascist movements, leading in the end to the Second World War.

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Jak mówić o Bogu w postateistycznym świecie?

Author(s): Ewa Laskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2019

The present times can be described as a post-atheism era in which people no longer ask questions about God. After years of militant atheism, is time to live “as if God did not exist” in the world. Protestant pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer was well aware of this, whose thought is extremely popular in Protestant circles today. He presented the thesis of life in the world of etsi Deus non datetur and the postulate of non-religious Christianity. The article examines whether Bonhoeffer’s concepts can also be helpful to Catholic theologians? Can they become an inspiration in reflection on how to talk about God in the modern world? To try answer the above questions, it will be helpful to analyze the works of Bonhoeffer. In conclusion, the article will show that Bonhoeffer’s thought can be a clue to how talk about God. Becouse It reminds people of important, often forgotten aspects of Christianity. It can also by of helpful for Christians to reflect on their own faith.

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»Komunizem največja nevarnost naše dobe« – o idejnopolitičnem profilu vodstva političnega katolicizma na Slovenskem na predvečer napada sil osi na Kraljevino Jugoslavijo

Author(s): Bojan Godeša / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2018

The contribution focuses on the ideological-political profile of the political Catholicism leadership in Slovenia – which strived for a corporatist society, organised on the basis of papal encyclicals and Catholic teachings – on the eve of the invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers. The old corporatist concepts from “the golden age of the medieval era” represented the model for these endeavours. The Catholic ideologues, however, did not have a clear idea of how to realise these concepts in practice. Furthermore, the political regime in Slovenia was determined by the regime of the wider Yugoslav state. In such circumstances, the unrelenting anti-communism in Slovenia between both world wars was used especially as an instrument which was supposed to assist the Catholic camp with the recatholicisation of the Slovenian society. The social concept, defended by the Catholic hierarchy in Slovenia, was nevertheless entirely compatible with Hitler’s totalitarian and racist “new order”. As such it was related to the destiny of the Axis Powers in the war and thus lost its entire legitimacy in the democratic European social reality after 1945.

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KULTURNO-PROSVJETNI ŽIVOT NA OSLOBOĐENIM TERITORIJAMA CRNE GORE (1941-1945)

Author(s): Nenad Petrošević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

U radu se objašnjava značaj aktivnosti i mjera preduzetih od strane KPJ na polju kulturne politike na oslobođenim teritorijama u Crnoj Gori u Drugom svjetskom ratu. KPJ je u ratnom periodu područje kulture i prosvjete posmatrala kao moćno oružje u borbi za vlast, ali i kao bitan faktor u procesu preobražaja dotadašnjeg društva u novo socijalističko društvo. Shodno uslovima i mogućnostima na oslobođenim teritorijama odvijao se kulturni život najviše iskazan kroz literarno stvaralaštvo, partizansko pozorište i likovno stvaralaštvo. Posebno je značajno što su tokom rata obnavljane i osnivane institucije kulture koje će nastaviti sa radom i nakon prestanka ratnih dejstava. Za planirani poslijeratni društveno-ekonomski preobražaj kultura je imala vidno mjesto u planovima KPJ i nove vlasti.

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NATALIA BLOCH , ANNA WERONIKA BRZEZIŃSKA (RED., WSPÓŁPRACA BŁAŻEJ WARKOCKI, MAŁGORZATA WOSIŃSKA), „SZTUTOWO/STUTTHOF. GDZIEŚ POMIĘDZY PLAŻĄ A OBOZEM“

Author(s): Marek Pawlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Review of: Natalia Bloch , Anna Weronika Brzezińska (red., współpraca Błażej Warkocki, Małgorzata Wosińska), Sztutowo/Stutthof. Gdzieś pomiędzy plażą a obozem, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar 2013, ss. 179, ISBN: 978-83-7383-657-0. Review by: Marek Pawlak

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Przemyśleć historię (Anna Mandrela, Duchowość i charakter Witolda Pileckiego. Sylwetka ochotnika do Auschwitz

Author(s): Maciej Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Review of: Maciej Kowalski (Szczecin) - Przemyśleć historię (Anna Mandrela, Duchowość i charakter Witolda Pileckiego. Sylwetka ochotnika do Auschwitz, Katowice 2019, ss. 160)

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Aż dreszcz bierze: o przekładzie polskiego świadectwa holokaustu na brazylijską portugalszczyznę

Author(s): Gabriel Borowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2019

In this article, I try to lay out clearly and discuss selected issues encountered during the translation (with Eda Nagayama) of Bogdan Bartinkowski’s collection of stories Dzieciństwo w pasiakach (1969) into Brazilian Portuguese. My text combines a scholarly dimension with one of self-commentary in order to offer some general reflection on the subject of the ethics of translating testimony. It consists of three parts. In the first, I provide a concise overview of the state of research on the connections between translation and studies on cultural memory. Next, I present a series of observations relating to the emotional dimension of the process of translating Holocaust testimonies. In the final section, I compare solutions adopted in translations of Bartnikowski’s memoir into German, English, Italian, Spanish, French, Russian, and Portuguese. In the conclusions, I try to define the memory-(re)productive role of translation: reproductive, in that the translation of testimony demands a respect for the truth of the signs present in the original and their rendering in the target culture; and productive (creative) inasmuch as it demands of the author of the translation a series of procedures with the aim of inscribing a universal theme within the specific field of cultural memory.

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“Why Don’t You Tell Them…” Unheard Voices in Claude Lanzmann’s Film Shoah

Author(s): Karolina Kwaśna,Magda Heydel / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Iss./2019

Claude Lanzmann’s nine-hour documentary Shoah (1985) is a rich source of knowledge on the Nazi extermination of Jews in Central Europe. Its main material consists of interviews with people who witnessed the Holocaust, conducted in the very locations of the wartime events. The present paper analyses an iconic scene from Chełmno on Ner, where between 1940–43 and 1944–45 the first Nazi death camp was located. A group of locals – gathered in front of the parish church, around one of the survivors of the camp – recall the events, sometimes in stunning technical detail. Their Polish utterances are translated into French; English subtitles are based on the French of the interpreter. The Polish linguistic material is not neutral: it is marked with dialectal and sociolectal features; the speakers engage in conversation on the side, comment on the situation of the interview in various ways, verbal and non-verbal. In the translation, both into French and English, sentences are skipped, the plurality of voices is flattened, and differences in memory are smoothed out. The resulting text is rather a summary than a translation. The paper offers close-up analyses of chosen sequences from the interview to show the complexity of the communication situation and the extent of distortion caused by the way translation works in the film. It also offers an alternative translation, which aims at giving voice to the actual people of Chełmno and acknowledging as fully as possible the complication and difficulty of memory construction through language, especially in a highly traumatic context. It hopes to offer insights into the bystander position in Holocaust discourse.

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Husband, father, war criminal. Chasing the memory of a Nazi fugitive across Europe

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Husband, father, war criminal. Chasing the memory of a Nazi fugitive across Europe

Author(s): Maria Suchcitz / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (43)/2020

Review of: Maria Suchcitz - The Ratline: Love, Lies and Justice on the Trail of a Nazi Fugitive. By: Philippe Sands. Publisher: Orion books, London, United Kingdom, 2020.

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